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ORGANISASIMATERI

Mampu menerjemahkan teks otentik

dengan memanfaatkan metode dan
strategi penerjemahan yang tepat
sehingga hasil terjemahan baili dan
berterima

Metode dan Strategi penerjemahan

Kontnak Perkuliahan
Elemen Penilaian Hasil Penerjemahan

No Keterangan Nilai
1 . Pemahaman terhadap teks sumber secara keseluruhan 0246810
(kesalahpahaman yang berdampak pada akurasi)
2 Keakuratan penerjemahan secara keseluruhan 0246810
{salah menerjemahkan yang berdampak pada akurasi}
3 Penghilangan/Pelrambahan yang berdampak paOa t<ealuratan 0246810
4 Terminologi/Pilihan kata yang mempengaruhi makn- 0246810
5 Pilihan gramatikal / Pilihan sintaksis yang menghasilkan distomi makna 0246810
6 Kesalahan eiaan 0246810
7 Kesalahan tanda baca 0246810
I Kesalahan format 0246810
 CTIAPTER 1

What is Translation?

Human beings, throughout history, have made an effort to take advaltage of various
methods of communication with the intention of utilizing the knowledge of other
nations and endeavoring to preserve this knowledge for the coming generations. As
the most effective methods of commrmication, language has been ernployed to satisfu
the very need of communication. The predicament that may emerge as an obstacle in
the way of communication seems to be the fact of dissimilarity of languages
throughout the world In today's world, communication between dif[erent nations with
different languages is feasible through trarnlation.

What is translation?

Webster's New World dictionary defines "to translate" as foltows:

L to move from one place or condition to another; transfer; specif., a) Theol. to

convey directly to heaven without deat[ b) Eccles. to transfer (a bishop) from
one see to another; also, to move (a saint's body or remains) from one place of
irterment to anothe[
2 . to put into the words of a diflerent language;
3. to change into another medium or form to translate ideas into action;
4- to put into different words; rephrase or paraphrase in explanation;
5. to transmit (a telegraphic message) again by means of ar automatic relay (as is
cited by Yazdunpanuh, 2000: 1)

Lewis (1958:265) wdtes that is formed from the Iafin ,'trans+1atus", which
means "carried across". Foster ( 1958: l) considen translation as the act oftransferring
through which the content ofa text is transfened from the sL into the TL. Not takin!
cultwe into consideration, catford (1965: 20) points out that, "translation is thi
replacement of textual material in one ianguage by equivalent textual material in
another language. In this definition, the most imporhnt thing is equivalent textual
material; nonetheless, it is unclear in terms of the type of equivaGnce. For Levy
(1967:148), "translation is a process of communication whose objective is to import
knolvlgdge of the original to the foreign reader?" Echoing the similar viewpoinq
lhe
Savory (1968:37) believes that translation is made possible by an equivalent of the
idea that lies behind its dilIerent verbal expressions.

who,sq beginning can be traced back to the Tower of Babel (Finlay,

Ilgrl_{-.,
1971:17), is defined as "a bilingual mediated process of commrmication wtriih
ordinarily aims at the production of a TL text that is functionally equivalent to a sL
text" @eiss, 197 I:16l).

Nida (1984:83) points out "translation consists of reproducing in the receptor

language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms
of meaning and secondly in terms of style- " Likewise, translation, as Bell (1991:g)
asserts, involves the transfer of meaning from a text in one language in10 a text in
another language.

Spivak (1992), considering translation as 'the most intimate act of reading" (p.39s),
writ€s that, "unless the translator has eamed the right to become an intlm-ate'^reaoer,
she cannot sunender to the text, cannot respond to the special call ofthe
text" (pj00).
In general, what seems to be understood as translation, as Bassnett (r99a)'*rites,
includes rendering an SL text to a TL text "so as to ensure thal ty trre sukace meaning
of the two will be approximately similar, and 2) the structure of the sL will bE
preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures
will be
seriously distorted" (p.2).

