Speak Chinese

CHINESE Speak Chinese (Pinyin Edition) By M. Gardner Tewksbury June 1975 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTERCOPYRIGHT NOTICE ‘This Pinyin version of M. G. Tewksbury, SPEAK CHINESE (copyright 1948), was prepared by Defense Language Institute and is printed with the kind permission of the copyright owners. It is not for duplication or public sale. It is re~ produced by Defense Language Institute only for purposes of the U, S. Government. All inquiries regarding other uses should be addressed to Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, New Haven, Conn,TABLE OF CONTENTS Description of the Sounds of Chinese Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Vocabulary Index 1 ee reunwn 10 a 2 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 20 at 22 23 24 Descriptive Sentences Functive Sentences Indirect Object and Transposed Object specifiers - Numbers - Measures Equative Sentences Noney and Counting Auxiliary Verbs - Verb-Object Compounds Modification of Nouns? by Nouns and Stative Verbs Modification of Nouns: by Clauses Existence and Location Motion and Direction ~ Conveyance and Purpose Completed Action with ~1e Time When Expressions - Probability with ba Co-verbs of Interest, etc. - Indefinites Single and Double -Le - Time Spent Compound Verbs - Expressing Manner The ba Construction ~ Continuance with -zhe Changed Status and Imminent Action with le Reading the Clock - Supposition Experiential Suffix ~guo - Relative Tine Resultative Compound Verbs Similarity and Comparison Separation and Distance - Degrees of Comparison Selection and Inclusion - Co-verbs of Agent aaa 23 33 46 56 68 3 80 85 90 95 102 109 as 121 128 136 143 15 157 163, 170 ar 183 196PART I SOUNDS _IN CHINESE ‘The Pinyin system of romanization was officially adopted in 1958 _ by the People's Republic of China, which uses it for 1) teaching Mandarin pronunciation to children, minority groups, and foreigners; 2) a phonetic systen in their own dictionaries; 3) representing nanes and placenames in the news, The People's Republic of China hopes that someday Pinyin may replace characters altogether. Chinese Sounds with Close Counterparts in Engl: Many sounds in Mandarin Chinese are for practical purposes identical with their English counterparts, But in English some letters - particularly the vowels - have more than one value, We must therefore de- termine which of the values given to a certain letter in English is to be used when recording spoken Chinese. ‘The following vowels and vowel combinations present little or no problem: a as in father i as in machine (the symbol i is also used after certain initials to represent the so-called "zero" final, Seep. ) in her; but after y as in yet asin super (90 not iu) i as in eight ou as in Boulder ao asi The following initial consonants have the same value in Chinese as in English: Boy Rey dey fog Soy ry YH Pinal Consonants Mandarin Chinese, the present-day standard for the whole country, uses very few final consonants: only -n and -ng and occasionally zh-, ch and. The syllables above end with a final which we write with the letter This final occurs only after the initials s-, 2-, and xiii8.1 Contrasts between “zero final"zi, and -e: a a 2 so si se ea ei ee 8.2 Contrasts between -¢ and retroflex -ir shé shi shi sve zhe zhi zhi zhe che chi cht che re rh ri re + FINAL: Untauted (This is, the umlaut sound common in French and German As mentioned in Part Ty only certain initials say precede the ontaut u. They are je, gry and ns. If no initial is voiced, the un spoken intl wilt be written with a'y. Although the tone nay differ, these syllables are: yu yue yuan yan ju jue juan jun ae que quan gun xu xue xuan xun Ww ie all nile (Note that U written with the two dots appears only in 1M, lie, nil, and nile) 9.1 Our exercises contrast the umlaut u with the sounds most easily confused with it, First -i and umfaut u: wt yo 9.3 In the next pairs the initials differ too: znd chit 10. PINALS: slin, -tle, -Han yuan juan quanae 12. 10,1 Contrasts between jan gin sin 10.2 Contrasts between -an, vian, and -lan: ag yay onda an zhan jian 10.3 Contrasts between and Hin: zhi shin chin ADDITIONAL DRILLS Li. chi, 2hi, shiz (retrofiex chile shine shizey ying chi Fan, chicks dnc shi shit hésni bai ent chén_ zhi chi ji zhizkonin znizkochang kigua hiochi $4 d8i chiKt 11.2 si, zi and toneless zi: shee 2st yigi zhudzi kubizé daozi wode zhudzi nide wizi_ nimende zhudzi wizitide zhéng yagn quan Suan Jan ain shibén hioch? ent rou shishi bao zhi chi tine 1ibaird + xidng chi rdu sibén dizi ji yizi chazi womende wizi tade yizi GENERAL DRILLS - Yhile drilling the following phrases two things Should ‘be kent in mind: (i) Note distinctions in sound which might be hard to distinguish if the phrase were said very rapidly; Gi) Note the rhythmic patterns of tone sequence and be sure you get the rhythm of the phrase rather than isolated tones. ddu cho ta gao mai adi shi tanende gio zhong — tamen_dOu_mai shOhao hao hei donghai heile tade, shipd t3 thi 180 hdokan dot bingongéei yapeguifed zhi congning zul Lioshi gio tong ta mai zhon Himen du mai zhong ‘ligua hio shafa bushifu Shei bén gio thi aan laomi d3u tongtdi zui qiadangshing_chuay dig wi jinhang nugngiia. midnbaof ing shgutixiang bie. shud. ba Tixingsne Hoyant genjudd xinbend nidrougane rou zhen xién Shénme shihow gi sping_chudn vio wijin ne Tuan ait a hugng ling mei ren cuan G2: hua ba eSngin je Svnele naLjanbg soegiet dikndénepior py tal ko Rime 2ud nko xvi shangenudn zhao wijidn shi chuan piki qizhe, qiang sbuoningsha yé shud by wAngyynjing kan hajzi yanghuddian Sishiyuan xiézizhudr shut hén xign zénme dou xingPART IV CUECKLIST OF NESE SYLLABLES The number of elements of a Chinese syllable cannot be higher than three: 1, A final or ending sound 2. An initial or beginning sound 3. A tone or tonal inflection Finals A final may be a vowel, a consonant, or a combination of vowel-plus-vowel or vowel-plus-consonant. Finals may also constitute complete syllables, The following is a list of finais met in the standard Mandarin Chinese of the capital. Symbol Description Example Meaning a as in father, or ma, with ni horse mouth wide open mm between 9 in John and a in main be slow an, but Closer to 0 ang like a in father plus ng in mang be busy song ai as in aisle mi sell 20 as in how no cat ar as in ar in car war to play e Like @ in done oe obtain aftery like ¢ in yet ° like 9 in worn ws 1 oe en Like un in under kén be wilting to eng like ung in lung 1éng be cold ei as in eignt 18k be tired ou as in low du building er like ex in her be two i as in machine pi skin in as in pin pin spell out ing as in sing ping be Lever xvidSymbol Description Example u Like u in super “0 ory ong Like 90 in loot plus ng i Long song umlaut MW made with tongue in positi yt fish of i (as in machine) but with ling rounded, Like French or German I. umlaut sound described above plus yin to ship in ann Initials - An initial may be a single consonant or s consonant cluster, P as in pun, but with a strong pén pasi puff of breath > Like p in spun, without any ben voluze peeath aftae ft t as in tongue, but with tng nene Strong puff of breath a Like £ in stunz, without any — déup tanr breath after ? x as in cool, hut with a strong xa to ery pute of breath e Like ¢ in scoop, without any gi breath after it n as in nonth én door a as in none néng be apie to £ as in fun fen to eivide 1 as in lung eng be cold oh as a strong h sound in hot ni take when said enphatically Clike German ch as in ach) : y as in yet ve also w as in weigh we to feesSymbol sh ch zh Description (2) tongue position is Like English "r", but with lips spread, not rounded. (2) pronounced with tongue held in position until tone has been completed. Ash" sound made with tongue curled back, (similar to ch, zh-, and r-. (2) similar to ch in "church" but with tip of tongue curled back as for r in peenee (2) pronounced with tip of tongue held as descrived in (1) and held there until the tone has been completed. Like ch above but without a puff of breath, (1) tongue position same as in (1) under en (2) sane as in (2) under ch similar to English "ch" but tip of tongue is held against the gum ridge behind the front teeth. sane as g, but without a puff of breath similar to English "sh"but made with tip of tongue held against the gum ridge behind the front teeth. (1) like ts in it's high, but with a strong puff of breath (2) initial pronounced with tip of tongue held in position umtit tone has been completed (1) Like dz in cod's eve (2) sane as in C2) under © froup (1) as in sight (2) same as in (2) under © group xix chi zhi Meaning sun book ten energe to eat to dwell paper seven money to go altogether chicken cheap sentence consider west vegetable occasion again character to competeDivikk - LEssov 1 DESCRIPTIVE SENTENCES A, Duthud ~ Dialogue How do you do? Pine. How are you? Very well. ‘Are you busy? No, are you? (Yes), I'm very busy. Aren't you tired? (Yes), I'm very tired. ‘Are you? Not too tired. B. Sh@ngzi - Vocabulary Wing: Nin bio a? LI: Ho. Nin hilo a? Wang: Hn ho. Li; NI mang bundng? Wing: Bamgng. NY mang ma? Li: WS hén méng. Wing: NI bé1di ma? Hi WB En 18k, NE 128i Wang: BGtai 124, de Wd PN: 2. at PN: nin 3. ta PN: 4. women PN: 5. nimen PN: 6. tamen PN: 7. gto sv: 8. mang sv: 9. hho sv: 10, 124 sv: dL. ai SV: 12. hén A: bahgn Ar h&n bu= At I, me you (singular) (polite form) he, she; him, her we, us you (plural) they, them be tall, high be busy be good, well be tired weary be short (in stature) be low (in elevation) very not very very un~ 1Let Vocabulary (continued) 13. tai A: too, excessively batai : not’ too tai due Ar decidedly not 14. ba- (ba-) Ar not (prefix to V, SV, A) 15. ma? : Cinterrogative final particle for yes-no questions. Neutral in tone.) 16. a? (interrogative final particle, used when ‘answer is assumed. Neutral in tone.) 17. shéi? Nz who? (question word only, never relative pronoun) Késhi Yongy - Classroom Phrases Memorize these phrases and use them in class as opportunity offers. Don't try to analyze the sentence structure at this time. 2&0! Good morning! ZAijian! Goodbye! C. Jdzi Sduzde - Sentence Structure 1, SIMPLE DESCRIPTION - The pattern of description consists of a ‘Subject Followed by a stative verb, Wo mang. a am busy.) 1. paiai. (He is-not-tired.) Pattern Drills To understand the order of the elements which compose a sentence is not necessarily to be able to use it. Nothing can obviate the need for drill. Substitution Tables give a framework for individual drill by helping the student to ring the changes on basic patterns. Make every possible combination within the pattern set, Say the resultant sentences aloud several tines.a, Substitution Table: Statements Lea N (nege) sv Wo (ou-) giao NI (nin) mang Ta niko WSmen 1a Nimen ai Tamen b. Substitution Table: Two-clause Statements (positive-negative) N sv. N neg-SV Wo glo, ta. bigao. NI (nin) dng, 3. bandng. Ta hio,) ont bingo Wmen ii, nimen aii Nimen ai, tamen Ai. Tamen women ¢. Substitution Table: Two-clause Statements (negative-positive) N neg-sv, N sv Ws bagao, tamen gio. NI (nin) baméng, ta. nang. Ta panko, at ho. Women baéi, nimen 12i. Nimen baai, Wd aie Tamen bagao, nimen gad. 2. DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTS WITH ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS - Adverbs (A) precede verbs. Their function, as in English, is to modify verbs and other adverbs, The negative’ prefix bi- may be treated as an adverD and be attached to a verb or to an adverb. Hence we must distinguish between bangn nfo ‘not very well! and hén bindo ‘very un-well'. (ou) A x) / \ Ta hén gao. (She is very tall.) Ws ban&n nfng. a am not very busy.) Ta hén bdndo, (He is very bad.) WS batai ai. a am not too short.)Pattern Drills a. Substitution Table: Positive Statements N As WS hén glo. Ni (Nin) tdi mang. Tm ho. Women 1ais Nimen ai Tamen b. Subst: le: Negative Statements N neg-A SV Wo bahén gto. Ni (Nin) bétai mang. Ta hao. Women adie Nimen aie Tamen SIMPLE QUESTIONS - Questions to which the answer in English would be yes or no may be formed from any statement by adding the interrogative particle ma. The word order is not changed. The negative form of Buch a question Giffers From the positive Form only by the use of the negative prefix before the verb. Statement Question (1A 7 Ta ‘aang. Ta ning ma? (He is busy.) (Cis he busy?) WS omni, WS ohén 4 ma? (I am very short. (Am I very short?) In answering questions, the same changes in personal pronouns are necessary as in English. Question NI ai ma? WS hn ai, (are you tired?) (Yes, I am very tired.) Nin ming a? ~ WB) baming. (Are you busy? (No, T'm not.)Answer bugao pahén gio. Glsntt ne tat) Got very) Pattern Drills a. Substitution Table: Simple Questions N sv z* Ws (bu-) gao ma? NE (vin) ning Ta bio Women 1h Nimen a Tanen Substitut: Modified Questions N neg-) A sv? We (ou-) hin go ma? NI (win) ta omdng Ta ho W5men iat Nimen ai Tamen 4. CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS - Coupling the positive and negative forms of a verb poses two alternatives and asks which is the case. The stress falls on the first or positive verb. The interrogative particle ma is mot used in a choice type question. Question Answer, Nin m&ng buming? ws) bumang. (Are you busy?) (No, I'm not.) Tamen 128i buldiz (Tamen) bub&n 128i, (Are they tired?) (Not very.) Ta Ai bukli? Ta batai ai. (CIs he short?) (Not too short.)Pattern Drills a. Substitution Table: Choice Type Questions 8 30 bugao? NE ming bundng? Nin ho buhdo? Ta 128i bulaiz wWonen 4i budi? Nimen Tamen SHORT ANSWERS ~ Answers to questions calling for yes