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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 3. Fertilization is the union of an egg and a sperm to form
(PART 3)
In items 1 and 2, refer to the ff. information:
Exocrine gland (like the salivary gland) has the ff.
structure:
During the formation of secretion,the gland cells (acinar &
tubular) can perform the following:
Filtration – the transfer of non-protein solutes and water
from the blood plasma to the lumen of the gland with no
change in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics
of the solute
Synthesis – the formation of new substances from new
materials present in the plasma
Reabsorption – the transfer of water and solutes from the
glandular lumen to the blood plasma
If qualitative and quantitative studies are made of the
solute components of the secretions obtained at points A
and B, the ff. results may be obtained:
I. Secretion taken at A possesses some components
absent in blood plasma.
II. Secretion obtained at B has possesses similar solute
characteristics as the secretion obtained at A
III. Secretion obtained at B has components not present
in blood plasma
IV. Secretion obtained at B has components not present in
the secretion obtained at A
V. Secretion obtained at A Possesses the same solute
characteristics as the plasma minus the proteins
VI. Secretion obtained at A possesses some components
not present in the secretion obtained at B
1. Which best supports the hypothesis that the acinar cells
perform filtration function during the formation of
secretion?
a. II b. III c. IV d. V
2. Which best supports the hypothesis that the acinar cells
have synthetic function during secretion:
a. I b. III c. IV d. VI
a zygote. It is external in fishes and amphibians, internal
in more advanced vertebrates. The three stages of
fertilization are:
I. Penetration, in which the sperm cell moves part the
cells surrounding the egg and penetrates the egg
membrane.
II. Activation, in which a series of cytoplasmic movements
are initiated by penetration
III. Fusion, in which the sperm and egg nuclei fuse.
Which of the following does not occur when the sperm
penetrates the egg?
a. the membrane of the egg changes, preventing more
sperms from entering
b. egg chromosomes divides, producing a polar body
c. rearrangement of the egg cytoplasm occurs
d. egg constructs an acrosome, necessary for further
division
4. Suppose a researcher carefully removes the myelin
sheath from the arm of a neuron. The most likely result
would be that the altered neuron would…
a. no longer be able to produce neurotransmitters
b. be much more sensitive to stimuli
c. transmit nerve signals more rapidly
d. transmit nerve signals more slowly
5. The foldings of the cerebrum increase its surface area.
This is important in the brain’s performance because it…
a. maximizes the no. of cell bodies that process
information
b. prevents a “short-circuit between adjacent areas
c. allows the cerebrum to absorb more oxygen
d. protects the cerebrum from damage
6. Anaesthetics block pain by blocking the transmission of
nerve signals. Which of these (3) chemicals might work as
anaesthetics?
I. a chemical that prevents the opening of sodium
channels in membranes.
II. a chemical that inhibits the enzymes that degrade
neurotransmitters
III. a chemical that blocks neurotransmitter receptors.
a. I b. II c. III d. I & III
7. Using microelectrodes, a researcher recorded nerve
signals in (4) neurons in the brain of a snail. The neurons
are called A, B, C and D. In (3) experiments, the animal
was stimulated in different ways. The numbers of nerve
signals transmitted per second to each cell is recorded in
the table.
Signals/sec
A B C D
Exp.1 50 0 40 30
Exp.2 50 0 60 45
Exp.3 50 30 60 0
a. the more nerve signals D receives from C, the more it
sends
b. C is excitatory
c. Neuron B must be strongly inhibitory neurotransmitter
because when B is transmitting D stops
d. All of the above