Hatim and Mason (1997:1) consider translation as "aa act of commrmication which
attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of
communication." In most cases, according to Houbert (199s:1), "translation is to be
rmderstood as the process whereby a message expressed in a s$cific ro*" language
is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the iarg"et
language". From a different view point, Nogueira (199g:1) asserts that,
',translation- is
a service business". Moreover, Flatim and Mason (1990:1) aflirm that,
"translation is
a useful case for examining the whole issue ofthe role oflanguage in social life.,,

Translafion can also be taken into consideration as "the process of establishing

equivalence between the source language texts and target ianguage texc" (sa edi
2004:242), which aims at passing on "an undersanding to p"oft" in fieir own
language and create the same impact as the original text,'
1CAOe4 iOO+,ty.
EXERCISE
Read the translations below, analyse the possible source of mistakes and recreate
a new and
befter translation

ln a bus:
Please.do not standing or spanning seals during bus is running; sitting in stable and never
spreading your arms or body outside ofthe window; going up or taking off the bus after the bus
stopped.
Selamat menjalankan ibadah sholat
Congratulations on worship prayer

Stop connecting to creature For connecting to the Creator (God)

HOMEWORK
Find an article about the definition of translation and write a summary of
the arlicle. submit the
article and the summary before the class begins.
 CHAPTER2

Text Types and Translation

Katharina Reiss's work in the 1970s builds on the concept of equivalence but
views
the text, rather than the word or sentence, as the level ut *tti"tr communication is
achieved at which equivalence must be sought (Reiss 1977/g9: 113-14). Her
-and
fimctional approach aims initially at systematizing the assessment of translations. It
bonows Karl Btihler's three,way categorization ofthe functions of language.

Reiss links the three functions to their conesponding language .dimensions, and to
the te>rt q'pes or communicative situatiors in which they are used- These links can
be
seen in Table 5. 1.

The main characteristics of each text t'?e are summarized by Reiss (1927lg9: 10g-9)
as follows:

(l)'Plain comrnunication of facts': information, knowledge, opinions, etc. The lan-

guage dimension used to transmit the information is logicai or referential,
the content
or 'topic'is the main focus of the communicatiorq and the text type is informative-

(2),'creative composition': the author uses the aesthetic dirnension of language. The
author or 'sender'is foregrounded, as well as the form of the message, uia ti" t *t
t1,pe is expressive.

(3) 'Inducing behavioural responses': the aim ofthe appellative function is to appeal
to or persuade the reader or'receiver'of the text to act in a certain way. The form of
language is dialogic, the focus is appeltative and Reiss calls this text type
operatiw.
(4) Audiomedialtexts, such as films and visual and spoken advertisements
which
supplement the other three functions with visual imagei, music, etc. This is
Reiss's
fourth type, which is not represented in Table 5.1.

Examples of text varieties or geues (Textsorte) associated with each of the

tluee text
are given by Reiss (1976:20) and presented visuaily by chesterman (see
1yq:s Figure
5.1).
 ?a-r{* 5 ?
Funclional characleristics of lexi types and finks 1o translalion methods (translated and
adapted lrom Reiss 197 1)

Text type lnformative Erpressrve Opentive

Languagefurction ln{ormative(representing &pressive(erpressing Appellative {making an

objecls and {acts} sender's attilude) appeal to texl receiver)
Language Logical Aesthetic Dialogic
dimension
Texl focus Contenl-{ocused Form-tocused Appellative-iocused
TT should . . Transmit referential Transmit aesthetic form Elicit desired responso
conlenl
Translation method'Phin prose', explicilalion,ldentifying' method, 'Adaptive', equivalent
as required adopt perspeclive of ef{ect
ST zuthor

lnformative

re{erence work
rePort
lecture
operating instructions
tourist brochure
biography
ofiicial speech
Pla/ electoral :peech
!adre adver{refient
Expressive
Operative

Fi+irre :r. i
Reiss's texl types and rext varieties (chesierman lggg: i05, based on a handout pre-
pared by Roland Freihoff).

Following this diagram, the reference work is the text vadety which is the most fully
infornytive ted
!ype; the
poem is a highly expressivg form-focused type, and an
adverfisement is the clearest operative text typelattempting to persuade someone
to
buy or do something).

Between these poles are positioned a host of hybrid of types. Thus, a biography might
be somewhere between the informative and expresiive types, since if proviies
information about the subject while also partly performing the expressive function of
a piece of literature.
.similarly, a sermon gives information (aboui the retigion) while
fulfilling the operative function by attempting to p'enuade the congre[aticn to a
certain way of behaving.
Despite the existence of such hybrid types, Reiss (1977 /99: 109) states that .the
transmission of the predominant function ofthe sr is the determining factor by which
the TT is j-rS:dl. she suggests 'specific translation methods Jccording -to text
type'(Reiss 1976;20). These methods occupy the last two rows of rable 5.i and can
be described as follows:

(1) The TT of an informative text should transmit the firll referential or conceptual
content ofthe sr. The translation should be in 'plain prose', without redunclancy ancl
with the use of explicitation when required.

(2) The TT ofan expressive te* should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the
ST. The trarslation should use the 'identi$'ing'metho4 with the translator adopting
the standpoint of the ST author.