or no answers are formed by repeating the verb of the question in its positive or negative form. The inclusion of elements other than the verb is optional. In short answers the subject is frequently omitted. Since Chinese has no terms quite corresponding to tyes’ and 'no' in English, assent and dissent are expressed by repetition of the verb. The negative is indicated by prefixing bi- to the verb. E.g.t Question: NI ming ma? Are you busy? Answers: Mang. Yes. Bundag. No. Bahén nang. Not very busy. Question: Ta 18i buldi, Is she tired? Answers: Lai. Yes. paid. No. Batdi ai. Not too tired, Pattern Drills a, Substitution Table - Question and Answert Simple Question Answer WS (h&n) gow? Chin) gio. NE (tAi) mang tdi) mang. Nin (bu-) hilo (bu-) hilo. Ta 2ai 1ais YSnen aL aL Nimen Tamen bd. Substitution Table - Question and Answer: Choice type ws g80 bugto? NE ming bundng? Nin ho. buh¥o? (same as above) Ta 128i buldi? Woaen Ki bud? Nimen amen1 ZhViiz - Notes PARTS OF SPEECH Lea 1.3 Noung and Pronouns function essentially like their counterparts in English, except that they are not inflected for case or number. ‘An exception may be found in the addition of -men to the sincular Pronouns to form plurals. This is limited to the pronouns and a very small nunber of personal nouns Verbs (V) in Chinese are words which may take a negative prefix. Chinese verbs are not inflected as are English verbs. One verb form is used regardless of person, number or tense, giving “n effect similar to 'I be, he be, you be, we be! etc. There & Several types of verbs, but only one, the stative verb, is introduced in this lesson. Stative Verbs (SV). Most Chinese verbs fall into one of two ‘categories: those which may be preceded by the adverb hén ‘very! and those which may not. The former are known as STATTVE VER3S Decause they describe a quality or condition rather than indicate an action. In English this function of describing is perforued by an adjective preceded by the verb 'to be’. In Chinese the sense of *to be’ is embedded in the stative verb; hence there is ro counterpart of ‘to be’ needed. E.g.: gio means not merely "tall! but "is tall", and is a complete predicate, as the correspond ng adjective in English is not. Particles (P) are elements which may be added to a word, phrase or ‘Sentence to indicate some particular function or aspect. T*< pluralizing particle -men is added to pronouns and a few nou. denoting persons and is comparable to the English plural endings ~s and -es. There are several interrogative particles which nay be added to a statement to forma question. Such as ma? anc Adverbs, as in English modify verbs and other adverbs. An adverb In Chinese precedes the word it modifies. TONE CHANGES 2.1 2.2 Tones on bu-. The negative prefix bu- is normally pronounces: with falling tone except when it is immediately followed by .acther falling fone, in which case it changes to the rising tone. b+; bagao, biming, bdh%o, but bi1ai In rapid speech the tone of hy is seldom identifiable unless stressed. Hence we shall onit the tone-mark from bu- unles: stressed. Successive Low Tones. When one low tone is immediately folicwed By another tow fone, the former rises to approximate the riving tone. Thus, nf hlo’is pronounced approximately as if it wer written nf h¥o, “When three low tones occur in sequence, there are two possible patterns for pronunciation: NI h&n h&o may be pronounced: Ni hén hio. or: Ni hén bio.2.2 Successive Low Tones (continued) The first pattern stresses both al and hén; the second stresses only hén. If more than three low tones occur in sequence the most common pattern alternates low and rising tones, but this may be modified by A desire to stress some particular word or words. Tone Change Drilis a. Repeat the following phrases over and over, building up as much speed as possible: TA budi, bugdo, bumdng, biéiléi. Ni bangn gao, bahen Si Nimen hén ho; tamen hén bihio. NI h&n b&o; wd bdhEn hio. b. Pyramid Drill on Tones ~ Start with the basic essentials of a sentence, ar even with a single word, and build up the expression by adding words to it. hho nén nko Ni hEn hio NE hn ho ma? banio bangn hXo Tamen bdhén nio Tamen bihEn hio ma? pando h&n bahdo én buhko Ta Ta n€n buhio ma? B, Lidnxt - Exercises “—h. Answer these questions Ta mang na? NX hn 18i ma? NE 18i paidi? NI ho ma? ‘Tamen ba1ai ma? Nimen mang bumdng? TA tli gio ma? ‘Tamen bi1ai ma? WS hen Ai ma? Ninen bihén ming ma? Translate into Chinese: He is tat1, We are tired, An I short? They aren't busy. Are you very tired? Aren't they busy? Are they too tall? He isn't very well, We are not too tired? Ts he tall or isn't he?DIERKE - LESSON 2 PUNCTIVE SENTENCES A, Duthua ~ Dialogue Mii BL - Buying a Pen Ni m4i bao ma? WO bimii bao. NZ bikan bao ma? Bakan. WS kan sho. Ni mi sho ma? Bamai, Sho tai gut. Nimen mai bi ma? MA, NI ydo MEiguo DI buydo? MEiguo bE dou hXokan ma? Dou hEn hiokin. Gut digui? Baddu gut. Zhongguo br pidnyi, WS Déydo wAiguo bi; wS yao Zhongguo bi. NI yao gangbl, yo qianbi, yao £8nbi? W® yao gangbi, y& yao qianbi, bay’o fendi. Women y& mai zhong, yé mai bilo. Nin ylo bayao? WS bayao. Are you buying a paper? No, I'm not. Don't you read the news= paper? No, T read books. Are you buying a book? No, books are too expensive. Are you selling pens? Yes. Do you want an ‘American pen? Are all American pens good~ ‘Looking? They are all very good- ‘Looking. Are they expensive? Not all. Chinese pens are cheaper. I don't want a foreign pen; T want a Chinese pen, Do you want a pen, a pencil or a crayon? I want a pen and a pencil, but no crayons. We sell clocks and watches too. Do you want any? T don't want any.18. sho 19. bao 20, bi gangbt, qianbi f8nbi 21, zhong 22. dito 23, Zhongguo 24. MBiguo 25. wAiguo 26. hiokan 27. gud B. Sh@ngzi - Vocabulary Ne Ne Ne sv: book Sho ho. (books are good.) WO kan sho, (I read books.) newspaper Nin kan bao ma? (Do you read the newspaper?) Bao tai gu: (The paper is too expensive.) writing instrument (steet) pen lead pencil chaik WS yao gangbt, buydo Fendt. (T want'a pen, nof a crayon.) P&nbi pidnyi; qianbt gut. (Chalk is cheap; pencils are more expensive.) clock, timepiece watch WS buydo zhong; wS yao bilo. (1 don't want'a clock; I want a watch.) China, Chinese (adj.) America (U.S.A.), American (adj.) foreign land, foreign (adj.) WS Duk&n waiguo bao; wS kan Zhongguo bdo. (I don't read foreign papers, I read Chinese papers.) be good-looking MBiguo Dido hén h¥okan. (American watches are very good-looking.) WAiguo zhong butdi hXokan. (Foreign clocks are not too good-looking.) be expensive 10ar. 28. 29, 30. 3h. 32, 33. gut (continued) pidnyi yao yao kan aki mai kan dou dou _ba- budou V/AVE AV-V: Bido dou gu ma? (Are all watches expensive?) Bido gut; zhong bugu2. (watches are expensive; clocks aren't.) be inexpensive, cheap ZhOngguo sh0 pidnyi; waiguo shO gui. (Chinese books are cheap; foreign books ‘are expensive.) want, want to want’to read Ni yao bao ma? WS bfydo, (Do you want a paper? No.) NI yao kan bdo ma? (Do you want to read the paper?) buy Ta mii bumai? Mai. (CIs he buying it? Yes.) sell Ni mai bumai? Bamai. (Will you sell it? No.) ¥® bumii sho, wo mai sho, (I don't buy’books, T seil then.) Look, Look at, read NI kant (Look!) NI kan tal (Look at him!) Ta kan bao, (He reads the paper.) all, both; altogether none not all Women dou tai ming. (We are all too busy.) Tamen dou baléi. (None of them are tired.) Women buddu mii bixo. (Not ali of us are buying watches.) aLL.2 Vocabulary (continued) also, too both,..and... neither...n0r... WO yé bikan sho. (T'm not reading either.) Women y& dou hén 128i. (We are all very tired too.) Ta yé kan sho, y& kin bao. (She reads both books and papers.) 35. shénne Nz what (interrogative only) NI mi shénme? (what paper does he read?) Késhi Yongyli - Classroom Phrases NY shud! You say (it)! NE zAi shot Say it again! Qing zai shud! Please say it again. Ni ting! Listen! C. Jzi Gduzdo ~ Sentence Structure 1, THE PUNCTIVE SENTENCE - In contrast to the Descriptive Sentence which characterizes but implies no action, we have the Functive Sentence which states an action or occurrence. Normal word order is the same as in English: subject, verb, object or other complement. The negative particle immediately precedes the verb, as in the case of the stative verb. [ome ) Tamen mai bao. (They buy newspapers.) wo kan sha. a read books.) Ta yao wliguo bi, (He wants a foreign pen.) 122. Substitution Drill N nodifier a (ou-) yao Zhongguo sho at (nin) mi MBiguo bao ta mai waiguo br women kan gangbt almen yio mii gianbi tamen yao mai fénbt yao kan zhong biko SIMPLE QUESTIONS in Functive Sentences occur in a pattern similar to That used in the Descriptive Sentences “(eee Leeson i) tt ie forme by adding the interrogative particle ma to the end of a statement. Statement Question Ta kan sho, Ta kan sho ma? Ge reads books.) (Does he read books?) Tamen dou a&i bi. Tanen dOu mii bi ma? (They are all buying pens.) (Are they ail buying pens?) Substitution Drilt N y N wo yao shu ma? Ni mi bao Ta mii Women kan giant Nimen gangbt Tamen fendi zhong biko QUESTION WORD QUESTIONS, We found in Lesson 1 that we could slip a Guestion Word “SHEL? =" into the subject position before a arative verb. With functive verbs there arises the possibility that the question word may be either subject or object. In English we transpose the statement pattern to get the question pattern, In Chinese the same pattern is used for both statement and question. Consequently the question word simply takes the place of whatever word is needed to answer the question. Thus: Shéi aki biz ‘Who is buying a pen?) NE mai, shénne? Ghat are you buying?) 13Ta kan shéi? (At whom is he Looking?) NE yao shénme sho? Cihat book do you want” Substitution Drill a. Shéi as subject: i (neg-) y N snéi (bu-) ? ning nko 18k yio sno? mii bao mai br kan zhong bido b. Shénme as ww sv ? Shénme (stu) ho? (pao) gud (ed pidm (zhong) ok (E80) ce Shénme as Object: N v Cu an wo yao shénme (sha) NX (Nin) mai (bao) Ta nai (bd) Vonen kan (zhong) — Nimen Tanen CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS offer the listener two choices, with the Gaplied question? Waich is the case? “ine aiecrastives: oeferea may be of several kinds: 4.1 Positive or Negative of the same yerb and same obiect (if any). The positive form of the verh is felloned iascdisteiy by the negative form. An object (if expressed) usually stands after the positive verb only, although less commonly it appears after the negative verb, or even after both verbs. 14Le NE bao bukan? (Do you read the newspaper?) Or aontt you?) Tames yo Zhongguo bi béydo? (Do they want Chinese pens?) Ta mii zhong bumai? (Is he buying a clock?) Substitution Dita N v N neg-V__? WS kan bio bikin? NE mai sho. pinai 2 Ta mai bt bamai 2 Women yao zhong biydo ? Nimen bike Tamen 4.2 Choice between two predicates, in which the verb, the object, or Doth verb and object aay differ. while in sngiish we merely’ acd an alternative object, in Chinese repetition of the verb is essential. LIAZT) . \ZO? mii zhong, nai bido? Thee you buying 2 else or a match?) Ta yao giarpt, yao fEnbI? (Does he want a pencil’ or a crayon?) 4.3 Choice petween two subjects with both stative Alternative subjects may be used ind Panctive verbs. CAV4O . Oo mii, mii? are you baying tt, of an 17)" Ta gao, Wd ga? (is he the’tailer, or am 1?) Zhong pidnyi, biko _pidnyi? (Are clocks or watches less expensive?)- It should be noted that dou is a fixed adverb, stand- ng pinned ‘ately before the verb it modifies. Tt cannot be separated the verb by the subject, but it may be separated by another adverb. Beget ‘Tamen du h&n gio. ‘Dou is peculiar in that, so far as meaning is concerned, it refers back to a plural thing or things previously mentioned. pattern N dou V, it can be translated into English as "all of N V" Ta the All of them are very tall. (They are all very tall.) Pattern Drills Substitution Table - Descriptive Sentences Plural N sv Women abu gao Nimen mang Tamen bio Br 1ai sho bokan Bao Biko Zhong b. Substitution Table - Functive Sentences Plural N y Women ddu ylo Nien kan Tamen bi mai, 5.1 DOU AND BU- IN SERIES. The ‘differ markedly In meaning, "all not" and the latter as illustrated as follows: Chinese bu bu- bu bu ¥ Tamen du bugio. Tamen dou duukis budou NN _budou Vv Tamen budbu glo. Tamen buddu mii. N bt sha bao zhong biko two combinations dou bu- and buddy the former translating literally as "not all", This may be further English None of N v None of then is tall. None of them buys (any). Not all of N Not all of them are tall. Not ali of them buy (it): 16eal Pattern Drills a. Substitution Table = abu bus bs Substitution Table - buddy x ou buy N buasu Women dou baldi. Women buddu Adi. Nimen bugao- Ninen Bio, Tamen bundng. Tanen ning. BI bumai. BL gui. Bao bimai. ‘Sho pidnyi. sha biyao. 2hong hio Zhong buhSokan. Bito mai. Biko bagui. Bao mai. bupianyi. kan 6. CONNECTIVES - In English the conjunctions and and but are used rather indiscriminately to join various parts of speech to other menbers of the sane category. In Chinese most connectives are adverbs and can therefore be used only between verbs; hence they cannot join two nouns. Thus these adverbial connectives introduce clauses, Basically no connective is required between two predicates. 6.1 Two objects - Where in English. two or more objects follow a single verb, in-Chinese the verd is repeated with each object. (The subject need not be repeated.) Connectives are not required. Ta kan shi, kan bao. He reads books and newspapers. WS mii zhong, mii bido. T am buying clocks and watches. 