12/1/2012

Overview

• Single Phase Induction Motors

• Universal Motors

36-Single Phase Motors

ECEGR 450
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Text:10.1-10.2, 10.4, 10.7-10.8

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Introduction Introduction

• Majority (~90%) of motors are powered by single

phase supplies
 Households Basic Types of Single-Phase AC Motors
 Small businesses
 Specialty locomotive applications
• Usually <1hp (746W) Induction Universal Synchronous
• Disadvantages: pulsating torque

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Single Phase Induction Motors Single Phase Induction Motors

• Recall: poly-phase induction motors use rotating magnetic

field to cause rotation 1

• Single phase supplies produce stationary fields 0.8

 Non-rotational 0.6

0.4
 Pulsates with time
0.2
• Stator windings are distributed 1350, 2250 900, 2700 450 ,3150
a’ 0 a
• Squirrel-cage rotor 1
1800
-0.2
00, 3600

-0.4

-0.6
flux

a’ a 0 -0.8

a -1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

stationary, pulsating field

-1 Flux magnitude and direction at t =0, 45, 90, … 360 deg
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
time

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Single Phase Induction Motors Single Phase Induction Motors

• Single phase induction motors do not inherently • Once a single-phase induction motor begins
self start rotating, it will continue
• Force experienced by conductors cancel  See text 10.2 and “cross-field theory”
 Behaves like a stationary transformer with • We will focus on methods of starting the motor
secondary shorted • Need to create a temporary pseudo-revolving
field
x
 Split-phase motor
x x
F  Capacitor start motor
a’ a a  Capacitor start, capacitor run motor
 Capacitor run motor
F  Shaded pole motor
assume a is increasing

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Single Phase Induction Motors Single Phase Induction Motors

Does this arrangement create a revolving field? Does this arrangement create a revolving field?
a

a a 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
a a
a a 0 a
a a
-0.2

-0.4
rotor rotor -0.6

-0.8

-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

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Split-Phase Motors Split-Phase Motors

• Idea: use impedance to create two circuit branches with • Auxiliary and main winding currents not necessarily equal
differing phases • Phase difference ( ) ~25o
• Main winding: lower resistance, high inductance  Small value, lower starting torque
• Auxiliary winding: higher resistance, lower inductance • Revolving field is unbalanced
• Disconnect auxiliary winding via centrifugal switch at • Rotation direction can be reversed by reversing connections
approx. 75% of rated speed (avoid copper loss) to auxiliary winding
Auxiliary winding
V
Iaux
aux
V Zaux Zmain aux
Imain Main winding
main
Iaux Imain
main
switch Note: do not confuse
direction with phase

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Split-Phase Motors Split Phase Motors

Flux magnitude and position

(both windings connected)
1

0.8

Auxiliary winding 0.6

0.4 flux rotation

switch opened
0.2

aux 0

Main winding -0.2

main
-0.4

-0.6
Note: do not confuse
direction with phase -0.8

-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Unbalanced rotation, small starting torque

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Capacitor Start Capacitor Start

• Same concept as split-phase motor, except use

electrolytic capacitor to obtain greater phase shift
(~80o) in windings
 higher starting torque than split phase
aux
 more expensive than split phase Zmain Iaux

• Less current than split-phase V

Zaux Imain V
• Main winding identical to split phase
• Applications: Iaux Imain
 120W to 7.5kW switch
main
 Compressors, large fans, pumps, high-inertia loads

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Capacitor Start Motors Capacitor Start Motors

Flux magnitude and position

(both windings connected)
1

0.8
Auxiliary winding
0.6

0.4 flux rotation

0.2

aux 0
Main winding
main -0.2

-0.4

Note: do not confuse -0.6

direction with phase
-0.8

-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Nearly-balanced rotation, higher starting torque

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Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Capacitor Start Capacitor Run

• Split phase and capacitor start induction motors

have low power factor at rated speed (aux.
winding disconnected)
 Low efficiency (50% – 60%)
• Solution: improve power factor by utilizing two
capacitors Zmain
 Start capacitor: sized based on desired starting aux.
Imain
torque V winding

 Run capacitor: sized based on desired running

start run
characteristics cap. cap.

• Higher cost motor (switch, two capacitors) switch

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Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Capacitor Run Motors

• Idea: leave capacitor and auxiliary winding

permanently connected to source
• Trade-off between starting and running
characteristics
 Optimized for running characteristics
• Two windings permanently connected leads to:
 Consistent torque
 Quite operation
 Greater efficiency
• Applications: fans, air conditioners, refrigerators

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Capacitor Run Motors Shaded Pole Motor

• Idea: shift flux using transformer action to create rotating

field
• Simple, inexpensive construction
• Low starting torque, power factor, efficiency
• Rotation cannot be changed
Zmain • Often used in small horsepower applications (~40W)
 Turntables, projectors, small fans
Zaux Imain
V

Iaux

Shading coil

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Shaded Pole Motor Shaded Pole Motor

• Main winding connected to single-phase source
• Induced current in shaded pole creates flux that opposes change
in flux
• Slight phase difference between main and shaded poles
Main winding

Shorted winding
(shaded coil)
main shade

main

shade
rotation
shaded flux lags main flux

only one pole shown

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Universal Motors Universal Motors

• Powered by AC or DC • Circuit Model Ea

 Similar torque-speed characteristic in either case  Torque proportional to I2a jIaXa Vs

• Similar construction as DC Series motor IaRa

 Brushes, commutator jIaXs

Ia
• Similar torque-speed characteristic as DC series jXs jXa
I aR s

motor Ra Rs

• Applications: Ia
vs

torque (Nm)
 fractional horsepower motors Ea
 power tools (e.g. dremmel)
 vacuum cleaners
speed (rpm)

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Universal Motors Drawbacks of Universal Motors

• Poles and yoke should be laminated

 AC fields present, minimize core loss
ia ia • Voltage drops and reactive power consumption
due to field and armature inductances
F x
F
 Decrease number of windings and increase number
x

b b
of armature conductors
AC
a Source a
AC
Source
• Additional armature conductors increases
armature reaction
x

F F
x

• Additional sparking of commutator brushes due

to transformer action

ia positive ia negative

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Universal Motors Advantages

• Suitable for AC or DC operation

• AC motor with potential for high speed operation
(>3600 rpm)
• Speed adjusts to load
 Large load: low speed
 Small load: high speed

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