(3) The TT of an operative tex should produce the desired response in tle TT
receiver. The translation should ernploy the 'adaptive'mesrod, creating an equivalent
effect among TT readers.

(4) Audio-medial texts require what Reiss calls the .supplementary'method"

supplernenting written words with visual images and music.

Reiss (1971: 5zl--88) also lists a series of intralinguistic and extralinguistic instruction
criteria (InstruLtionen) by which the adequacy ofa TT may be atressed. These are:

(l) intralinguistic criteria: semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic features;

(2) extralinguistic criteria: situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and
'affective implications'(humour, irony, emotion, etc.).

Atthough futerr€late4 the inrportance of these criteria laries according to text t,?e
(Reiss 1971: 69). For example, the translation of any content-focused teit shoulo first
aim at preserving semantic equivalence. For a TT that is a news item, second place
might probably be occupied by grammatical criteria" whereas a popular science'book
might pay more attention to the indMctual style of the St. Similarlg Reiss (p. 62)
feels that it is more important for a metaphor to be retained in the translation of
an
expressive text than in an informative TT, where translation of its semantic value
alone will be sufficient.

There are, of course, occasions, as Reiss allows (1977lg9: 1r4), when the firnction of
the TT may differ from that of the ST. An example she gives is Jonatrran swift,s
G- ulliver's Travels- originally written as a satirical novel
to-attack the government of
the day (i.e. a mainly operative tcxt), it is nowadays normaiiy read ani trdnslated as
'ordinary entertaining fiction'(i.e. an expressive lext). Altemaiively, a TT may have a
different communicative function from the sr: an operative election address in one
language may be translated for analysts in another country interested in finding out
r{rat policies have been presented and how (i.e. as an infonnative and expreisive
text).
Methods of translation

Newmark (1988) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation
procedtnes. He writes that, "[w]hile kanslation methods relate to w&ole
texts,
translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language';
(p.81). He goes on to refer to the following methods of kanslation:

. Word-lbr-word tanslation: in which dre SL word order is presewed and the

words translated singly by their most common meanings, ouf of context.
. Literal transldtion'. in which the sL grammatical constructions are converted
to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated
singly, out of context.
. Faithlul translation'. it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of
the original within the constraints ofthe TL grammatical structures.
. semantic bawlatior,'. which diffen from'faithfirl transration' only in as far as
it must take more accormt of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
. Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for
plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually
preserved, the SL culture is sonverted to the TL culture and the text is
rewritten-
' Free translation'. it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of
the original.
o ldiomatic ftanslation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to
distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where
these do not exist in the original.
. Communicative translation'. it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning
of the original in such a way that both content and language are readi{
acceptable and comprehensible to the readenhip (19SSb: a547).

Newmark (1991:10-12) writes of a continuum existing between ,'semantic" and

"communicative" translation. Any translation can be "more, or less semantic-more,
or less, communicative-even a particular section or sentence can be treated more
commrmicatively or less semantically." Botft seek an "equivalent effect,' Zhongying
prefers literal translation to free translation, writes that,
.(1994:97), who "[i]n china, ii
is agreed by many that one should translate literally, if possible, or'aiieal to tiee
translation "

t0
EXERCISE
'l .
Analyse the text type and most appropriate method of translation and translate it
accordingly.
2. Find a bilingual text and explain the text type and method of translation applied..

}r

11
 CHAPTER3

Translation procedures
There are many methods or procedures in translation. A procedure is the act or
manner.of proceeding in any action or process. In the Mcquarie Dictionary (19g2) as
quoted by Machali (2000:9) explains that "a method is a way to doing iomething
especially in accordance with a definite plan". From the exTlanation, w€ can take two
important things. First, method is the way to do something that is ..the way to doing
translation". Second, method relates to *the ceriain planning that is a plan in doing
translation"

Newmark (1988:81) in A Text Book of Translorion mention that there are fourteen
procedures in translation. while wolfram wills (1977) in The science of rranslation
mentions that there are seven main procedures headings; the first three falls into the
category of literal traaslation (traducfion directe) and remaining forn into the category
of non-literal translation (traduction oblique). But vinay and Darbelnet divided
translation procedures into two namely Direct or Literal rranslation which cover
three procedwes (bonowing, calque, and Literal translation) and oblique Translation
which cover four prrocedures (transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation).