6.2 Double Predicates - positive-negative TAZOREO kan sho, bakan bao. CF read vocks but not newspapers.) WS mai sha, baimai, sha, (I buy books but don't Se11 them.) Rhythm Drill Repeat the following double predicate sentences aloud several tines to get the balanced rhythm of the pattern, MS yo zhong, diye Nt agi graaey, “gangbi. ta ali Hos bingi eho Women oXi bi, bimal BY. Nimen kan sho, bdmdi sho. Tamen yao MEI’ biko, biydo mi zhong. 72 6.3 CONVECTIVE ADVERS YE ~ Used singly, y& has the force of too or also, but is sometimes better rendered as and, Used in multiple ‘to introduce a series of clauses, it has the value of both...and (in the negative, neither...nor.) WS kan sho, y& kan bao, I read books and newspapers too. WS buxthuan zhong, yé I don't Like clocks, watches, or buxthuan biko, yé pens. buxthuan bY. Ta yé kan sh, y& kan bao, He reads both books and newspapers. Ta yé bukan sho, y& bukdn He reads neither books nor bao. newspapers. The pattern y& requires that both clauses be positive or botn clauses be negative. Substitution Drilt N A vo, N A y WB yé (bus) ming Nt yé (bu-) mang. NE nko Tm]. 1ai. tT! BR WS ho. Wnen 184 Tanen Bio. Nimen gut Wonen pidnyi, ‘Tanen pidnyi Nimen gu. sho hiokan Bao hiokan. Bao sho Zhong Biko Biko zhong D. Zhdjik - Notes 1, CHINESE NOUNS differ from English nouns in certain respects: 1.1 They are aot inflected to show number. They stand for generalized Concepts such as paper, grain, or tea in English. mean "books", or ‘a book’; bI'may mean ‘penst or 1.2 They modify other nouns. One noun may be placed before another noun to modify it. (Exceptions to this principle will be noted in Lesson 3). The same principle appears in English to a limited extent in such expressions as: country store school janitor city street town crier The Chinese language, instead of doctoring a noun by adding an adjectival ending, simply uses one noun to modify another: 18.L. 2 Zhongguo bi Chinese pen MBiguo bao American newspaper waiguo sha foreign book + COORDINATE NOUNS. Position does not necessarily indicate modification. Certain cognate nouns are commonly coupled in a coordinate rather than a subordinate relation. (Compare English: knives and forks, tables and chairs.) No connective is required. NI w du m4i Zhongguo sho. (You and are both buying Chinese books.) Ta mai sho bao. (He seils books and newspapers.) Zhudzi yizi dou én gui. (The tables and chairs are both very expensive.) Note that when the coordinate pair or group stands before the verb, it is followed by dou which has a totalizing effect; when they foliow the verb, du is not used because dou can refer in meaning only to something which precedes it, GHINESE HAS NO NEUTER PRONOUN to correspond with "it? pond w: NO In translating ‘From English to Chinese, ‘it’ is usually omitte: It isn't expensive. Bagi. I don't want it. W3 dhyao. Will you sell it? NE mai bimai? FUNCTIVE VERBS express action or occurrence. They may be used ‘transitively er intransitively, Like stative verbs, they are net inflected for persen, number, or tense. Hence, I (customarily) buy newspapers. WS aki bdo. I am buying a newspaper. I bought a newspaper. I am going to buy a newspaper. (Means of distinguishing these aspects will be given ‘later, 4.1 Auxiliary Verbs, as in English, are usually merely a specialized ‘Sone ordinary verb by which it may be followed by another verb and its object, Thus we can sa NI yao bE ma? Do you want a pen? NI ydo mMi DI ma? Do you want to buy a pen? 4,2 Reduplication. Verbs are frequently reduplicated, especially in Soannds and requests, This say susgest 4 acre simpling of the action or a prolongation of the action. It translates most readily into English in the pattern: ‘Take a look." Sometimes the NU yt is inserted between the two verbs. 19Le 2 NX kankan wode dito. Take a look at my watch. WS xidngxiang ba. Let me think (it over). NI wanwen Zhang TAitai. Ask Mrs. Zhang. 5. ANSWERING ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS - A question offering two alternatives Yor your choice may draw various answers, Most common are: Question: Ni kan sho, kan bao? Do you read books or newspapers? Answe: WS kan sho. I read books. WS kan bdo. I read newspapers. WS kan sh, békan bao. I read books (but) not newspapers. WS dou kan, I read both, WS dou bikin. I read neither. Take each of the following alternative type questions and see how many different answers you can make up. NE hfokan, ta h¥okan? NY kan t2, kan w5? Ta mii sha, aii bao Zhong pidnyi, bilo pidnyi? TA glo, nt gio? NE mAi' Zhongguo 2hOng, m&i waiguo zhong? NE ki DI bundi? Sho gui bugui? BE, Lianxt - Exercises 1, Pyramid Drilis LL sho. kan sho yao kan sho yao kan MBiguo sho ta ydo kin MBiguo sh0 aa? t@ béydo kan MBiguo sho ma? ta ydo kan MEiguo sh biydo kan? Zhongguo bi Zhongguo bI gui. Zhongguo bi bigul. Zhongguo bi bihén gui. ZOngguo bi hEn bigui- Zhongguo bI bihén gu? ma? Zhongguo bI dou bahEn gut ma? WSde Zhongguo bi bidou h¥n gut 20L.2 2. Substitution Tables - Modifiers 2.1 Modifier N (dou) __(neg-)__ sv Zhongguo bt (dou) (bu) gud Méiguo zhong ho WAiguo dio pidnyi sho Baokan 2.2.N D (yao) _V____ Modifier + N We (ou-) (yo) m%i Zhongguo bE NE ce) mdi MEiguo gianbt Ta kan wliguo gangbt Wonen sho Nimen bao Tanen Dido zhong 3. Drills on Adverbs = Say these phrases aloud, translating them into English as you say then. 3.1 dou gio buddu gio du bugio ning dng bundng hao nko buhao 1b 28h bated gul gud bagui hkokan hiokan buhdokan ai Hi bud 3.2 y& gao ye bugao mang bumdng hao Duh’o ai bated gud bigut hdokan buhdokan ai budi 3.3 Now combine these two patterns and run through all of your stative verbs on the pattern of each of the following sentences. Nimen y& buhén 124 ma? Tamen y& ddu bugio ma? Tamen y& budou h&o ma? Women y& buhén 128i, Tamen y& du bugio. Tamen yé buddu hio- 4, Translation. Cover the English renderings with a piece of paper and see if you Can translate from Chinese into English. Then reverse the process and translate from English into Chinese. Ni m4i shO ma? WS bam&i sha. Are you buying a book? No, I'm not. b. Nimen ydo bY buydo? Do you want pens? Wonen yio bi. Yes, we do. ce Women biikan Zhongguo bao. We don't read Chinese papers. We Women kin M&iguo bdo. read American papers, 24Le ke Tamen mai bao, bémdi sha, Nimen bumii M&iguo bi ma? Women bum4i MEiguo bi. Méiguo DI tai gut. NX bimai DI ma? WO ydo mii bi. W& ydo biko, wS buydo zhong. Zhong buhXokan. Tamen mi gangbi ma? Bandi. Tamen m4i qiinbi, yé mii f8ndi. NX kan Zhongguo sho bukan? Bukan. Ta mai wliguo bi, bimai Zhongguo br. WAiguo bao buddu gui. M&iguo gangbl pidnyi, Zhongguo gangbt pidnyi? W&men buddu ydo wiiguo biko. 22 They sell papers, not books. Aren't you buying an Anerican pen? No, we're not, They're too expensive. Don't you sell pens? I want to buy a pen. I want a watch, not a clock. Clocks are ugly. Are they buying pens? No, they are buying pencils and crayons. Do you read Chinese books. No, I don't, He sells foreign pens, not Chinese pens. Foreign newspapers are not all expensive. Are American pens or Chinese pens more expensive? Not ali of us want foreign watches.Péng: ving Péng: Yang Péng Yang: Péng: Yang Péng ving: Péng: ving 36. aT. 38. 39, 40. 4. 42, 43, DISANKE - LESSON 3 INDIRECT OBJECT AND TRANSPOSED OBJECT A. Duthua - Dialogue NX Xthuan Shénme? = What do you Like? 2 WO yOu sange zhong. WO g&i ni yige. Ni yo baydo? + WS diydo, xidxie. WS yé yOu yige. + Zh@ge MBiguo bio hén h¥okan. NY xfhuan buxthuan? : WS bGtai xThuan. ZhOng, bido, wS ddu buxthuan. 2 NAge MEiguo gingbl bigut. WS yo mMi yige. NI ySu qidn méiyou? : Bié mMi, Nage gangbl bipidnyi, y& DahXokin, MEiguo bI badou hiokin. : NE yOu gidn ma? NE g&i wS qidn, wO yao mii yige 1: Shéi g&i nX gidn? NX méi qin, bié mai, 2 NE mi, Xo buh’o? : WO bumii. MEiguo zhOng tdi gui, ZhOngguo zhOng yé tai gui. Bixo y& buhSokan, DY yé buhdokan, ou tai gui, y€ dou buhdokan, WS mii shénme? + ZhOng y& buhko, biso y& bunio, Zhége y& buh, nage y8 buhso. Dou buhfo. Ni xfhuan shénme? + WG dou buxthuan. Note: Translation appears in Section E ~ Exercises B, Shengz} ~ Vocabulary zhud2zi N: table ylei Nz chair dongxi Nz thing, object ian N: money yige NU-M: one (pure NU: yt) 1idngge NU-M: two (pure NU: er) singe Nu-M: three (pure NU: san) sige NU-M: four (pure NU: si) 233 44, wage five (pure NU wi) 45. Lidge six (pure NU: 1ia) 46. aige seven (pure NU: at) 47, age eight (pure NU: ba) 48. jitge nine (pure NU 48) 49.. shige NUM: ten (pare NU: shf) 50. jige? NUM: how many? (not over ten) NE ydo jlge zhubzi? (How many tables do you want?) WS yo sange (zhudzi). (I want three tables.) Litngge hao, yige bahio, (Two are good, one is bad.) Sl. zhage (SP-M)N: this, this one 52. nage (SP-W)N: that, that one 53. nage (SP-M)N which?, which one? Ta yao nige? Ginich one does he want?) Ta yao zhége bi. (He wants this pen.) Zhage yizi gui, nage bugui. (this chair is’ expensive, that one is not.) Sh, gBi Vi give Qing nf gbi wS yige bi. _ (Please give me a pen.) Ta yu qidn; ta bugti we. (He has money; he won't give it to m 55. you Vr have, possess (see note 1) néiyou Vi have'not (The negative for yOu is méi, never bi-.) néiydu Vs have not Ta _ybu sho méiyou? (Has she any books?) Ta ySu sh; wS maiydu. (He'has some books; T haven't any.) 2456. xiaxie frosty 57. xthuan xthuan kan 58. gen 59. qing aingwén 60. bié 61. ho buhio Bukeqi. Dikai sho. thank, thanks, thank you "don't mention it", "you're welcome" (Lit: you need not thank me) NI xidxie ta. (Thank hia!) GEi mI zhage. WS biydo, xidxie. CULL give you this, No, thanks.) V/AV: like, enjoy, like to AV-V: like’to read (See Lesson 2, Note 4.1) WO na xthuan ta. (I Like him very much.) Ta xihuan kan bdo. (He likes to read the paper.) C: and (between nouns only) WO m&i sho gen gangbl. (I'm buying a book and a pen.) V: invite, request, please Ph: may [ inquire? Tamen ging wd. (They invited me.) Qing nl g€i wS yibén sho. (Please give me a book.) Gingwins zhége yizi mai bumai? Nay Task, is this chair for sale?) AV: don't NE bié g&i ta gidn. (Don't give him any money.) Bié m&il (Don't buy it!) Ph: Wouldn't that be a good idea? How about it? (Used after a suggestion to ask approval.) NX mi zndge, ho buhto? GHow about buying this one?) Classr: Phrases You're welcome (Lit: You needn't be polite!) Open your book(s). 2s3 Guanshang sha. Close your book(s). ig kan sho, Don't look at your book(s). Qing kan sho. Please look at your book(s). C. JWzi Gduzio - Sentence Structure + INDIRECT OBJECT. An indirect object precedes a direct object as in ‘the English sentence "He gives me money.” Chinese does not use a pattern corresponding to "He gives the money to me." [] \7 se) ta -yige = qianbi. Note that pronouns used as objects usually lose their tone unless emphasized. However, a low tone still affects another low tone immediately preceding it. Henc Gai ta sno, Give him the book. but —-Géi wo BI. Give me the pen. Qing ta shuo, Ask him to say it. but Qing nit shud. Please say it. Pattern Drill a. Substitution Table N v Direct snéi (bu-) sti wo ian WB yao ein sha (Qing) NE ta bao Ta women bi Omen nimen qianbt (Qing) Nmen tamen gangbt Tamen shei f8ndi zhong dito TRANSPOSITION OP OBJECT TO "TOPIC" POSITION. The object of a verb may ‘be transposed to a position at the head of the sentence and in front of the subject, where it becomes the pre-stated topic-to-be-dealt-with, A similar pattern occurs in English when we say: The taller man I don't recognize. The pie I don't care for, the cake I do. 263 ‘This pattern is used much more frequently in Chinese than in English. The words so transposed may be a single word, a multiple object, or a noun with modifiers, The more heavily modified the object is, the more likely it is to be transposed. ; sho wd kan; bio, wd bikin. (1 read books but not newspapers.) Sht, bdo, wS dou kan, (I fead both books and newspapers.) Zhongguo bao, Wo kan. (1 read Chinese newspapers.) Zhong, biko, ‘sha, bt, ta dow mai. (He Se11 clocks, watches, books, pens - all of them.) 2.1 TRANSPOSITION REQUIRED, When dOu refers to the object, that ‘Object must be transposed to the topic position, hen’ the subject is singular, dou refers to the object. When the subject and object are both plural, only the context will tell you which is referred to. Sha, wS dou yao. T want all the books. We read both books and papers. Sh0, bao wmen ddu kin, Both of us read books and papers. Pattern Drills a. Substitution Table. Translate each sentence as you make it, noting ‘particularly where the referrent for ddu is ambiguous. Mod. N N ou v Zhongguo qidn wo dou kan MEiguo zhudzi ont mii Waiguo ylzi ta mai zhong women yao biko nimen yao mi bao tamen xthuan sho xYhuan kan dongxi, you «Make Sentences on these two patterns: © » Ol Vv Shi, wS ydo; bao, WS yyw (i Want books; T’also want newspapers.) 