8. Mr. Johnson was becoming slightly deaf. To test his
hearing, his doctor held a vibrating tuning fork tightly
against the back of Mr. Johnson’s skull, setting the fluid in
the cochlea in motion. Mr. Johnson could hear the tuning
fork this way, but none when it was held away from the
skull few inches from his ear. The problem was probably
in the_________.
a. auditory center on Mr. Johnson’s brain
b. auditory nerve leading to the brain
c. hair cells in the cochlea
d. bones of the middle ear
9. Which of the ff. receptors are NOT present in human
skin?
a. thermoreceptors c. chemoreceptors
b. pressure receptors d. pain receptors
10. Jim had his eyes tested & found that he has 20/40
vision. This means
a. the muscles of his iris accommodated too slowly
b. he is far-sighted
c. he can see 40 feet what a person with normal vision
can see at 20 feet
d. he can see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision
can see at 40 feet
11. People with rare condition called synaesthesia
interpret one kind of stimulus as another. For example,
they might feel shapes of certain objects when tasting
certain kinds of food. The cause of synaesthesia is
unknown. Suppose a person saw a series of bright lights
in the air when a telephone rang and undulating chain of
light when a kitten purred. Which of the ff. hypotheses
would you choose as the most likely explanation for the
person’s synaesthesia?
a. a person has rods & cones connected to the auditory
centers in the brain
b. the person has defective organ of Corti
c. the person’s auditory neurons cannot produce action
potentials
d. the person has some sensory neurons connected to the
wrong brain centers
12. Muscle A & muscle B are the same size, but muscle A
is capable of much finer control than muscle B. Which of
the ff. is likely to be TRUE of muscle A?
a. it is controlled by more neurons than muscle B
b. it contains fewer motor neurons than muscle B
c. it is controlled by fewer neurons than muscle B
d. it has larger sarcomeres than muscle B
13. Drugs are often used to relax muscles during surgery.
Which of the ff. do you think would make the best muscle
relaxant?
a. a chemical that blocks acetylcholine receptors on
muscle cells
b. a chemical that floods the cytoplasm of muscle cells
with calcium
c. both
d. none
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14. Every day, we twist, bend, glide and grip. We can
move in these ways because our bones connect at places
called joints. Bones that meet at movable joints are held
close together by ligament. A joint is sprained when:
a. the cartilage tears
b. the bones overstretch or tear
c. the ligaments overstretch or tear
d. the bones will twist out of the joint
15. Digestion breaks large food molecules into small
molecules. An organ in which no digestion takes place is
the
a. mouth c. stomach
b. small intestine d. large intestine
16. Blood transports food, oxygen and wastes throughout
your body. It also carries infection fighters, enzymes and
chemical messengers. Food, oxygen and wastes enter and
leave the blood through_____.
a. arteries b. veins c. capillaries d. atria
17. The heart is like two pumps in one. The right pump
collects blood and sends it to your lungs. Oxygen, O2 and
CO2 are exchanged in the lungs. The left pump collects
blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body.
Blood travels from the lungs to the left atrium through the
_______.
a. aorta c. pulmonary artery
b. pulmonary vein d. lymph vessel
18. Which of the following describes chemosynthetic
organism?
a. It can carry out phosphorylation
b. It can carry out nitrogen fixation
c. It obtains its energy from the oxidation of inorganic
molecules
d. It obtains its energy from fermentation
19. The initial product of glomerular filtration could best
be described as
a. water and ions
b. water, ions and urea
c. blood plasma minus the larger proteins and cells
d. blood plasma minus the cells
20. Which of the following is NOT an example of a
naturally – occurring sugar?
a. sucrose b. maltose c. glucose d. galactose
21. In order to transform to a virulent form of bacteria,
non-encapsulated bacteria must:
a. divide
b. be exposed to killed capsulated bacteria
c. be exposed to radioactive phosphorous
d. infect a host
22. Consider an individual who exhibits lower-than-normal
levels of growth hormone releasing hormone and higher-
than-normal levels of growth hormone and IGF-1. If you
are told that this individual has a tumor that is altering
hormone release in the region where it is located, then
that region is most likely the
a. hypothalamus c. posterior pituitary
b. anterior pituitary d. liver