Literal Translation
Literal or direct translation procedwes are used when structural and conceptual
elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Vinay and
Darbelnet (in venuti 2000:84) says, *In some translation task it may be possible to
transpose the source language message element by element into the targei language,
because it is based on either (i) parallel categories, in which case we can spiat-oi
structuml parallelism, or (ii) on parallel concepts, which are the result of
metalinguishc parallelism".
According to Vinay and Darbelnet, there are three procedures of Direct or Literal
Translation; they are Borrowing Calque, and Literal Translation.

Borrowing
Bonowing is usually used in terms of new techdcal or unknown concepts, to
overcome a gap, usually a metalingunistic one. Borrowing is the simplest of all
-word
translation method we can say that this task refers to a case where a or an
expression is taken tom the sL and used in the TL, but in a 'natwalized' fonn, that
is, it is made to conform to tle rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL.

Bonowing in translation is not always justified by lexical gap in the TL, but it can
rnainly be used as a way to presewe the local color ofthe word, or be used out of fear
from losing some of the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of the word if it is
translated.
According to Flaugen there are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure;
first, borrowing with no change in form and meaning (p*re loanwords), tire second,
borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords)
and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is bonowed,
but the meaning is firlly borrowed (loan blends).

12
Examples:
a. Bonowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords):
email -.' email
dollar --'dollar
b. Bonowing with change in form but without change the meaning (mix loanwords):
contract -- kontrak
packet --' paket
negotiation --+negosiasi
c. Loan blend
computer netwofll ---+ jaringan komputer
broadcast network --l jaringan broadcast

But according to Vinay and Darbelnet, there is only one kind of Borrowing.
Example:
email --+ email

Calque
A calque is a special kind of bonowing whereby a language bonows an expression
form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements, The result ian be a
calgue of expression, which preserves the syntactic structur€ of the source language
while introducing a new mode of expression to the target language. It consiats ;f
phrases in direct (literal) translations of fixed expression in target language, for
example French Compliment de la saison, which come from English Christrnas
greeting compliments ofthe season. The result car also be a structmal calque, which
introduces a whole new constnrction into the target language, for exampli science-
fiction, used as such in French. calque is loan translation (linear substitution) of
morphologically analyzable source language syntagms which after a time, are o'ften
accepted, or at least tolerated by the target language commrmity.

Examples:
service user --- service user

Literal Translation
Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a
grammatically and idiomaticaliy appropriate TL text in which the translators' task is
limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In principle,
a literal translation is unique solution iir which is reversible and completa in itseld
The translation has not needed to make any changes other than the obvious one, like
those conceming grammatical concord or inflectional endings, for example English
'where are you?' translated into French 'Ou etes vous?'. This procedme is most
commonly found in translations between closely related language, for example
French-Italian, and especially those having a similar culture. vachon-Spilka finds
that, "Literal translation is the earliest and simplest form of translatiorl it occurs
whenwer word by word replacement is possibte without breaking rules in the target
Ianguage; this, however, is quite rare unless the fwo languages are very closely
related"(1968:18)

There are other examples oflitenl translation.

Examples:

13
Leafy trees -+ pepohonan lebat
Long grass -- rerumputan tinggi
All the geese -) semua angsa

If, after trying the first three procedures, traaslators regard a literal translation
unacceptable, they must tum to the methods of Oblique translation. By unacceptable
mean that the message, when translated literally
i. gives anottrer meaning or
ii. has no meaning, or
iii. is structurally impossible, or
iv- does not have a conesponding expression ,* ithin the metatinguistic experience of
the TL, or
v. has a corresponding expression, but not within the same register.

Oblique Translation
otlique translation procedures are used when the sructural or concepfual elements of
the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or
upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements ofthe target language.
Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000:84) says, ',...because of structural or
mehlinguistic differcnces, certain stylistic effects camot be transposed into the TL
without upsetting the syntactic order, or even the lexis. In this caie it is understood
that more complex methods have to be used which at fi$t may look unusual but
which nevertheless can permit translator a strict control over the readibility of their
wort... "

According to them there are four procedures of Oblique, they are Transposition,
Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation.

Transposition
Transposition is the procedure which involves replacing one word class with another
without changing the meaning ofthe message. It can also be used within a language,
as when rewarding the phrase, for example 'He announced that he would r"to*,-to
'He announced his return" (the zubordinate vert becones a norm).
It is also a change in the grammar from source language to target language (singular
to plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). In
translatioq there are two tjpes of transposition, namely obligatory transposition and
optiolal transposition obligatory trarsposition occurs when the target language has
no other choices because of the language system.

Examples:
A pair ofglasses
- sepasang kacamata.
Long grass --r rerumputan yang tinggr

An optional transposition is a transposition tha! for the sake of style, can be chosen
by the translator if it fits befter into the utterance.