27 fe3. €9), (P= —\7 Sh, bio wS ou yo. (T want all the books and newspapers.) ‘Transposing Objects. Transpose the objects in the following sentences 30 that they appear at the beginning of the sentences as topics. Be sure to totalize where the object is plural or serial. WS m&i shO, yé mXi bdo. TA gi wo yige zhudzi, y& g&i wo 1iangge yizi. Tamen k&n Zhongguo shO, y€ kan Zhongguo bdo. Ta ydo m4i M&iguo bI, y8 yo mii Zhongguo bi. Tamen mai zhong, bimii bido. Women kan Zhongguo bdo, bikin MEiguo bao. Nimen yu bi ma? Ta g&i wo zhong, bug&i wo ito. Ta y& bug&i wonen zhudzi, y& bugéi women qidn. Tanen buxIhuan MEiguo yizi, xIhuan Zhongguo yizi. ESTION WORD QUESTIONS. The introduction to two new question words - Hie and ‘Htge “fives Firtner emphasis to the principle stated is Lesson 2 that the question word takes the same position as the word which answers the question. But the word order of the question is identical with the word order of the answer. NE yao nige bi? (nich pen do you want?) Nige y¥zi gui? Ginich chair is more expensive?) Tegel nt Gtben sna? Glow many books Wid he give your) NE kan shénme bao? (hat paper do you read?) Jige biko piinyi, (How many watches are cheap and how many are Hee bite gut? expensive?) Pattern Drilis Find the Question. Make up a question which would draw each of the owing answers, (Beware the English habit of transposition in making questions!) Note that in some cases more than one question will draw forth the same answer - possibly differing in stress. Ta yo mii yize zhudzi. Tamen dOu_kin WSiguo bio. NI ySu gidn. WS mXi diko, Ta biydo znage. Nage DI h¥o, zhage buh¥o, Women dou néiyu. Ta ylo mai. Fill in the blanks with appropriate question words. NE ydu zhud2i?de L. 3 g&i nt qidn? NE kan pao? ylzi pidnyi? Nage gangbf, nt g&i 2 NX y€o____ Zhongguo bI, __ MBiguo bI7 mii zhong? Tamen du mai dongxi? D. Zndjié - Notes NEGATIVE MET. The verb yOu ‘have’ takes méi- as its negative instead ‘OF Buc. Thus we say méiyou, never blySu. Within a sentence, the protidciation is noraalif-méiyou (with stress on the first syllable); but at the end of a sentence the second syllable will come out clearly ~ néiydu. M@iyou within a sentence may be abbreviated to méi. vice, , NAGE, NAGE are commonly used to modify a noun, but they may also stand as’ independent nouns with the sense ‘one’, ‘this one’, "that one’, ‘which one?! ifier: Yige bI ho; yige bi bingo. (One pen is good, one pen isn't.) Independent: __Yige ho, yige bihio. (One is good, one isn't.) Znége hho, nage bdh’o. (This one’ is good, that one isn't.) NUMBERS. Chinese nunbers are found in two forms, The pure number is ‘ased for calling off, for counting from one to ten, for giving telephone numbers, and for mathematical purposes where only the bare number is required. These are given in the left-hand colunn below. If something is to be counted, however, the bare number will not do; it must be combined with the ending -ge. Moreover, while the bare nunber for "two" is @r, when counting things one must say lidngge. Bare Numbers Counters for Things ¢ yige " lilngge sin sange si sige “i wige ia Lidge at aige ba bage jit jitge shi shige 294 1. Translation Exercise on Indirect Objects. ‘Orth from Chinese to English and side of the page at a time. 3.1 Change of Tone on Certain Numbers and bu-. in calling off has the high level ton The number yt as used When used to count things and consequently followed by a measure, it rises before a falling tone. Similarly the negative bu-. Qi'and ba also change tone. Word Standing Before Before Before Before Osc Alone High Rising [ow Fartisg Tore Toe! Tone Tone one yt yiban ytpén—-yibényige yitang seven qi qtban — agtpén—qibén gig qitang eight ba baban bapén babén bage batang not bagto —bimng—bahXo. balai bishi SUPFIX -ZI. The suffix zi, found on many nouns, is never stressed. ‘Tn North China the pronunefation is usually closer to 24 zhudzi Pronounced —zhubze ylzi Pronounced —yTze E. Lianxt - Exercises ‘back and fo: Cover up one a, TA gBi wO br. aidan. WS xidxie ta, bd. TA méiyou WS ydo g&i ta qian. c. Nimen g&i ta qian bigei? . TA ydo MBiguo BI. Zhongguo br. WO g&i ta e. WS yao g&i ta zhong. zhong, t& ydo biko. Ta biydo £. Qing nl gi women bi, yé g&i women dito. &- WS g&i ta zhong, bigei ni zhong. Drill yourse1f on translating from English to Chinese. He gave me a pen, I thank him. He has no money. I want to give him (some) money. Are you (pl) giving him (some) money? He wants an American pen. giving him a Chinese pen. Ue I want to give him a clock. He doesn't want a clock, he wants a watch. Please give us (some) pens and watches. I'11 give a clock to him, (but) not to you, 30ae TA gi wo shO, bagki wo DI, He gave me a book, (but) wouldn't give me a pen. NE bagéi ta qidn ma? Aren't you giving him (any) money? 3. lation Exercises on Transposed Objects be a. £. a ne ZhOngguo shi, Mfiguo sha, wS I read both Chinese and American dou kan. books. MBiguo DI, ZhOngguo bI, wd I'm not buying either Anerican dou bamai. or Chinese pens. Shi, bdo, wS dou ydo mai, BI, I'm going to buy both books and wS'y& ydo mai, papers. I'm going to buy a pen, too. Bao w kan, sh w5 yé kan. I read the papers; I read books too. Biko wS yao, kEshi zhong wS ‘want a watch, but not a clock. biyao. Znongguo bao, ni kan bik’n? ‘Do ‘you read Chinese newspapers? . Yes, I do. Znong, diko, wS dou méiydu. —‘T’-have neither clock nor watch. BI, nimen dou yu aa? Do you all have pens? ZnOngguo sh, nimen ddu ydo Do you ail want to read Chinese kan ma? ‘books? Translation of the Dialogue = From this point on the translation of the ‘Tralogie ih each lesson will be printed in Section E as an “exercise.” After you have studied the dialogue both from the text and from a sound record, try to translate back from the English version below and see how close you can come to the Chinese version printed at the beginning of the lesson. Péng: I have three clocks. I'11 give you one, Do you want it? Yang: No thanks, I have one too, Péng: This American watch is very good-looking. Do you like it? Yang: Not too well. I don't care for either clocks or watches. Péng: That American pen isn't expensive. I'd like to buy one. Do you have any money? Yang: Don't buy it, That pen isn't cheap, mor is it good-looking. Not all American pens are good-looking. Péng: Have you some money? Give me some money and I'll buy one. Yang: Who giving you any money? If you haven't any money, don't buy it. 3Le Péng: Yang: Péng: Yang: How about you buying it? No, American clocks are too expensive, and so are Chinese clocks. Neither American watches nor Chinese watches are good-looking. They are all too expensive, and they aren't good-looking. Wi shall I buy? Clocks are no good, and watches are no good. This is no good and that's no good. Nothing is any good, What do you like? I don't like any of them,pisixi - LESSON 4 SPECIFIERS-NUMBERS-MEASURES A, Duihua - Dialogue MAi Hudr - Buying Paintings Wang: WS ySu 1iingge ho péngyou. Yige péngyou mdi zhudzi yizi; yige péngyou mai zhi, mai huar. Liz WS wan mI: Zhongguo huar hXokan, MEiguo huar hXokan? Wang: Huar, wS Dati ddng; késhi wS nage péngyou shud: Youde Zhongguo hudr'hio, ySude wAiguo hudr hdo. Nin yé xfhuan hudr ma? Li: Dalle, wS y& xInuan huar. YOurén shud Zhongguo huar h¥o; yé yOurén shed wAiguo hudr h4o. KEshi wS xYhuan MEiguo hua: Wing: W® ySu sizhang Zhongguo hudr. Qing nf kAnkan n&zhang nio. Li: Zhd sighing huar, Lidngznang di, 1i%ngzhang xido. Zhaxit hudr, n¥ du mai ma? Wang: Budou mai. LY: Zh 1itngzhang zh@n bio. NI mai bumdi? Wang: Bémai. WS y& xXhuan zhé 1idngzhang. NA 1ilngzhang xixo hudr, wS nai. “Nin yao buyao? Li: WS bati xihuan nd 1idngzhang. WS yao m4i yizhing Méiguo huar, NI ySu méiyou? Wang: MBiguo mudr, w5 méiybu. WS nage péngyou yBu, WS wenwen ta mai bund. Li: Ho. Xiaxie. Wang: Béxid. Zaijian. B, Sh@ngzi - Vocabulary 62. rén man, person, people darén adult (See Voc. 80) Nage rén tai gao ma? (is that man foo tall?) Ta shi Zhongguo rén, Diishi M¥iguo rén. (He is a Chinese, not an American.) 63. péngyou Ni friend 64, fagin father 3365. miigin 66. gee 67. atai 68. jit jie 69, maimed 70. 2nd yizhang 2hi 71. nuar, yizhtng huar 73. zh 74, na 75. nh mother : older brother younger brother older sister younger sister paper a sheet of paper (See Voc. 79) WS dum&i bI, wS Ai zhi. (I'm not buying pens, Tm buying some paper.) W% mi gtzhang zhi. (I'm buying seven Sheets of paper.) : picture, painting, drawing a picture (See Voc. 79) Ta xfhuan Zhongguo huar. (He Likes Chinese pictures.) Ta yu sinzhang huar ydo mai. (He "has three paintings and wants to sell. them.) some (of), some of then (cannot follow a verb) Some people (cannot follow a verb) some people (cannot follow a verb) some..., others some people..., other people... Youde ho, y8 ybude buhko. (Some are’ good, and some are bad.) YOude zhong hén pidnyi. (Some clocks are very cheap.) YOurén shud ta nfo. (Some folks say he's good.) this that which? (interrogative only) Zhége bI nt buydo a? (So'you don't want this pen?)76. Tm 78. 79. 80, a1. 82. 83. -s2 -bén zhang aa xito dud duite shud shudshuo La Nin xfhuan nizhang hudr? (Which painting do you like?) Nazhang Zhongguo huar hén pidnyi. (That Chinese painting is very cheap.) how many? (Less than ten) (See Voc. 50) NE mAi_ jtge dito? (How maay watches are you buying?) Sige rén ySu, jige rén méiydu? (How many people have them and how many. haven't?) (general measure) (See Note and Voc. 36-53) sange rén (three people) volume (measure for books) sibf sha (four books) M: sheet (measure for paper, pictures, tabies, etc.) (See Voc. 70-71) Lidzhang zhi (six sheets of paper) 1iangzhang huar (two pictures) sanzhing zhudzi = (three tables) SV: be large, dig SV: be small, little Zhage da, nage xixo. (This is the larger, that is the smaller.) WS yao m&i yige da zhudzi. (I want to buy a big table.) SV: be right SV: That's right! Dut budut? Duile. (is that right? That's right.) Ta shud w5 e€iyou qidn. Bédu2, WS yu qian, (He says T haven't any money. wrong. I have some.) say, say that tell about it, talk about it Ta shud shénne? (wnat does he say?) 35Le 4 TA shud ta néiydu, (He says that he hasn't any.) 84. wan inquire about, (ask) wenwen make inquiries Ta wan w® 18i puldi. (He asked whether T'was tired.) NX wan ta zhége mai dumi, (Ask him whether this is for sale.) 85. ding V: understand TA shud shénme? WO buddng. (Ginat did he say? 1 didn't understand.) NE buddu ding ma? (Don't you understand it al?) 86. keshi MA: but, however WS yOu gidn, keshi wS bumdi, (T have money, but I'm not going to buy it. Hn hiokan, késhi tai da. (It's very beautiful, but it's too large.) 87. shiyt eleven shier twelve shisaa thirteen etc. 88. arsni twenty arshiyt twenty-one arshilid twenty-six sanshi thirty wishi fifty bashi eighty tisha jit ninety-nine an 89. =xie- (ptural general measure) znexit these naxit those zhexie_rén these people naxitzhing zhi those sheets of paper C. Jizi Gduzdo - Sentence Structure 1, MEASURES, The English language has many measures, but they are all ‘Tintted in use to certain categories of things orto certain types of measurement, Thus we speak of: a quart of milk a fleet of ships two slices of bread aTengtn of string a herd-of cos three pairs of shoes fivevaheets of paper a piece of cheese six sults of clothes 36La None of these measures is general in the sense that it can be applied to practically anything. In Chinese, however, a measure is required (with few exceptions) whenever you speak of an item or quantity of anything. It is omitted only when the noun is used generically to refer to something without regard to quantity: sheep, rice, leather, cotton, iron, paper, etc. Hence in addition to counterparts of most of the measures commonly ed in English, Chinese has a general measure g@, which is not eadily rendered in English. It is a bound form and can be used only in combination with a number (NU). (The NU yt ‘one’ is sometimes dropped after a specifier.) SPECIFIERS. A specifier (SP) is the Chinese equivaient of the giish denonstrative pronouns 'this' and 'that', the interrogative pronoun 'which?' and the definite article 'the'.’ Zhége and nige when stressed translate as 'this' and ‘that! respectively, but when unstressed both may be rendered as ‘the! SPECIFICATION refers to the series of bound or semi-bound modifiers of @ noun which always occur in the order specifier - number - measure. This combination is a free unit (N) which may either stand alone or modify another noun. Not all of these elements are always essential to the unit. These minimal combinations are possible: 3.1 SPN |. This is the basic pattern of specification. zhé sizhang these four(tables, pictures, etc.) na xizge those(anything) 3.2 SP-M. This is an abbreviation of the SP NU-M pattern in which ‘the NU yt is understood, n&ben? which volume? (which book?) zhaxit these zhage this 3.3 NU=M, NU and M are both bound forms (with rare exceptions), so ‘They must be used in combination. Lidge six jizhang how many sheets (of something)? Sanbén three (books) 3.4 SP (zh’, n3). Zhé and nd are sonetimes used as free forms Tabbreviations of zhége and nage). Used alone, they may stand as subject but not as object. Used a modifier of a noun, they may stand in either position. The interrogative n&- cannot be used without a measure. Zé hdo. This is good. Z2na rén yu qian. This man is rich. WS yao nd zhudzi. T want that table. But: WS yao zhage. I want this (one).Specification Driia The following expressions illustrate the various combinations possible in ‘specification’. Repeat them several times. Then make complete sentences using each combination but varying the nouns modified. SP NU-N—> yige (a chita) na= ge (the chila) znd ge (this chila) zha wibén (these five books) na 1itngge (those two men) zhe sange (the three pencils) na bazhang (those eight tables) 4. PRONOUNS BEFORE NOUN! 4,1 A pronoun may stand before certain nouns to modify them, but only where there is a close personal relationship between the two words: WS péngyou ny friend tamen péngyou their friend 4,2 If a NUCM or a SP NU-H expression stands between the pronoun and the noun, their relationship may be either of the following: Modification: wS yige péngyou a friend of mine 4a nage bE that pen of his al na singe hdizi those ‘three children of yours Apposition: tamen lidngge rén the two of them wS yige rén T alone women zheliingge rén the two of us (we two) Note that the specifier usually loses tone in such a pattern. Substitution Dril1 = N SP NI N ta nage péngyou wd zhesange zhudzi at nashige yizi wonen nababén sho nimen zhong ‘tamen biko bt dongxi5. VERBS WHICH TAKE A SENTENCE AS OBJECT. Certain verbs aay be followed by a complete statement instead of a simple object-noun. In this lesson we have three examples: shu say that... wan ask whether... aing request...t0..