Reminder

Arithmetic sequence:

index 1 2 3 … k k+1
element 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑘+1

element 𝑎1 𝑎1 + 𝑑 𝑎2 + 𝑑 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑑 ∙ (𝑘 − 1) 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑑
value = 𝑎1 + 2𝑑 = 𝑎1 + 𝑑 ∙ 𝑘

Criterion: Sequence is arithmetic if and only if

For any two neighboring terms, 𝑎𝑘 and 𝑎𝑘+1, their difference 𝑎𝑘+1 − 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑑
does not depend on 𝒌

𝑑 is thus called common difference

Sum formula:
𝑛
(𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑛 (1)
2
𝑘=1
This is just the area of a trapezoid:

Another sum formula: Substitute 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑑 ∙ (𝑛 − 1) into (1) to get

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑛 + 𝑑 ∙ (2)
2
𝑛(𝑛−1)
Where = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1) – sum of first (𝑛 − 1) natural numbers
2
Geometric sequence:

index 1 2 3 … k k+1
element 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑘+1

element 𝑏1 𝑏1 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑏2 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑏1 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑘−1 𝑏𝑘 ⋅ 𝑟 = 𝑏1 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑘
value = 𝑏1 ⋅ 𝑟 2

Criterion: Sequence is geometric if and only if

𝑏𝑘+1
For any two neighboring terms, 𝑏𝑘 and 𝑏𝑘+1, their ratio =𝑟
𝑏𝑘
does not depend on 𝒌

𝑟 is thus called common ratio

Infinite sum formula: If the ratio of geometric sequence is |𝑟| < 1, the following infinite sum
converges (бесконечная сумма дает конечный ответ – сходится):
∞
1
𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + ⋯ = 𝑏1 (1 + 𝑟 + ⋯ ) = 𝑏1 ∑ 𝑟 𝑘 = (3)
1−𝑟
𝑘=0
Here is a geometric proof:

Here is an algebraic proof:

(1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + ⋯ )(1 − 𝑟) = (1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + ⋯ ) − 𝑟(1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + ⋯ ) =
= 1 + 𝑟 − 𝑟 + 𝑟2 − 𝑟2 + ⋯ = 1

From this one gets the

Finite sum:
𝑛
𝑟𝑛 − 1
𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛 = ∑ 𝑏𝑘 = ∙𝑏 (4)
𝑟−1 1
𝑘=1
Here is the proof:
𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑘 = 𝑏1 (1 + 𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛−1 )

1 + 𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛−1 = (1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑟 𝑛+1 + ⋯ ) − 𝑟 𝑛 (1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + ⋯ ) =

1 𝑛
1 1 − 𝑟𝑛
= −𝑟 ∙ =
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 1−𝑟