Examples:
Small Pebble --+ Kerikil
Medical Student '--r Mahasiswa Kedolieran

l4
Modulation
Modulation is the varying ofthe language, obtained by a change in the point of view.
This change can be justified, although literal even tramposed, There are two types of
modulation, namely free or optional is generally adoped because of nonlinguistic
reason. It is nnostly used to sffess the meaning, to atl'ect coherence or to find out
natural form in the TL.

Examples:
By the will of the God --- di luar kemampuan manusia.
The stars went out ---+ pagi menjelang
'it isn't expensive ---r ini murah

Fixed or obligatory modulation occurs when a word, phrase or structue cannot be

found in the TL. When an active sentence is translated into a passive one, this is an
instance ofthis type of modulation.

Examples:
I grew up in Jakartra --- Saya dibesarkan di Jakarta.
I will submit the report tomorrow morning --r laporan itu akan saya sampaikan
besok pagi.

The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree. In the case of
fixed modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both languages can freely
used this method as they vr'ill be aware of the frequency of use, the overall
acceptable, and tfie confirmation provided by a dictionary or gmmmar of the preferred
expression.

Equivalence
Equivalent is ofterl desirable for the translator to rre an enrirely different structue
with dift-erent meaning from that of the source language text so long as it is
considered appropriate in the communicative situational equivalent to that of the
source language texl Vinay and Darbelnet use this term to refer to cases where
languages described the same situation by different sfylistic or sfuctural means. The
classical example of equivalence is given by reaction ofan amateur who accidentally
hits his finger with hammer: if he were French his cry of pain would be transcribed ai,
"aie!" but he were English this would be interpreted as, '.ouch!,,

Another striking case ofequivalences ard the much onomatopoeia of animal sounds.
Examples:
cocorico --- cock-a-doodle-do
miaou --+ miaow
hi han --- hee haw

Adaptation
Adaptation is the extreme limit of trarslaion which is used in cases the translator has
to create a new situation that can be considered equivalent.
Example:
Cricket (JK) -+ baseball (US)

15
This involves changing the culture reference when a situation in source culture does
not exist in target culture. The concept of loss and gain is proposed by Nida and he
said (1975:102), a translator should have good knowledge of the languages of the
cultr:res of both languages. The linguistic knowledge that should be mastered includes
morphology, lexis, syntax, and semantics, while cultural knowledge should be
sufficiently possessed as the background of the user of these languages. As a matter of
fact, it is very difficult to find lexical equivalents between TL culture and sL culture
since they are diffsrent iiom one another. The lexical meaning of the two languages
will not exactly be the same. There tends to be loss, gain and skewing of infoniati-on.
Nida also says "we reject meaning as a common denominator or whit is common to
all situalions in which a term is emploled". This is necessary because two languages
(SLT and TLT) have different characteristics.

ln transferring tle message from SL into the TL, the translator should add or omit
some the information in order to have natural hanslation and the naturalness of the
trafflated work can be realized if the Target langriage Text is read and the readers
feel that it is not like translated tex. This definition expresses the idea that if we want
to have the meaning of words or phrase, it must be in the context of sentence. An
example is in sentence like this: 'The man who had pressed the remote control device'
and the translator tanslates it into 'l"elaki yang baru saja menekan tombol alat control
jarak jauh'. In this case the translator necessary gives addition of information in
translating the underlined nominal group construction by the word tombol
Examples:
which is not stated in the SL-
You --.> Ibu
Peekaboo --- Cilukba
Hide and seek -+ petak umpet

Not all the source language terms can be translated ifto the target languagc if the
,of
source language t€rms are considered as not having the equivalints, ior ixample
English bonowing word 'orang utan' is from Bahasa lndonesian. Besides finding ihe
closest equivalent of translation, it is often necessary to translate one word or tni sr
into several words in tfie TL translated by single word- what is imporhnt in
translationis translating the concept within the word through the semantic
components ofthe sL. The message of the sL should be carried into the TL naturally.

16
EXERCISE
1. Translate the texts below and explain the method(s), procedure(s) and strateg(ies)
applied in the process of translatjon.
2. Find several bilingual signs and explain the method, procedure applied. b00 words

7'l
 CHAPTER4

Text Types and Function of Translation

The German psychologist Karl Bailer (1934) and the czech firnctionalist Roman
Jakobson (1960), establishing four basic textual functions (including various
subfimctions, among them Jakobson's metalinguistic and po€tic fimctions).

(l)Referential function (i.e. reference to objects and phenomena ofthe world). Some
subfunctions: infonnative function (object: e.g. a traffic accident), meta-linguistic
function (object e.g. a particular use of language), instructive function (object: e.g.
the correct way of handling a washing-machine), teaching firnction (objecr e.;.
Geography) etc.