+ Note that there is no counterpart in Chinese to the relative pronoun or preposition which follows the verb in English. LAZIO WS ging = tami dngxi. (I asked him to buy something.) Ta shud nf!_—_—sniyou qian. (He says that you haven't any money.) NI wen tayo. buydo. (Ask him whether he wants it or not.) In English, there is a marked difference between direct and indirect quotation.’ In Chinese the patterns are identical except for any change of pronoun which may be needed to make sense. Ta shud: "W% biydo. He said, "TI don’t want it. Ta shud ta biydo. He said that he didn't want it. Exercise Make sentences with the verbs shud, wén and ging followed by sentence objects. 6. THE WHOLE BEFORE THE PART, In Chinese the whole is stated first, then ‘The ‘part with which the speaker is concerned. Zhaxi® sho, ydude gui, ydude bégui. - (Some of these books are expensive, some are not.) Ta nasige péngyou, Lidngge gto, 1iingge Ai. (wo of his four Friends are tall, two are short.) Rén ddu kan bdo: ydude kan Zhongguo blo, ySude kan MEiguo blo. (Everyone read the newspaper: some read Chinese papers, some American papers.) 6.1 Limitations on the use of ybude, ‘sone’. It may either modify a noun or stand alone, but it cannot follow the main verb. As the object of a verb it’must be transposed to the ‘topic’ position.YOude sho h&n gui. (Sone books are very expensive.) YOude mdng, ydude dining. (Some are busy, sone are not.) YOude hudr'w5 hén xthuan kan, (Some pictures I very much enjoy Looking at.) 6.2 Translation of ‘some When an expression such as ‘some of my books' is used as object of a verb (as in 'I want some of his books.') the words 'his books', constituting the twhole', must be transposed to the ‘topic’ position; ‘some of! - translated as ySude - indicates the ‘part! and must therefore follow the ‘whole’, This results in the Chinese sentence: Tade sht, ySude wS yio. But if the expression is 'three of his books’, it may take the more normal orde Tade sh0, wS yao sanbin. It should be noted that ‘some’ as an object, when it does not mean certain items in contrast to certain others, is usually not translated. E.g Do you want some? NI yao buydo? D. Zhd jiz - Notes 1, NUMBERS ABOVE TEN AND UNDER A HUNDRED are built on these two patterns: 1.1 The Teens follow the pattern: ten-one, ten-two: (See Voc. 87), the ‘Stress falling on the second syllable (units syllable). 1,2 The Tens take the form: two-ten, three-ten: (See Voc. 88). The Hunbers between even decades follow the pattern: three-ten-five, Sixeten-two: (See Voc. 88). 1.3 Numbers formed on the patterns noted above are all pure numbers to which an appropriate measure must be added before they can modify a noun. Note that in ‘counting off' the even tens are stressed on the second syllable, but in counting things the stress is on the first syllable: Counting Off Counting Things shisan érshi wishiwi Wishiwtige lidsht Lidsniznang eer Addsnizhang 402, INDERINITE NUMBERS 2.1 JH, meaning 'a few', may be prefixed or suffixed to shi 'ten'; ‘Te’may suffixed to other decades: shijige a few over ten STahige a few tens of sanshijige thirty-odd 2.2 Xi8 is commonly used both as a nuaber and as a M to mean ‘several’. As a measure it is usually preceded by a SP. Znaxie sho. ‘These books. Ta yao xitge yizi. He wants soae chairs. MOVEABLE ADVERBS (MA), like fixed adverbs such as dou, tai, h&q, must ‘stand before the verb; unlike fixed adverbs, they may'be separated from the verb by the subject of the sentence. Most fixed adverbs are monosyliables; most moveable adverbs are polysyllables. (There are exceptions.) WS yOu qin, ta méiyou qidn. WS you qin, ta ktshi néiyou qian. (T have some money, but he hasn't any.) ‘4, REDUPLICATED VERBS - Functive verbs are frequently reduplicated with Tittle essential change of meaning. Sonetines the reduplication gives the effect of ‘doing it a Little’. NI wanwen ta You ask hin, Qing ta shudshuo. Ask him to te11 about it. The tone of the reduplication is lost. 5. QING and WEN. When these verbs are followed by a noun as object, ging means ‘invite’ WS qingle sange xuésheng. (I've invited three students.) wan means ‘ask’, 'inguire of? Ni wan ta ba! (You ask him!) When they are followed by a clause as object, 4aging takes as object only a statement and may mean either ‘ask' or ‘invite! mén takes only questions as object and means ‘ask! Ta ging wS chifan. (ie “asked me to dinner.) W8 wen ta gi bug. (CI asked hin whether he was going or not.) B. Lidnxi - Exercises 1. Eractice Counting. Count slowly from one to ten, then up to twenty, ‘Then up to one hundred, getting the pattern fixed in your mind. Speed up until you can'count as fast in Chinese as in English. a. Practice Both Styles: Counting off Counting Things * yige * Lidngge singe sige wage Lidge * aige * bige jilige Shige shiyt shiytge snibe snibrae shisan shisange shist shisige shiwi shiwtge shilia shiliige shiqi * shigige shiba * shibdge shijit shijitze arshi arshige — arshiyt * arshiyige arshier ershierge etc. to one nundred etc. to yibiige *The asterisks call your attention to irregularities in tone or pronunciation. b. Now substitute a specific measure such as b&n or zhang in column 2. ¢. Numbers above 100. Drill on these numbers until you can say each “quickly and smoothly.Common Style Telephone Style yibai-Ling-yt yi-Ling-yt 104, yib4i-yishi yi-yt-Ling 110 yigian-yib¥i-ytsni yi-yt-yt-Ling 1110 Agian-ling=y1 yi-Ling=1ing-yt 1001 Urbsitsansnide Erleansdr 232 Lidnggian-arbai ar-ar-1ing-Ling 2200 Lidgian-Dabaindshigt Lid-ba-wi-gt 6857 bagian-sanb¥i-st ba-san-si-Ling 8340 Rhythm Drills on Specification, Accustom your mind to the SptelFization Formeis SPNOGKN by repeating these sentences aloud. Don't refer to the appended translations unless necessary. ‘A. SP=MN Sentences: Zhage rén yu qidn. Ta ydo mi nage zhudzi. Zhdge zhudzi t&i xiXo. NY yu dA zhudzi méiybu? Zhége péngyou ydu qian, nage péngyou méiydu qian. Nabém sho buh¥o, k&shi’zh€bEn hEn hic. Ging gEi wS nage zhong, WS baydo zhege. Zhege rén yu Biko. Nage rén y€ yu bilo. Rén dou yu diko. MN Sentences: WS yu yige péngyou; ta ySu 1idngbEn sho. Ta yBu sange zhong. NI ylo yige baydo? Ta shud ta yo m&i yige d& zhubzi. NE ySu méiydu? WS ySu bixo, ta yu biXo; women 1iingge rén dou ydu dito. TR yao gi women sige yizi, yige xido zhudzi. NI shu nf ySu sige bido; ging nt géi wd yige. C. SP NU=M N Sentences: a. Zh Lidngge rén dou ydu qidn, DI Tamen ylo m4i nd sange zhuozi, €. NA Likngge MBiguo rén, yige yéu qign, yige méiyéu. 4. NA 1itngge zhong, w5 yao yige, ta y4o yige. 1 MB you tice péngyou. ‘any gtnge kin Zhongguo bao; nA sange Kan éiguo bio. = f. Zh8 Lidngge da yIzi w bumdi; w ydo mii nd Liingge xito yizi. D. Translation. A: a) This man has money. b) He wants to buy that Fable. c) This table is too small. Have you any large tables? 4) This friend has money, that one hasn't. e) That book is no good, but this one is quite good. £) Please give me that clock; T don't want this one. g) This man has a watch. That man has a watch. Everyone has a watch. B: a) I have a friend; he has two books. ») He has three clocks. Do you want one? c) He says he wants to buy a large table. Do you have any? d) [ have a watch, he has @ watch; both of us have watches. e) He is going to give us four chairs and a small table. f) You say you both have four watches; Please give me one, C: a) Both of these men have money. b) They want to buy those three tables. c) One of those two Americans is rich, one isn't. 433. Translation Ex: 4) I want one of those two clocks, and he wants one. e) I have six friends. These three read Chinese newspapers, these three read American newspapers. f) I'm not going to buy these two large chairs; I want to buy those two small chairs, cises A. Specification phrases these three twenty-seven books which five? this chair how many sheets? these tables those three newspapers two persons that picture Specification Sentences a. T want two sheets of paper, He has ‘Seven books. I want to buy wo tables and eight chairs. ‘How many chairs do you want to buy? T like this picture but not that on ee child doesnt Tike this gues he dikes that one. 8. Which picture are you buying hb. Which two books did you give hin? ables are too low, one is too high. 5. Tir-sefl those two Docks. C. ‘Whole’ and 'Part' Sentences a. One of these two pictures is too big; one is too small. b. I Like some of his paintings. c. All three of us want to buy clocks; one wants to buy large clocks, two want to buy small clocks. Not all of those American watches are good-looking. Some of them are too expensive too. €. Of those two Americans, one is my friend, one isn't. D. A Sentence as Object L700) WB bazhidao ta shi shé: (I don't know who he is.) a. I know he has a girl friend. b. I say he doesn't have money. cs Did you-know or didn't you that he was an American? d. T asked him to buy a table. fe: Ask him who he is. f. I asked them to read this newspaper. g. I want to ask you whether or not you know who he is. 44Le h. He asked me what T wanted. il I asked him to give me the small chair. Ji Who asked you to say it? Translation of the Dialogue Buying Paintings Wing: I have two good friends. One friend sells tables and chairs; one friend sells paper and paintings. Li: I ask you: Which are better looking, Chinese paintings or American paintings? Wang: I don't understand paintings too well; but that friend of mine ‘says: some Chinese paintings are good, some foreign paintings are good. Do you also like paintings? Liz That's right, I also like paintings, Some people say Chinese paintings are good; also some Say foreign paintings are good. But I like American paintings. Wan, 1 I have four Chinese paintings. Please take a look and see which is best. Li: Two of these four paintings are large, two are small. Do you want to sell all of these paintings? Not ali. ‘These two are really nice. Will you seli them? Wing: No. I also like these two, I'11 sell those two small paintings. Do you want them? Liz I don't Like those two too much, I want to buy an American painting. Do you have any? I don't have any American paintings, That friend of mine has. I'L] ask him whether he'11 seii one or not. Li: Pine. Thankyou, You're welcome. Goodbye. 4sbiw0xi - Lesson s EQUATIVE SENTENCES A, Duihua = Dialogue Nin guixing? - May I Ask Your Namé Nin guixing? WS xing Wing. Nin guixing? WS xing Zhang. W® zhage péngyou xing Li. LI Xiansheng, nin h¥o? Nin guigué shi nXguo? Shi Yingguo ba? Bashi, w® shi Faguo rén, WS tditai shi Yingguo rén. LI Xiansheng, LI Taitai ySu sange xidohdizi, Liangge n4nhdizi, yige nlindizi. Wang: Qing wan, nin nasange hdizi dou jido shénme mingzi? + Nanhdizi, yige jido Qidozhi, yige jido Weilidn; niihdizi jido MALI. Wing: Zhang Xiansheng yu jlge hdizi? Li: Zhang Xiansheng méiyou taitai, késhi ta ySu yige niipéngyou, h&n hdokin. Wang: Shi ma? Ninde nilpéngyou xing shénme? LI: Ta bugdosong women, kEshi w5 zhidao shi yige xuésheng. Zhang: W méiyou nllpéngyou. Ta shud wS ySu. B. Shtngzi - Vocabulary Nz gentleman, teacher, husband, sir Me. 90, xiansheng Xiansheng (Xs.) Znang Xiansheng Mr) Zhang 91. thitai (married) lady, wife Thitai (rt.) Mrs., Madam Li TAitai Mrs. LY young lady, girl Miss, Wang’ Xiaojik Miss Wang 93. ndizi child, children ndizimen children xitondizi child, children 94, xuésheng Nz student 4695. 96. 7. 98. 99, 100. 101. gus guigud nigué? nan- ndnrén ndnde nanhdizi ndnxuésheng nig- nlrén nilde nilndizi allxuésheng xing xing guixing mingzi shi. jido country, nation (your) honorable country what country? Nin guiguéd shi n&qus? (What nationality are you?) Nimen guigué rén dou gao ma? (Are the people of your nation all tall male (of persons) male, man man, male boy, male child man’ student female (of persons) woman, female woman, female girl, female child woman student, co-ed surname be surnamed (your) honorable surname is? Ta xing shénme? (What is his surname?) Ta xing Zhao. (iis surname is Zhdo.) Nin gutxing? Xing Zhang. (what is your name? Zhang.) name, given name Ta jido shénne mingzi? (wnat is his name?) Tade mingzi jido shénne? (hat is his name?) be, is, are, am Ta shi Zhongguo rén. (Ge is a Chinese.) N&ge shi nide? (Cvhich one is yours?) be called, be named zndge jito shénme? Ginat is this called?) Ta jido MALL, wS jido Qidozhi. (Hez name is’Mary, mine is George.) arLs 102, gaosong (gaosu) 103. zhtdao dizhiddo 104. wai 105. -zht 106, =bai 107, qian 108. -de wade nlde tade wonende nimende tamende shéide? hdizide noun-de 109, ba 110, Jianada 111, fingguo Vv: ve Pa: Pw tell, inform Qing ak glosong wb ndige pidnyi. Please tell me which is cheaper.) know, know that not know Shéi zhtdao a? (who knows?) NL zhidao bazhidao? (Do you know?) Women dou zhtdao ta ydu gidn. (We all know he has money.) (polite M for persons - See Note 3.3) yiwai tlitai (a 1aay) sanwai xidojie (three young ladies) yiwai xiansheng (a gentleman) (measure for writing instruments) ytznt bE (a pen) hundred : thousand (particle of modification) mine, ay your, yours his,’her, hers our, ours your, yours their, theirs whose? the child's, of the child (possessive form) See pattern 2.2 (for making a suggestion or indicating possibility) Ni h€n ming ba? (You are very busy, I take it?) NI m4i znage ba! (You'd better buy this one!) Zhage shi wAiguo bilo ba? (This is a foreign watch, I suppose.) Canada England, Great Britain 48a2. 113. a4, us. 16. Faguo Pa: Prance Déguo Pi: Germany Bguo PW: Russia Ribin PW: Japan Chéoxitn PW: Korea (also: Hanguo) C. Jdzi Gduzdo - Sentence Structure 1, BQUATIVE YERBS (EV) connect or equate two nouns or noninal expressions. ‘They resemble in function the English verb is my brother.’ i Y sin the sentence ‘That man The verb shi is the equative verb most commonly met. TT Gimo is ne?) Ta (He is a student.) ha (ge) (What is this?) NACge) (That is a pen.) Nage xuésheng (That student is a Russian.) shi shi shi shi shi shéi? xuésheng. shénme? gangbt. Eguorén. x By WS shi Nt nm Women (a0u) Nimen (ddu) Tamen (ddu) Tade _péngyou Wode xuésheng Nage rén Zhage rén ZnaCge) Na(ge) 49 Iz Zhongguo rén. Yingguo rén. MBiguo rén. Paguo rén Ribén rén. Chéoxian rén. MEiguo xidojie. Déguo taitai. nei? shénne?Le 3 a8sified 95 equitive verns: Cr Ta xing Chat is he surnamed? What is his surname?) Ta xing (His surname is Zhang.) Zhdge ndizi Jiao Céhat is this child's name?) tT. Jiao (Her name is Mary.) Zhage (dongxi) jido Ginat is this called?) Na(ge) jido (it's calied ‘fountain pent.) T shénme? Zang. shénne? Maid. shénne? Verbs meaning be called or be named are also ‘fountain pen’. Substitution Drily a NE Ta NS péngyou Ta xiansheng NIde xuésheng Zndge ndizi Nawei taitai EV xing ido N shénme? Wing Lt Zhdo Weilign Héngii Qidozhi, «s) ¢s) ¢s) (ey Ry @) Note: In the last column above the surnames are indicated by (S). the given names are transliterations of occidental given names and identified by (P). 3. QUESTION PATTERNS for equative verbs are in general the same as for Hinctive verbo coce Leeson 2, Sentence Patterns 2, 3, 4.) an additional pattern for positive-negative choice type which is common with shi but not with xing and jido. [ T shi bushi, (Is he your friend?) Znage zhudzi shi bushi (CIs this table nis?) 2 nide péngyou? tade? There isWhen alternatives follow shi, the verb is repeated. (Cf. Lesson 2, Pattern 4.2) Tanen dou shi Zhongguo réa, shi RibEn rén? (are they all Chinese or Japanese?) Ta xing LI, xing Zhang? (is his surname LY or Zhang?) Zhabén sho shi nide, shi tade? (is this book yours’ or his?) Substitution Drill x EV-bu-EV N Ta shi bushi RibEn én? NE xuésheng? Ninen xiansheng? Tamen wliguo tlitai? Ta taitai FAguo xidojie? Ninde xiansheng nide hdizi? tide taitai? D, Zhdji& ~ Notes MODIFICATION OF NOUNS BY NOUNS. 1,1 By Position. It has been noted (Lesson 1, Note 1,2) that one noun may modify another noun, the modifier standing before the thing modified. This modification by position was qualified in Lesson 2, Pattern 3 by the alternative possibility that this positional relationship may indicate apposition. 1.2 By the Particle DE, Modification is also indicated by suffixing ie particle de fo the modifying element. Thus: tade gangbi (his pen) wSde zhudzi (my table) shéide qian? (whose money?) xignshengde sho (the teacher's book) xuéshengde péngyou (the student's friend) The noun modified is frequently omitted when it can readily be understood from the context. Nage shi snéide? (Whose is it?) Shi wode. (It's mine.) Tade buhio. (iis is no good.) saIn a series of nouns modifying nouns, the particle de is retained only with the last modifier: 8 fAginde bi, (My father's pen.) Ta thitaide fagin. (His wife's father.) COURTESY EXPRESSIONS do not always fall into regular patterns of Sentence structure. They are idioms, not patterns on which to build other sentences, 2.1 To inquire a person's surname or nationality, the prefix gui ‘honorable! is added to xing ‘surname’ or gud ‘country’. The polite pronoun nin is commonly used instead of n¥, especially in North China. Nin guixing? What is your (honorable) surnane? Nin guigué shi n&gué? hat is your (honorable) country? In the answer the normal EV pattern is used: (WS) xing Wai, (My surname is Wai.) (1 am surnamed wi.) Questions are sometimes asked substituting xiansheng (tAitai, ido ji) for nin Xiansheng guixing? (what is the gentleman's honorable surname?) Xidojie guigué shi (What is the young Lady's honorable nagud? nationality?) 2.2 TITLES FOLLOW NAMES, and the stress is on the surname rather than ‘The title; consequently the titles lose tone and tend to be elided like the English Mrs, for Mistress, (abbreviation) Zhang Xiansheng (Zhang Xs.) Mr. Zhang Wai Taitai wai Te.) Mrs. Wei Zhdo Xiaojie (Zhao Xj.) Miss Zhdo 2,3 THE MBASURE -WEI is more polite than -ge in referring to persons. However, the noun rén by itself (unmodified) cannot take -wai as its measure. Zhaw8i shi Zhdo Xs. (This is Mr. Zndo.) Tanen stnw2i ddu shi CALL three of them are Prench.) Faguo rén, vindi shi tditai, yfwai (One is a married lady, one is a shi xidojie. single lady.) Names OF COUNTRIES. The names for China and her near neighbors usually historical or literary meaning. Thus: Zhongguo (China) ‘The Middle Country Rtben (Japan) Land of the Rising Sun Ghdoxitn (Korea) Land of the Morning Freshness Ganguo) Cand of Hén) 52Names from the western world have been transliterated approximately by Chinese characters. MEiguo (America) Yingguo (England) Déguo (Deutschiand/ Germany) The custom is pleasant or flattering significance. to choose characters of a Hene ‘The Beautiful Country The Brave Country The Virtuous Country (Do not expect to trace the meaning of ali such transliterations.) 4. ZHB and NA are frequent1y used without a measure, but can stand alone only in the subject position, never in the object position. Thus used ‘they resemble pronouns and can sometimes be translated as 'it'. Zhe shi wOde. Na butai hao. » Lianxt - Exerc. Repeat these pyramid drills over and use them. 1 zne Nage Znége dongxi Zhége xiko dongxi Na Nage Nage dongxi Nage xiko dongxi zne Zhege Znage dongxi Zndge xido dongxi Zhage dongxi la Nage rén Nage Zhongguo rén It's mine, That's not too good. es and over. Make others of a similar sort Shi shénne? shi shénme? shi shénme? shi shénme? shi shénme? Shi bi. shi bY, shi bi. shi bE. shi DIL shi bt shi bi ma? shi bI ma? shi vt shi vf Shi. Shi bi. Shi gianbt. Shi ZhOngguo qianbi. shi ZhOngguo qianbi. shi shéi? shi snéi? shi shéi? 5310. ie Shi Zhang Xiansheng. Ta shi Zhang Xiansheng. Na shi Zhang Xiansheng. Nage rén shi Zhang Xiansheng. Nage Zhongguo rén shi Zhang Xiansheng. Na jido shénme? Nage Jido shénme? Nage dongxi jido shénme? Nage xiio dongxi jido shénme? Jido gién. do qian, ido qian Nage dongxi jido qian. Nage xido dongxi jido qidn. Na 1itngge xiko dOngxi jido qi4n ma? Duile. Na Nage Guixing? Xing Li. Nin guixing? wo xing Li, Nin guixing a? Ta xing shénme? Xing zhao. Nage rén xing shénme? Ta xing Zhio. Nage Zhongguo rén xing shénme? Ta shénne? Jido Xixo Sar. Nage rén shénme? Ta jido Xito Sar. Ta shénme mingzi. 12, Translation of the Dialogue Zhang: Wang: Zhang: Wang: LE: Zhang: Wang: ut: Wang: ut: May T Ask Your Nane? May T aks your name? My name is Wing. And yours? Mine is Zning. This friend of mine is named LI. How are you, Mr. LI? what is your nationality? English, I take its No, I'm French. My wife is English. Mr. and Mrs. Li have three children, Two are boys and one is a girl. May T ask what the names of your three children are? One of the boys is named George and one is named William; the girl is named Mary. Wow many children has Mr. Zhang? Mr. Zhing isn't married, (has no wife) but he has a girl friend who is very good-looking. saWang: Is that so? What is your girl friend's name? He won't tell us, but I know she's a student. Zhang: I haven't any girl friend, He says I have. Notes 55MAG: Mai: Mair Mai: Mais Mair Mais Mair Mai Mais Miiz Mai: Mais Mair MMi: DILTUKE - LESSON 6 MONEY AND COUNTING A. Duihuad - Dialogue MAi Dongxi ~ Shopping Characters: MSidtnexide - A Buyer Maidodngxide = A Seller NE y6u gangbt ma? YOu. Nin yao niguéde? Yingguode Méiguode wS dou kankan, h&o buhio? Rio, zhaliangge shi Yingguo gangbI; zhaliangge shi MEiguo gangbt - yé pidnyi, y8 hao. Dudshao qidn yigd? MBiguo gangbl shikuai-ling-wiindo; Ytngguo gangbl gui - sh{érkuai- gimdo-wi yizht. WS yao yige MEiguo gingbl. Ninen y& mAi Zhongguo sho ma? ZhOngguo sha y& yOu, KE dudud. Nin yo mi shénme ZhOngguo sh0? WS d&i xidngxiang. NX ybu méiyou? + You yibEn sho mingzi jido Zhongguo Hua. Nin ging kan shi zhébén ma? Zhabén sho d&i mai sigian-arbaikuai ZhBngguo qidn, késhi MEiguo qidn jid shi shiwikuai-ermdo-ér. Zheben shO zhén h¥o. Zhongguo yOu bushSode hio dongxi. Duile, Zhongguo yu hEndud hio dongxi. Ho, zh€liingzht bi, yibén shO, yigéng dudshao qian? Yigdng arshilidkuai-sindo- jis. Ershilidkuai-siméo- jit! Bidul ba? Nin bizhiddo - yikuai qidnde dongxi yu sanfén qidnde shui. TAL dud. WS jid gi arshierkuai-ban, NI mai bumai ba? Ersnidrkuai-ban KE bigdu. Brshisankuai qin miigéi nin. Wo. (gBi ta qin) Zhe shi ershiwbiudi WS d€i g¥i nin Liingkuai qidn, Dut budut? Duite. 56B. Shengzi - Vocabulary 117. yidiane Nr a little, a bit, some WS yao yiditnr. (I want a little.) Ta yOu (yi)dianr gidn, (He has some money.) 118. Ling NU: zero yiLingwi ji8 (1059) yiji8lidling (1960) yib&i-1ing-wi(ge) (105) yikudi-1ing-sanfen ($1.03) Lidngqian-Ling-ér (2002) 119, -ban half (Note 3) yiban (one-half) zhéban (this half) ndbin (that half) NE g&i_yfbin, wS g&i yiban. (You give half and I'11 give half.) 119.5 baa~ NU: half bange (half a...) banzhang (half a sheet) banb&n (half a book) ban NU: half (after a measure) singe-ban (three and a half) ALingzhing-bin (fyo and a half sheets) gikudi-ban qidn ($7.50) 120, dudshao NU: how many? how much? Zhge zhudzi dudshao gidn? (How much is this table?) Nin yao dudshao bi? (How many pens do you want?) 121, duo SV: be much, be many (See Notes 2 and 5) Wede hdizi tai duo. (My children are too numerous.) Nilxuésheng budud. (The girl students are few.) s7L. 6 121.5 duo hEn dud 122. shiio basnto 123. gdu 124, you néiyou yOurén néirén NU: sv: sv: v: PH: a few, plus, odd (after a measure) yikuai-dud qién (a little over a dollar) wib&i-dus rén Cover 500 people) very many, many (While dud alone cannot be used to modify ‘a noun, h&n dud can.) Ta yu hn dud xuésheng. (Hehas many students.) Tade xuésheng hén dud. (iis students are many.) be few, little (in quantity) (Note 5) quite a few, not a few (N.B.: sho cannot be used freely to modify a noun, but bash&o can.) Nilxuésheng zhén bushio. (There certainly are a lot of girl students.) Qing 1iangge péngyou tai sho ma? (Will inviting a couple of friends be too few?) M&iguo yu bush%o Zhongguo rén, (America has a good many Chinese.) be enough, sufficient (cannot modify nouns) sufficiently, senough Sange gdu bugdu? (are three enough?) W3de qian bigdu. (T haven't enough money.) Zhage zhudzi digdu da. (This table isn't big enough.) there is, there are (See Note 7) there isn't, there aren't there are those who (some people) there are none who (nobody) YOu lilngge rén g&i wS qitn, (There are two men who gave me money.) Méiyou rén shud ta ho. (No one says he is good.) 58125. -kudi 126. -méo 127, -f8n 128, mai mdigti 129. xiang xdngxiang 130, a8i. 131. yigdng M: dollar M: dime M: cent sanfen qién ($0.03) Aitngndo-wifen, gidn ($0.25) yikudi-gtméo-1id ($1.76) shiarkudi-ban ($12.50) sell for (so much money) sell to (so-and-so) Znége zhudzi mai arshikuai qian. (This table sells for twenty dollars.) Shisankuai-ban mdigei ni. (I'LL sell it to you for $13.50.) Ta migei wS 1iangzhang zhi. (He sold me two sheets of paper.) think (that) (Note 8) think (it) over WS xiang ta néiydu. CT think he has none.) WO xing ta bazhiddo. (I don't think he knows.) WS d8i_xidngxiang. (I must think it over.) AV: must, have to Ta ddzhiddo; ni dBi gdosong ta. (He doesn't know; you must tell him.) NI d8i g&i wo (yi)aianr qin. (You must give me a little money.) altogether, in all, all told (Note 6) (aust be followed by a NU) WS yigdng jid ydu sange. (I only have three all told.) Yigdng ni yao dudshao ign? (How much money do you want altogether?) Yigdng jishijizhang? (How many sheets all told?) 59Le 6 132. jad only, just Ta jid yOu yibén sho. (He"has only one book.) WS jau zhidao yidianr, (1 know only a little. WS jid ging nt. (itm just inviting you.) 133, zhtn A: truly, really zhende TE: It's true, Du, zhage zhuszi zhen &: (Oh, this table is really 1ow.) MBiguo yu h&n dud dongxi zhen pidnyi. (In America there are lots of things that are really cheap.) Nide nllpéngyou zhen dudJ (Your girl friends are certainly numerous.) 134. shut 1: tax C. Jdzi Gduzdo - Sentence Structure 1. MONETARY MEASURES = The most common units for sums of money are the equivalents of dollars, dimes, and cents, which are preceded by appropriate numbers and followed by the noun gidn ‘money's ckudi Mz dollar shikuai gifn $10.00 -ndo dime sanmdo qin 330 fen M: cent wiifen gidn 105 1.1 Brom large to small. In mixed suns the larger units precede the smaller, and qian normally follows the entire monetary expression. (Omitted when “meaning is clear from context. See 1.3) 1,2 cdo used consistently. In marked contrast to English usage, ese does not use the teen numbers in speaking of cents. ‘The — pattern is one dime, three cents, never thirteen cents. Similarly in dealing wit! ple tens of cents, the pattern is one dollar, five dimes, never one dollar fifty cent: yindo-wifen ign $ 15 LiSngmfo-bafen qidn 123 sankuaicsiméo gidn 3040 wikuaiyindo arfen qién 5.12 1.3 Concise Forms, In a series of NU-M expressions, not only can the Final noun be omitted when the implication is clear, but tne final Reasure may also be dropped, since it can readily be implied from ‘The ‘preceding measures of the series: Monetary expressions are commonly so abbreviated, 60Similarly in English we say two-seventy-five ($2.75) and two- pound-three-and-six (h2/3s/6d.) yigian-san(b&i) 1300 sinbSili(shi) 360, yimdo (qian) $210 sankuai (qian) $3100 Lidkuai-gindo-wi (fen gidn) $6.75 sanbaixudi Cqidn) $300.00 yibai-yt (sni) 110 Lidnggian-wi (bai) 2,500 Lidnggitn-8rbai-ws (shi) 2,250 2. NUMRERS AROVE TEN. Chinese numbers consistently follow the decimal ‘system pattern from large units to smaller. Each position is represented by a number and a measure (NU-M) except when the NU is used for "counting off", rather than counting things. Actually the forms shi ‘ten’, bai hundred’, and qian ‘thousand’, function sometimes as numbers and sonetines as measures. 