23. The hyperpolarization at the end of a normal action
potential results from
a. the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
b. the closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
c. the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels.
d. the closing of voltage-gated K+ channels.
24. Which of the following is a type of active transport?
a. sodium potassium pump c. endocytosis
b. exocytosis d. all of these
25. A cell whose internal osmotic concentration is 0.3
osmoles/liter is placed in a solution that is 0.5
osmoles/liter. The solution is:
a. isoosmotic to the cell c. isotonic to the cell
b. hypoosmotic to the cell d. hyperosmotic to the cell
26. Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from
the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart, and then to the
body
a. Vena cava - right ventricle - right atrium - pulmonary
trunk - pulmonary arteries -lungs - pulmonary veins, left
ventricle - left atrium - aorta
b. Vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary
trunk - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins, left
atrium - left ventricle - aorta
c. Vena cava - right ventricle - right atrium - pulmonary
trunk - pulmonary veins - lungs- pulmonary arteries, left
ventricle - left atrium - aorta
d. Vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary
trunk - pulmonary veins - lungs - pulmonary arteries, left
atrium - left ventricle - aorta
27. Blood pressure is highest in _____, and the blood
moves most slowly in ______
a. arteries.., veins c. veins.., arteries
b. arteries.., capillaries d. capillaries.., veins
28. When the doctor listened to Janet’s heart, he heard
“lub-hisss, lub-hiss” instead of the normal “lub-dupp’
sounds. This hiss is most likely due to ______
a. a clogged coronary artery
b. a defective atrioventricular valve
c. a damaged pacemaker
d. a defective semilunar valve
29. Which of the following is the biggest difference
between your cardiovascular system and the
cardiovascular system of a fish?
a. in a fish, blood is oxygenated by passing through a
capillary bed.
b. Your heart has 2 chambers, a fish heart has 4
c. Your circulation has 2 circuits; fish circulation has 1
circuit
d. Your heart chambers are called atria and ventricles
30. A female who lacks otoliths would probably have
trouble
a. seeing
b. hearing
c. sensing her body’s movement
d. sensing her body’s orientation
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31. Mucin is a protein present in saliva and other
secretions. When mixed with water, it becomes the
slippery substance known as mucus. Trace the route by
mucin through the cell, from its synthesis to its secretion
a. Golgi → medial cisterns → endoplasmic → reticulum
→ transfer vesicle → secretory vesicle → plasma
membrane
b. Transport vesicle → Golgi → exit face → medial
cisterns → entry face → endoplasmic reticulum →
secretory vesicle → plasma membrane
c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum → transport vesicle →
entry face of Golgi → transfer vesicle → medial cisterns
→ transfer vesicle → exit face of Golgi → secretory
vesicle → plasma membrane
d. Plasma membrane → secretory vesicle → exit face of
Golgi → transfer vesicle → medial cisterns → transfer
vesicle → entry face of Golgi → transport vesicle →
rough endoplasmic reticulum
32. Secretion from the _____ does not assist in digestion
and absorption.
a. salivary glands c. liver
b. thymus gland d. pancreas
33. The difference between estrous and menstrual cycle is
that:
a. non-mammalian vertebrates have estrous cycles,
whereas mammals have menstrual cycle.
b. endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but
reabsorbed in estrous cycles.
c. estrous cycles occur more frequently than do menstrual
cycles
d. ovulation occurs before the endometrium thickens in
estrous cycles.
34. The chemical responsible for synaptic transmissions in
neurons is the…
a. Acetylcholine c. Adrenaline
b. Epinephrine d. Choline
35. A closed circulatory system of vertebrates is important
because it:
a. does not prevent loss of blood from the body
b. distributes food quickly through a large body
c. makes the animal cold-blooded
d. always need a four-chambered heart
36. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and usually work in
opposing pairs. Muscles therefore…
a. pulls a bone c. pushes a bone
b. relaxes d. is an involuntary action
37. Bones connect at joints. Cartilage reduces friction at
the joints and prevents the bones ends from grinding
away. Bone is made of________.
a. fat with protein and phosphorus compounds
b. tendons and ligaments
c. protein with calcium and phosphorus compound
d. dead and epidermis skin
38. Which system exchanges gases between cells and
lungs?
a. respiratory system c. circulatory system
b. digestive system d. excretory system
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39. Which of the following is the function of the blood? 48. The portion of the ruminant stomach which contains
a. picks up nutrients from the small intestine and oxygen bacteria is the
in the lungs a. rumen b. omasum c. reticulum d. abomasum
b. sweeps mucus and traps pathogens out of the body
c. picks up digestible nutrients from the lungs 49. What do the typhlosole of an earthworm, the spiral
d. all of these valve of the shark and the villi of a mammal have in
common?
40. A human’s internal organs are protected mainly by the a. All adaptations for the efficient digestion and absorption
a. hydrostatic skeleton c. axial skeleton of meat
b. motor unit d. exoskeleton b. They are all adaptations of the stomach
c. They are microscopic structures
41. Which of the ff. correctly traces the path of light into d. They all increase the absorptive surface area of the
your eye? intestinal epithelium
a. lens, cornea, pupil, retina
b. cornea, pupil, lens, retina 50. Which of the following lacks alimentary canal?
c. lens, pupil, cornea, retina a. earthworm b. jellyfish c. insects d. fish
d. pupil, cornea, lens, retina

42. If you look from this book & focus your eyes on a
distant object, the eye muscles ___ & the lens ___ to
focus the images on retinas
a. relax…flatten c. contract…flatten
b. relax…become rounded d. contract…relax

43. Which type of secretion is not a chemical messenger?

a. Autocrine c. Exocrine
b. Paracrine d. Endocrine

44. Growth hormone release is greatest.

a. Shortly after going to sleep.
b. Shortly before waking up.
c. Shortly after waking up.
d. Shortly before going to sleep.

45. Which of the following best describes the difference in

the way b cells and cytotoxic t cells deal with invaders?
a. B cells confer active immunity, t cells confer passive
immunity
b. B cells send out antibodies to attack. T cells themselves
do the attacking.
c. I cells handle the primary immune response; B cells
handle the secondary response.
d. B cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity I cells
are responsible for humoral immunity.

46. Researchers suspect that cytotoxic T cells are usually

able to find and attack cancer cells because,
a. cancer changes the surface of cancerous cells.
b. B cells help them
c. cancer is a bacterial infection
d. cancer is an autoimmune disease

47. Many animals use panting as a means of cooling

themselves down. The mechanism behind panting is to
a. rapidly increase carbon dioxide expiration
b. moisten the mucosa of the respiratory passages
c. decrease body heat via evaporation
d. none of the above