Example 1: Directions for Bottling Fruit

t . Place the clean, warm jan in a large bowl of boiling water.
z. Pack the jars firmly with fruit to the very top, tapping jars on a folded cloth
or the palm ofthe hand, to ensure a tight pack
3. Fill the jars with boiling water or synrp to within 1/4 inch of the top.
[...]
(2) Expressive functton (i.e. expression ofthe sendeis attitucie or feelings towards the
objects and phenomena dealt with in the tcxt). Some subfunctions: emotive function
(expression of feelings, e.g. in interjections), evaluative function (expression of
evaluation, e.g., in a political commentary).

Example 2: Sirnone de Beauvoir: Une mort tres douce. - Engl.: A Very Easy
Death. Both versions of the title have an expressive function. The original
French title expresses a personal emotion seen from ,'inside" the dying person
("douce"), whereas the English translation expresses an elaluation: wheth-. a
death is "easy" or not can be judged from outside, e.g. liom the doctols per-
spective.

(j) Appelluive fwrctian (i-e,, appealing to the receiver's experiencg feelings,

lnowledge, sensibility etc. in order to induce him/her to react in a specific wa!).
some subfunctions: illustrative function (intended reaction: recognition bf something
known), persuasive function (intended reaction: adopt the iender,s viewpointl
imperative function (intended reaction: do what the sender is asking for), pedagogicai
function (intended reaction: leam certain forms of behaviow), uau..ti.iog r"n.tion
(intended reaction: buy the product).

Example 3: If you're an American living abroad and you need to keep track of
your calls, you really ought to get the AT&T Card. First of all, you git a
monthly itemized bill. A new option even lets you bill your AT&T Card calls to
your American Express Card account. [...] For an AT&T Card application, call
us collect at 816 654-6004 Ext. 60, or write to AT&T Card Operations, p.O.
Box 419395, Kansas City. ().Iewsgaper announcement)
(4) Phatic function (i.e., establishing maintaining or finishing contact). Some
subfunctions: salutational function, "small-talk" function, "peg" function (e.g. text
introductions, such as the allusion to a proverb in the following example).

18
 Example 4: Hotel list
IIERZLICH WILLKOMMEN IN BREMEN!
Wie man sich betteg so schlaft mau sagt ein Sprichworl Dabei wollen wir
Ihneq lieber Gast, mit dieser Hotelliste behilflich sein. [. . ]
.

WELCOME TO BREMEN!
There is proverb fl] which says "As you make your bed so you must lie on it,'.
That is why we hope that this Hotel List will be of service to you for your stay
in Bremen [...]
The English translation cannot achieve the phatic function. The quoted phrase, which
is not an English proverb, but a "pseudo-proverb" based on the idiomatic expression
"you have made your bed and you must lie on it" (: "you must accept the bad results
ofyour actionn, DCE 1978), seems to inform the readen that it was not a good idea to
come to Bremen. Instead of the phatic function intended by the ST sender (and
probably expected by the reader), the English TT has an informative function and a
secondary appellatiw function (-- umake the best of it!") which do not correspond to
the sender's (conventional) intention. From a firnctional point of view, a semantic
paraphrase like "After a long day of sight-seeing you need a nice place to rest" or any
other proverb, quotation or introductional phrase would have done better than this
"false friend" (not to mention the grammatical mistakes).

A functional typologt of translations

While the function of the original is defined with regard to its own referent and
situation, the fiuction of the translation has to be first defined with regard to the
source text. Here, we caa .distinguish two translation "types", which have split
translation theorists into two camps since the days of cicero (a detailed description of
the tlpology is given in Nord 1989). The translation can be

(l) a documerrt of the situation in which an SC sender communicates wilh SC

receivers via the source text, focussing on one or various aspects ofthe text, which are
then reproduced in the target language, and

Q) an instrument in a new TC situation in which the ST sender communicates with

TC receivers via the target text which has been produced under TT conditions using
the source text as a kind of model.
A 'documentary translation" is a kind of metatext marked as a translation (e.g. by
stating the source andlor the name of the translator), whereas "instrumental
translations" are object texts which can serve any function a non-translated text can
achieve.

Documentary translation Instrumental translation

Interlineal version Referential function
equifunctional rl. Literal translation
Metatextual function Expressive function
heterofunctional trl. Philological hansl.
Appellative function homologous transl.