2.1 "Counting Off". We noted that the numbers from one to ten stand alone only when “counting off". So in numbers above ten, when “counting off", we use such forms as: 10 16 26 yibai-q 179 Lilnggian-pabli-sanshijis 2,839 2.2 Counting Things. When counting things, the number is normally Followed by aeacasure, “Cthere are certain exceptions in the case of hundreds and thousands.) shige rén 10 men shilidge rén 16 men sanshige rén 30 men sinshigige rén 37 men yiblige rén 100 nen yibdiersnige rén 120 men 1idbai sanshiyige rén 631 men — sigian jitbEi Dashilidge rén 4,986 men yigianbén shO 1,000 books 2.3 Zero. Where there are one or more zeros within a number, Ling is inserted, Ling is not used as the final item in a number except in "telephone style". (See 2.4 below) yibSi-1ing-wit 105 yigian-Ling-wi 1,005 yigian-Ling--wiishi 1,050 6.L. 6 2.4 Telephone Style. As in English, when giving telephone numbers, a ‘Sinplified style is used for clarity. “All Seasuree are oastted, and ling is repeated for each zero: ar-Ling 20 raw 25 san-Ling-si 304 san-1id-ba 368 ba-1ing-1ing-1id-1ing 8-0060 2.5 Stress in Numbers. In two-syllable even-ten nunbers, the norsal stress 15 on the first syllable: arshi, didshi, ete.’ In three syllable nunbers, the stress normally falls on’the iast syllable: wishiar, qishiyt, etc. 3. NUMBER EXPRESSIONS WITHOUT VERBS. In asking and quoting prices and in other situations calling for apportionment of things, numbers are commonly used without a verb. 3.1 The article is linked to the price without a verb, (Verbs like shi and mii may be added if desired.) [7 Zhage zhudzi ee sankuai qidn. mai) (This table is three dollars.) (this table sells for three dollars.) Substitution Driti x w NU-M x sho (mai) duos agian. BL (shi) bakuai Zhudzi (dBi) wiiméo Yizi etc. Bao 3.2 'So much apiece’ is expressed by two NU-M expressions without aoe a Linking verb: Em 4 Yindo qian (mi) yiga. (Ten cents apiece.) Yige (mai) yiméo qidn, (One sells for a dime.) Sange rén (cht) 1iangge. (wo for three people to eat.) 62L. 6 The stress is normally on the last syllable - the measure. Exception: When the measure ge is preceded by numbers other than yt. Note: an appropriate verb can be inserted between the two NU-N-N expressions (mii, g8i, etc.) where clarity demands it. The SP m&i-'each’ may stand before the first number if desired. Exercise Make sentences in the pattern given above and using: NU-M=du3 NU-M-ban 3.3 The two patterns above may be combined with both verbs omitted: |_| Hudr (shit) shikuai qian _yizhang. (The pictures are ten dollars apiece.) N @ Amount per. Huar (sht) yikuai qian yiezhang BI (mai) ete. ben Biko mse Zpong dudshao qign Maozi jikuai gidn 2nd Jimfo qian andy jifen gidn hénme 4. ASKING AND OFFERING A PRICE sometimes does require the presence of a verb. To denand a price is expressed by yao: to offer a price by géi. TT! yao yikuai qién yige. (He asks'a dollar apiece.) m sti yikuai gidn yige. (He offers a dollar apiece.) : Exercise Make sentences on this pattern using the following main verbs: wan shus zhidao Bei glosong xilng Bi shi 63L. 6 D. Zhd jis - Notes 2. INTERROGATIVE NUMBERS. JI-? and dudshio? are two question words which Gea with quantity and are usualiy answered in terms of numbers. Both may be translated ‘how many?', However, jf- expects an answer under ten, while dudshio is not so limited. 1.1 JU- is a number’ and is regularly followed by an appropriate measure. ‘TE may be substituted for another number in a numerical expressions lge rén? how many people? ‘Wshibn sho? how many tens of volumes of books? JUbAiznang zhi? how many hundred sheets of paper? shi jtge zhong? ten-and-how many clocks? ershijige rén twenty-how many people yigian-jIbdizhang zhi? A thousand and how many hundred sheets of paper? 1.2 Dudsh¥o is sometimes a noun; hence it does not require a measure TPES, I Ae Sthee ednes Te 2S" dense ea hee require a measure. dudshio zhi? how much paper? dudshaozhang zhi? how many sheets of paper? duBshaobén shi? how many volumes? The general measure ge~ seldom appears after dudshio. The most common use is better illustrated by such sentences a: NI yu dudshao qidn? How much money have you? Ta yu dudshao? How much has he? 2. APPROXIMATE NUMBERS may be formed in these ways: 2.1 By using dud in the units position of a compound number: sangiandudkuai qidn (33000 = plus) ibdidudge biko Cover 100 watches) eshidudbén sho (more than 20 books) 2.2 By using dud after the measure kudi or mfo in a money expression, it is indicated that the ‘odd’ sum is a Fraction of the last mentioned measure. yikuaidud qian (over a dollar) Liingmdodud qian Cover twenty cents) 2.3 By using the normally interrogative number jf in the sense of ta few' in place of a definite number. (See Lesson 4, Note 2) sankuai jindo qién (something over $3.00) arshijige (twenty-odd) It should be noted that to distinguish this use from the interrogative use the stress is taken off the jf: 64Ishibén sho? (how many tens of books?) ‘Wehige (several tens) ani jtzhang zhi? (how many over ten sheets of paper?) shi jizhang zhi (a few over ten sheets of paper) 2.4 Alternative approximations like 'two or three! follow the pattern two-three: yiclitngge rén (one or two people) Lidng-sanbén sho (two or three books) si-wiindo qidn (fourty or fifty cents) DAW jiUbSikudi qidn (eight or nine hundred dollars) shiyt-arge (eleven or twelve) 3. BAN = ‘halft ~ has three distinct uses: 3.1 Ban-M gives the sense of ‘half a pankuai tang (half a piece of candy) banfeén qidn (haifa cent) banzhang zhi Chalf a sheet of paper) ban gives the sense of '.,.. and a half’ (see dud) sikuaiban qidn ($4.50) Gizhangbin ‘zhi (seven and a half sheets of paper) wubenbin sho (ive and a half books) 3.3 Yiban gives the sense of ‘a half! or ‘one half". There are three Common patterns for its use in this sense: Vyiban: mai yfban (buy half of it) kan yiban (read half of it) ding yiban (understand half of it) yiban SV, yiban bu-Sv or yiban s-v, yib&n S-bu-v: yiban dul, yibin badut. (Half is right and half is wrong.) ¥iban w yao, yibin w® bdyao, —- (One half T want, one half I don't want.) ySu_yibin followed by SV or by S-V: YOu yiban hén hho, (There is one half which is excellent.) YOu yibin t& buxihuan. (One half he doesn't like.) 4, ER AND LIANG. We notee in Lesson 3 that there are two ways of saying "two! in Chinese. In money expressions 1iing is commonly used for the larger units of a conpound number and gr for the smaller. Lilnggian-arbii_—_ (2200) sinkuai-ér ($3.20) Liingkudi-ermdo ($2.20) Lingndo-@r (22 cents) After ling, ar is used. 65L. 6 5. DUO and SHAO are SV, but restricted as to use: 5.1 They cannot modify N without the addition of an adverbial modifier. Wrong: dud rén Right: hn dud rén sho qian bushio qién TOTALIZING NUMBERS, Yigdng is used in the sense of altogether in adding up a series of numbers yiging must be foiloned by'a number. No verb is required, but shi and ydu (there are) may be used. Lisngkuai-ban, yikuai-st, 2.50, 1.40, 3.25; all told 7.15 sinkuai-Brndo-wi; yigdng afkuai-yindo-wt. Yigdng you wishilidge rén. There are 56 people altogether. IMPERSONAL USE OF YOU. hen no subject is expressed before ydu thave', Tt may have the sense of ‘there is’ or ‘there are’. YOu yige rén... There is a person... Méiyou h8n dud’ qian. ‘There isn't much money. Youde has been introduced with the translation ‘some'. Actually it means "there are those who" and thus classifies as an impersonal use of you. 8. USES OF XIANG. The verb xiling ‘think! has the following uses: 8.1 Followed by S=Vs0 it has the sense of ‘think that'. We xilng ta 2ud, aiimai. (I think he is in busines: Ta xiling wS bénut —2ud. (He thought T didn't know how to do it.) (He didn't think I knew how to do it.) _— ws xing ta pizhiddo. (I don't think he knows it.) Note that the English idiom 'I don't think that...' translates into a positive expression in Chinese, the negative element being transferred to the verb in the sentence-ob ject. ry Verb followed by V-O it has the sense of tis ing?, "intends to! or ‘is going to’. [TA\Z@-0 ) mT! xiing xué Faguohud. (He is thinking of studying Prench. WS xilng mdi yige. (I'm going to buy one.) 66L. 6 noun it has the sense of ‘think about’ and in some ‘Strong as ‘long for! or ‘be homesick for’. 8.3 Bollowed by jes may be NI xilng shéi? (OF whom are(were) you thinking?) Haizi xiang ta_péngyou. (The child is homesick for his friend.) 8.4 Reduplicated it has the sense of ‘think it overt. WS bizhiddo, wd xiangxiang. (I don't know, I'LL think it over.) NI xiSngxiang, shi bushi ta? (Think it over, is it he or isn't it?) 9. GOU AS AN ADVERB ~ The SV gdu is used adverbially with the meaning of ‘sufficiently as int 2hage zhudzi bigdu da. (This table is not big enough.) Gdu gao bugdu g20? (Is it high enough?) E, Lidnxt - Exercises 1. MONETARY UNIT DRILL, Repeat all possible combinations in the Following substitution table several times, giving primary stress to ‘the NU and secondary stress to the N, treating the M as lightly as possible: xu Ms (dollars) N (money) (dimes) (cents) — vod kaa aidn 1iang mdo Hs fen : wi atiat a Babb, si8 shi ABBREVIATED MONETARY EXPRESSIONS. Words in parentheses in the Following table may te omitted. Practice both the full and the concise forms until you can say each complete monetary expression (dollars- dimes-cents) without stopping between the measures. 687Dollars bankudi yikuai yikuai 1idngkuai sinkuai sikuai wiikuai Lidkuai qikuai Dakuai jidkuai Shikuai shiytkuai, shiérkuai arshfyixuai sinshigikuai wishibdiuad bashi jitkuai Jilishiwakuai yib&ikuai Dimes Ling qifakeo r(ma0 san(mao simao winao Lidmao ginao bamao Ji8 (mao ban ling Lingmao wiiCmao Ling jitimao ban Cents (of money) (qian) wiifen (qidn) qidn) aién) aidn) 1id(fen qian) gi(fen qian) Da(fen qidn) jil(fen qin) si(fen qian) gin) (aién) (qién) wi(fen gidn) ar(fen qian) ign) gt(fen qidn) baCfen qian) (qian) 3. MONETARY SUMS ABOVE $100 - Drill on these until you can say them ‘smoothly. 21,0005 1008, Taian) Tbk: ibAi bai Sanda: siqian wigitn Ling Lidgian stbdi 10s as > Tsht) Ling wit shi i arshi ba sanshi Ling aid 4, NUMBERS INVOLVING BAN ~ Translate Into English -—=- dinkuai qidn kan yiban zhaban aii yiban yibénban sho yikuaiban qign bankuai tang naban yiban gut, yibar yiban ta dong, yOu yiban dou’ t: in bigut yibln ta padong i gao 68 a a tkuai qién $ 105 ~kudi 210 okuai qian 328 -kuai qién 4,000 ~kuai qién 5,030 ~kuai 6,406 the following: Into Chinese half a book one-half which half? two dollars and a half understand half two and a half books this half half a piece of candy sell half of thea half of them are busv I want only half. half of them are too expensiveL. 6 5. Translate into Chinese: How much is this Chinese picture? How many pictures are you buying altogether? One picture is 8 dollars, one is 7 dollars ~ 15 dollars all told. Ten dollars is too much.’ I'11 give you six dollars. Do you sell pictures? i want to buy one. Do you only want one? The chairs are eight seventy-five each. T'11 give you 13 dollars for the two. Here is a dollar. Please buy ten sheets of paper. 6. Transcript of the Dialogue. After studying the dialogue, take the Granscrigt Below and try €0 translate back fron English to Chinese. Similarly, translate back from the sound recording of this dialogue. Shopping Buyer: Do you have pens? Seller: Yes, what kind (from what country) would you like? Buyer: How about ay taking a look at both English and American makes. Seller: Good, These two are British pens; these two are American pens - they're cheap and they're good. Buyer: How much are they apiece? Seller: The American pens are $10.50; the British pens are more expensive $12.75 each. Buyer: I'11 take the American pen, Do you sell Chinese books also? Seller: We have a few, but not many. Do you know what the name of the book is? Buyer: I'11 have to think, There's a book called Chinese Paintings. Do you have it? Please look at this; is this it? This book of pictures has to sell for more than 4200 in Chinese money, but in Anerican money it's $15.22. This is really a good book’ of paintings. China really has a lot fine things. Buyer: Right, China does have many fine things, Well, a pen and a book = how mich are they altogether? Seller: All told $26.49. Buyer: $26.49? That is not correct, is it? Seller: You don't realize - there's three cents tax on a dollar's worth goods. Buyer: That's too much, I'11 give you only $22.50, Will you sell then? 69Seller: $22.50 isn't enough. I*11 sell them to you for $23.00. Buyer: 0.K. (gives him the money) This is $25.00. Seller: I must give you $2.00 ~ right? Buyer: That's right. Notes 70Gaot Gao: Li: Gaot vigik - LEssow 7 AUXILIARY VERBS - VERB~OBJECT COMPOUNDS What Do You Like to Do? Gao Xiansheng, nin ai cht Zhongguo fan ma? WS nn ai cht. Women hdizi y& dou ai cht. Nin t2itai nut 2ud Zhongguo fan dahui? Mul yidianr. Nin hdizi y& hut cudfan ma? Haizi bahut 2udfan, Tamen jid nul chifant Nimen ddu hut shud Zhongguo hua ma? HAizi hud shud, WS tditai y& hut shud, WS jid hud shud yidianr, Nin tai kéqi! ZnOngguo zi nin néng xi€ ma? Banéng. Ou, w5 néng xié *y% ar, sant sange 22] Nimen ai changgtr ma? Women hén ai chang. Women xianzdi ching yidianr, bho bando? Nimen yudnyi chang shéane gtr? Nimen hii chang Zhongguo ger ma? Hut. Hho, w0men kéyi ching 1iangge Zhongguo ger. n Ur, Gao, do you like to eat Chinese ‘food? I love to eat it. Our children ali love to eat it, too. Does your wife know how to cook Chinese food? A littte. Can your children cook, too? The children can't cook. They only know how to eat! Do you all know how to speak Chinese? The children know how to. does too. a little. My wife But [ can only speak it You're being too polite! Can you write Chinese characters? No, I can't. Oh three characte: I can write the tone, two, threetJ Do you folks like to sing? We love to sing. How about singing a little now? What kind of songs would you Like to sing? Do you know how to sing Chinese songs? Yes, we do. Good, we might sing a couple of Chinese songs.L. 7 VOCABULARY xianzdi Mt now, at present néng AV: can, be able to fan Nz food (cooked rice) nud AV: can, know how to tang Ni sugar, candy Kyi AV: may, can, be permitted to hua Nz speech (spoken words) language yudnyi AV: wish to, be willing to 2b Ni word (written character) aa love like or love to sniCqing) N: affair, undertaking cht Vr eat miimai Nz business (buy-sell) xié V: write eer) Nz song zud Vi do, make, act part of aarén Nz adult, grownup ching V: sing zen At truly, really kegi SV: be polite, stand on ceremony PATTERN SENTENCES T. AUXILIARY VERBS USED WITH ¥O COMPOUNDS shudhud talk (speak language) chifan eat (eat-Food) Kansh read (look at-books) zudfan cook (make-food) xibad write (write-words) changg@r sing (sing-songs) sav = vo Pattern: NI ai changer ma? WS hén Ai changer. Do you like to sing? 1, Xiko hdizi dou ai changer, Darén yé ai changer. Shéi baai changger? Zhang Xiansheng hén ai kansho. Ta yé hén Ai xigzl. Késhi ta biai shudhua. Wang Xidojie jid ai kansha. Ta ALL children Like to sing. like to sing too. Like to sing? Mr. Zhang loves to read. loves to write, like to talk. Miss Wang only likes to read. I love to sing. Grownups ‘Who doesn't He also But he doesn't She n&n biyuanyi 2udshi. 