19
These general considerations on text fi.mction can be applied both to original texts and
to inshumental translations, whereas documentary translations usually have a
metatextual functiorq informing the target reader about certain aspects ofthe original
text and its communicative situation.
In reading an instrumentat translatiorq the reader is not supposed to bccome aware of
reading a translation at all. Thereforc, the form of tle text is usually adapted to TC
norms and conventions of text type, genre, register, tenor, etc.

20
EXERCISES
1. Translate the following texts
2. Find similar bilingual texts and comment on the text types, method,
procedure(s) and function of translation

"An e.rperience far /ife "

72 'o'c.e.s of nqturol bqsh and lckes
@ Only t hour North of fulelbsurne
Accommodqiion for up to lZB Feoplei 1O4 in Moin
Accommcdqfion EuildinE - eO seporote bednooms wil-l
ducted heqting, cmenities under the soma .ooflinej
24 in seporete Ce+tcge. - 4 bedrooms, eqch with
+heir own ehsuit€s.

VideolDVD f6ciriries & public phone

Abunddnt netive wildlif e
Stritable for all fypes of groups: Schools. Churcties.
Conte.?€;tl',e, Fdrnilies, Clubs. ltilancgernenl Trqining

21
 tubuh dolamwokuyang lqmd,terutdmq untuk orcng sdkit,

2. langan mengiguiit*sn k ias Engtd dl deidn tlrdi,l<./tenq titoi dop(/t terhtsdp kip.ls dngin.

3. tongon memdsuhk?'n iod-idrl toftgan ,ttot befido loin keddtam godrd kdrcno ja/i tongah dopot tedukd dan
bladeokdn rusak.

4. tongon menggono*on kipdt dngin podq

Important ilots
* Please anive at the airNrt g0 minutes kfore the flight for dom€stic tr3vel and 2 h0u6 for international kavel.
a
Check-in closes 45 minutes bef0re departure time.
* Please be at the gate 30 minutes before departure time.
! lf paid by credit card pleage note that the credit card used must b€ presented by the
card holder for verification at check.rn or you
may b€ denied boading.
* Baggage allowance:
20Kg for Lion Air and lsKg for Winqs Air.
i Economy Class Passetuers are Ell0wed to bring up to 7kq 0f hand luggage onboard Lion Air flights. please refer
to our terms and
cofldition for more information.
t Passengers agree l{i$ Tems and Conditlons 0f Caniage outlined by Lion Air.

how to make nasi goreng. ltst (ollow this explanation:

Ingredients:
. 350 gr. Long Grain Rice
o 2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil
.3Eggs
r lOnion
. 2 Green Chillis, Sambal lllek or Sambal Badjak.
. 1 Garlic Clove
o l Leek
. 1 teaspoon Ground Coriander
. 1 leaspoon Cround Cumin
. 250 gr. Chi&en meat
. 250 gr. She]led Prawns
. 3 Tbs. Kecap Manis
iiirr;:+:

This dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh batch and leave it to cool
for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make into a omelette, slice into strips ancl set asicle. Heat
the oil in a wok or large b'irg pan. Add the chopped onio& leek, garlii ancl chillis. Fry until
the onion is soft. Add the Coriander and Cumin. Slice Chicken into strips and add witf1 tf"re
prawss to \!re snisn rssrtsse atn{ cook, s\lrnarg occasiondly urrtr\ tney are we\ rnrxed. Add tne
rice, soya sauce an<l omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes.Decorate with some of the
Ieftover leek and serve hol Eniov.
 Instructions
for making awonderfu.l pig

Materials
stockirg,.................... litondertul pigs come iD aJi colorl
a,ny color.
and thread........... t0 sew your pig.
fiberfi11............ for stuffing. You wouldn't want a skin-ny pig !

floss............. to sew your pig's eyes and moutb.

.... to make ears so that yor pig can hes,r you.
... unless you rrant a bsld pig.
. for your p8's nose.
cleasers.............,..... if yow pig is a Martian pU.
and ribb0n............... for a fancy pig.
crayoL..........,..........for coloring rosy cheeks on your pig.
orsandgrue I a"-fJt
Translate the following prose.

On a rery hot day in August of 1994, nry \t'ife rold ne she rms
phg down to the Derry Rite Aid to pbk rp a refill on trer siru-s
ndbirrc prescription thk is shrffyou can buy or,er tle counter
-
thme days, I beihve. I'd fini,slnd my uritlng br tlre day ard ofered
to pick it tp for her. She sad thank, but shs u.'arfed to get a piae
of fth at tlre stpenmrket rcxt door an).rla$ hvo bi"ds with one
storrc ard all oftlnr She bletv a kiss at ne offtle palrnoflrer hand
ard wer.t out. The next ti.re I saw heq she was on TV That,s how
1ou identi$' ttre dead here in Deny *
rn walkirE down a
sr:bteranmn corrllor rvith green tihs on tlle rmlls ard long
ft;orescent bars overhead, no naked body rollirg out of a chilly
drawer on casters: youjlrt go irto an ofte nafted PRIVATE ard
bok at a TV screen and sayyep ornope.