4, Rénrén dou hui shudhua, k8shi badbu nul kansho. YSude rén hui zudfan. YOude rén bau. Késhi rénrén dou hut ehifand nr is very unwilling to work. Everybody can talk, but not everybody can read. Some people know how to cook, some don't, But everyone knows how to eat!Le 2. Zhongguo rén hén néng zudshi. Nage rén zhén hui shudhua! Women xianzAi kéyi chifan ma? Chinese are very capable. ‘That man certainly knows how to talk! May we eat now? TI. VO COMPOUNDS WITH MODIFIED OBJECTS s vo Mod. Pattern: NI ai chang shénme ° ger? WO ai chang Paguo ger. What Kind of songs do you like to sing? French songs. NX yuanyi cht shénme fan? ME pe biydo cht yidianr Eguo NI hut zud Bguo fan ma? NX hui shud Rib nud bihut? NX hui xi® Zhongguo 22 banut? XianzAi of néng kan ZhOnguo bao ma? NI néng 2ud zhage binéng? Znége hud kéyi shud ma? What kind of food do you wish to eat? Do you want to eat a little Russian food? Do you know how to cook Russian food? Can you speak Japanese? Do you know how to write Chinese? Can you read Chinese newspapers now? Can you do this? Can one say this? ITT. hao AS AN ADVERBIAL PREFIX Pattern: Zhongguo fan hiochi, késhi bah%ozud, Chinese food is good to eat, but not easy to make. Zhongguo hua h&n h¥oshud, késhi ZhOngguo zi bahdoxiz. Zhage shi(qing) zhén bdnozud. Ta nage miimai bah%ozud. Tade hua hén hod&ng. Ta shud zh@b&n sho hén hXomai. Nimen na Litngge héizi zhen hXokdn! Chinese is very easy to speak, but Chinese characters are not easy to write. This affair is surely hard to carry through. That business of his is not easy to carry on. He is very easy to understand. He says this book is very easy to sell. Those two children of yours are certainly attractive looking.Le te cs 3. Yude MBiguo g&r bdh%oching. xianzai ySude dongxi bahtomai. Some American songs are not easy to sing. Some things are difficult to buy now. NOTES AUXILTARY VERBS (AV): which it aids. An auxiliary verb immediately precedes the verb (See Lesson II, Note 4) When the context makes the meaning clear, the main verb is often omitted, as in English: NE hud shud Zhongguo nud ma? WS hut shud yidiinr. nic, wut, anv xf: the in common speech fo cover Similar looseness in use is common implies physical ability or possibility, "know how', while kéyi Can you speak Chinese? Yes, a little. English auxiliary verb 'can' is freely used the meanings 'can', ‘may’ and "know how to’. in Chinese. Essentially, néng hui acquired ability or implies permissibility. YERB-OBJECT COMPOUNDS (VO): Some verbs in Chinese are commonly Tisoctaved wit peneralioed objects, which together form single concepts in the Western mind, intransitive verbs and translate into single English Such are called VO compounds. In English these generalized objects are more often implied, whereas in Chinese they are always expressed, unless they have just appeared in the immediate context. to eat, but in Chinese it becomes: fan.) For example, in English one says: I want Twant to eat food. (WS yao chi- When a specific object is indicated, it replaces the generalized object, and is never used together WS ydo’cht ting, for 'I want to eat candy', with it. For instance, one says: NEVER WS yao Chtfan ting. Like any verb and its object, the object within a VO compound may be modified: WS ai changer. WS ai ching Ytngguo ger. NEVER WS ai chdngger Yingguo gtr. APPOSITION: ‘Two or more nouns may Women MEiguo rén dou ai cht tang. Tamen”Lidngge rén dou yu qidn. LI Xiansheng zhage rén shi yige hao rén, "YL, ar, "stn! singe 22 nen bho xis. Zndge, Zhéngguo hua jido shénne? 4 I like to sing. T like to sing English songs. stand in apposition to one another: We Americans like to eat candy. Both of them have money. Mr. Li (just mentioned) is a good man. The three characters ‘yt, ér, san’ are very easy to write, What is this called in Chinese?5. ADVERBIAL FUNCTION OF STATIVE VERBS: In addition to their verbal and adjectival uses, many stative verbs function as adverbs, as in the following sentences: Nimen xito dizi zhtn ndokan. Your child is really pretty. Nage ger bdhSochang. That song is not easy to sing. ZhOngguo fan bid’ hiozud. Chinese food is not so easy to make. Fan géu cht ma? Ts there enough to eat? 78DIBAKE - LESSON 8 MODIFICATION OF NOUN: By NOUNS AND STATIVE VERBS Old Zhao, The Hatmaker WS ySu yige 1X0 péngyou, xing Zhao. Rénrén ddu xfhuan ta, shud ta shi yige hao rén. L&o Zhao zhege rén h&n yduyisi, ye hin néng udshi, Ta Ta yOu yige n&n dide mfimai, Ta dou mai shénme? Ta jid mii mdozi. Ta mii ndnrénde miozi, ta yé mai nilirénde miozi. Lo Zhao y& hui zud mozi. Darénde, xiXo hdizide, ta dou hud 2ud,. Ta_ydu yige gtge, litngge didi. Taaen y€ ddu hut zud miozi. Rénrén dOu xIhuan dai tade mdozi. Tamen shud Lio Zhdode miozi hio, yé pidnyi. Tade mdozi ddu mdi dudshao gidn? Dade xixode dbu mai wikual qidn yiga. Wikuai qién znen pidnyil T have an old friend named Zhao. Everybody likes him, and says he is a good man. "Old Zhao' is a most interesting Person, and he is very capable too, He has a big business. What all does he sell? He only sells hats. He sells men's hats, and he also sells women's hats. Old Zhao also knows how to make hats, both for adults and for children. He has an older brother, and two younger brothers. They all know how to make hats, too. Everyone likes to wear his hats. They say Old Zhao's hats are good and inexpensive, too. What do his hats sell for? Big ones and little ones sell for $5.00 apiece. Pive dollars is really cheap. VOCABULARY yisi N: idea, meaning fami N: parents xiangxia Nz country (rural) aege Nz elder brother -—emdozi Nr hat atai Ni younger brother fagin N: father Jib jie Nz elder sister niigin N: mother ndimei Nz younger sister xuésheng Nz student néiyisi SV: be dull, flat dua SV: be much, many ai wear, put on, (hat, watch, ete.) sho SV: be little, in quantity few you there is or are pidnyi SV: be inexpensive 76Lio SV: be old (in years) xin SV: be new jaa SV: be old (not new) ySuyisi SV: be interesting L. 8 ue study, learn learn’ to, study how to xthuan AV: Like to en joy nde P: (N and V suffix indicating modi. fication.) PATTERN SENTENCES 1. NOUNS MODIPIED BY OTHER NOUNS (a) more often without -de N -N Pattern: WS fagin 1, Xiangxia rén dou méigién ma? 2. Wémen zud yiditnr Zhongguo fan, no bibio? 3. NE €Qgin yu Zhongguo xing néiyou? 4. Zh8 shi shénme zhi? zht. Shi Déguo 5. Ta gtge didi dou yao xué (shud) Zhongguo hud. hén ai zudshi. My father loves to work. Are all country people poor? How about our making a little Chinese food? Does your father have a Chinese ‘surname? What kind of paper is this? German paper. His elder and younger brothers want to learn (to speak) Chinese. (b) usually with -de Nde = N Patterns: W& milginde maozi Niirénde maozi dou WS ydo yindo qidnde 1, Nide yisi nén dud, 2. WO bdd®ng ninde hud. 3. Zh shi shéide yisi, n¥ zhtdao ma? 4, Nage xuéshengde ji&jie hut chlogetr, Késhi tude adinet banul. h&n h¥okan, hiokan ma? tang. My mother's hat is very pretty. Are all women's hats pretty? T want a dime's worth of candy. You have the right idea. I don't understand what you are saying. Whose idea is this, do you know? ‘That student's big sister knows how to sing, but his little sister doesn't. 75+ Znongguode xiangxia rén di mlozi bid: 6. Yikuai qidnde tang gu ma? Do the country people .of China wear hats? Will a dollar's worth of sugar be enough? (c) same with modified nouns understood Patterns: Zhage shi shéide? Shi nide ma? Bishi. Who does this belong to? To you? No, it's not mine. Nage sh? w&de? Which one is mine? 1. Zhage bI sh? shéide? sni yige xuéshengde, bash xianshengde. 2. NA litngzhang hudr shi shénme rénde? WO bizhiddo. 3. Nige shi nide? Zhage sht wide, nage shi nide. 4, Zhage bay’ sh? nide ma? 5. NX m&i jikuai gidnde zhi? Wo m&i sankuai giande. Znage shi nide, This one is yours. To whom does this pen belong? It belongs to a student, not to the teacher. To whom do those two pictures Delong? T don't know. Which is yours? This is mine, that is yours. Isn't this yours also? How many dollar's worth of paper are you getting? I'm getting $3.00 worth. TI, NOUNS MODIRIED BY STATIVE VERBS (a) more often without -de (Simple and Unqualified sVs) sv Pattern: WS ydu yige 1. WS maimei xIhuan didi xin maoz: "2, WS didi xtnuan mdi jid sho, 3, Nirén binéng di dA dito. 4, Nimen ySu ho zhi méiydu? 5. H&o rén baduo. Znage hua dud bidud? 6. Ta ji&jie sh ge hio xuésheng. nko -N péngyou. TI have a good friend, My younger sister likes to wear new hats. My younger brother likes to buy used books. Women can't wear big watches. Do you have any good paper? Good people are not numerous, this correct? Is His elder ister is a good student, 78Le 3. 4 6. 1 1 (b) usually with -de sv de-N Pattern: Méiqidnde rén d®u xihuan ta. Poor people all like him, Eguo shi yige hénddde gué. Russia is a very large country. Ta tditai jid xthuan dai n&okin- His wife only likes to wear pretty de maozi. hats, Biduide shi ta bizud. He doesn't do improper things. Zhage hEnxikode dOngxi jido What is this tiny thing called? 1 shénme? WS bizhiddo. don't know. ZnOngguo méiyou h&ndud (de) RIbEn There are not very many Japanese rén, (See note 5) in China, MBiguo ySu bash%o (de) Zhongguo ‘There are quite a few Chinese in rén (See note 5) Americs (c) same with modified nouns understood SVde(N) Nden) Pattern: Zhage xikode shi w&de, nage dade shi tade. This small one is mine, that large one is his. NZ yo mMi dide, yo mii xidode? Do you want to buy a big one or a Little one? Dade piényi, xidode gui. The large one is cheap, the small one is expensive. Zndge nMokAnde shi tude, blbXo- This goodlooking one is his, and kinde yE shi tade! the ugly one is his alsol Xiko biko hio, késhi xifode gui. A small watch is better, but a ‘small one is more expensive. Znazhang huar shi xtnde, ndzhang This painting is a new one, that is shi jidde. ‘an old one. ‘NOTES WODIPICATION: One of the basic principles of Chinese word order is that the modifier precedes the modified. This holds true whether one oF both are single words, phrases or Clauses, Position alone is sufficient to indicate the relationship of modification. The suffix -de plays an essential part in modification, Practically any modifying element can take =de, but not all do, as will be seen below. In general, modifying elements of more than one syllable usually take ~de 79L. 8 2. NOUNS MODIFIED BY OTHER NOUNS: (a) without -de: Certain nouns between which there is a particularly close personal relation often omit ~ w® péngyou, nin taitai, women hdizi, LI Xiansheng fami, etc. Modifying nouns of place usually omit -de: M&iguo rén, Zhongguo huar, Yingguo péngyou, etc. Two nouns which through usage have become fused into a single word omit -de. In English one says 'footstep', never *foot's step!, and seidon'step of the foot! Innumerable nouns exist in Chinese which were formed this way, as for example: fangian (food money), kéren (guest), fanzhud (dining table), gudge (national anthem), ete. (o) with -de: Nouns modifying inanimate objects usually take -de wSde Dito, tade sh, shéide qidn?, Li xianshengde bi, etc. Modifying expressions of value usually take ~ wiindo qidnde tang, yibdikuai qignde sho, etc. 3. NOUNS MODIFIED BY STATIVE VERBS: Stative verbs in their adjectival function are used before nouns to modify then. (a) without =de: Simple unqualified stative verbs, in their adjectival function, seldom take -de 4A gué, xin mdozi, xifo biko, ho rén, 1%0 rén lio tAitai, ming rén, etc. Through association and usage, some stative verbs have become attached to certain nouns, so that they practically function as one darén (adult), xikorén (rascal, bad character), xidohdizi (child), Gage (eldest brother), dAji® (eldest), etc. (b) with ~de When a stative verb is preceded by some qualifying Clement,
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