23
 Once upon a time' an old woman and her husband lived
alone in a little old house. The couple had no childrerq
and being lonely, the woman decided to make a boy oi
gingerbread. She carefully mixed the batter, rolled out
the doug\ and cut out out a very nice gingerbread man
She added sugar icing for his hair, mouth, and clothes,
and she used candy chips for buttons and eyes. What a
-old
fine looking gingerbread man he wasl The woman
put him in the oven to bake. After he was futly done, she
slowly opened the oven door. Up jumped the
gingerbread man, and he ran out the door safng,
"Run, run, as fast as you can!
You can't catch me!
I'm the Gingerbread Man!.
The old woman and the old man ran after hinq but they could not
catch him.

Translate the following articles

aF berunftrng, selame tinggal di

Selan<iia Baru, sa-.p s€Etpai mene-
lusuri iejak Tasrnan dengan ber-
kuniung ke South lslaild ihr. Dari
ternpat tinggal saya selarna di negeri Bu-
rung Kiwi ini, di \1'ellirrgton, prdau selatan
:ill lak teriai* iauh. Semula
sal€ b€ren{aae melakrkarr )^
ue-
ngan kapal laut. Namun saya berubah pi-
kiran. "Lebih cepat lebih baik," pikir se;.a.
Perjaianan pun akhirnya saya lsai'ajen
dengan p€salrat, pada Ahad pagi. Brr...
meski sudah memakai baju monvet .istilah
)"ng sa.ya pakai untrrli menyebut pakaian
dalam antidingin- plus srveaterdan jaket.
toh angin tak hentihentinla r:renusuk
hlngga ke tLrlang sumslrm. Bahkan sejak di
dalam bus *renuju Bandara \Vellingion.
hleski brrs dilengkapi pernarlas !:uausalt,
haua dingili tetap terasa. h{akli.rmlah funi
menlpakan bulan menuiil nt'Llsim dirrgili.

24
 KRAKATAU
It's no exaggeration to call Krakatau
ihe rororld's most famous volcano.
This r.,olcanic island, located in the Sunda
Stralt bet'.n'een Jarra and Sumatra, is a
popular bcat"ride irip, Yei tociays version
is named "Anak Krekatau", child of the
originai roouniain. When it blew its top in
1883, Krakatau seni ash SOkm intothe
air. People 4600km away thought thev
heard loud gunfire, while the explosion
vu,as hearci in Sydne}' r..rith an esiimated
foi'ce oi 1C,C00 Hiroshima bombs. Today's
visiiors to the eastern side of the island
are advised to avoid lrralking an;rruhere
noet'
Iiw, iic orlna
'(u v+ve.

ilis Kurniawan runs around town in her silver Honda Jazz

with a long list of errands. First. pick up the wedding
dress from-the tailor; drop off a pair of wedding rings
at
the jewelry store for cleaning; meet wiih a representative
from
the catering company to go through the buffet menu; meet
with
a technician to make sure the confetti blowers are placed
near
the gate as opposed to the stage; meet with the band
to run
through a variety of selected romantic interludes.
It's all in a day's wor( she says.
For a bride-to-be?
"l wish!" she chuckles.
ln fact, Lilis is single and has no definite plan to tie
the knot
uny.1r.r" soon. However, if it looks like she,s preparing
for a
wedding of sorts, that's because she is _ except she
won,t be
the one walking down the aisle.

25
Refurences
Nord, christiane. (2002). Tetr Anatysis rn Transration: Theory, Methodorogy,
And Didadic
Application a
A Moder Far franstdion0riented rexf Analpig Amsterdam: Rodopi.
ordudary, Mahmoud. (200f . Transration procedures, strategies and Meth
ods, Transration
Journal URL: htto;//translalionleunral.nei/ioumall4l ctilture,htrn
ordudary, Mahmoud. (2008). cood Transration: Art, crafi, or science? Transrdion
Journal
U RL: [iip.1r'lraf q]atienls-unral.nei/lauLall43the04.!!n

_, (2007). 7"ena, a bilingualAnthology. Jakarta: NT Writers, Center

and KataKita.
Bee Magazine

Gatra Magazine

Travel Magazine

Antara online

www.engrish.com

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