National University of Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL, MINING AND

METALLURGICAL-FIGMM

Structure AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

ME-524R

Report: ENSAYO JOMINY

Name: Tinoco Falero Junior Anderson

Code: 20132220B

University teacher: Ing. Manuel Cruz Torres

LIMA - PERU
2017
 ESTRUCTURA Y PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES: ENSAYO YOMINY

Index

Objectives ……………………………………………………………... Pág. 2

Theoretical basis ……………………………………………....... Pág. 3-5

Equipment and Materials………………………………………………… Pág.6

Experimental procedure …………..……………………….……... Pág. 7-8

Results ……………..……………………………………………...... Pág. 9-10

Conclusions ……………………………………………………….... Pág. 11

Recommendations ………………………………………………… Pág. 11

Bibliography ……………………………….………………………... Pág.11

Questionnaire ..…………………………………………………… Pág.12-15

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Objectives

I. Determine the hardenability curve from a measuring cylinder of steel

by means of the Jominy.

II. Know the steps in the procedure carried out in the Jominy test.

III. Define the concept of critical diameter ideal.

IV. Identify the chemical elements that increase the hardenability of

steel.

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Theoretical basis
I. HARDENABILITY:

The hardenability is a measure of the depth to which hardens the steel when it was
submitted to temperate from austenization temperature. Is measured quantitatively,
usually by observing the degree or depth of hardening of a standard size and shape of
the specimen test in a standardized rapid cooling. In the proof of rapid cooling, the final
depth of hardening is the distance along the sample from the end tempered that
correlates with a given level of hardness.

II. JOMINY TEST:

It is a method used to determine the hardenability of a metallic material that consists of
cooling with a water jet one end of a cylindrical specimen of 1 inch in diameter and
hardness measurement as a function of distance from the end tempered.
In this essay are kept constant all factors that influence the depth of the hardening of the
piece, except the composition, as for example the size and shape of the workpiece and
hardening treatment of.
The specimen has already standardized for this test. Its dimensions are 1 inch in
diameter and 4 inches in height.

The specimen is previously standardized to ensure the properties of the hardened

product. The sample is subjected to the standard temperature for 1 hour and then cooled
in the open.
Place the sample in an oven at the temperature specified austenization, and maintain
at this temperature for 30 min. It is important to heat the sample in an atmosphere that
practically is not a process of decarburization.

III. CURVES OF HARDENABILITY

In Figure plays a typical hardenability curve. The end tempered cools more rapidly and
presents a maximum of hardness; in this position and in the majority of steels, the
microstructure coincides with 100 % of martensite. The cooling rate decreases with the
distance from the end tempered and hardness also decreases, as shown in the figure.

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To decrease the speed of cooling, carbon has more time for the dissemination and
facilitates the formation of perlite softer, which can be mixed with martensite and bainita.

Hardness of structures 99.9 % and 50 % martensiticas depending on the

carbon content.

The speed of cooling (taken from 704 °C) is usually indicated on the horizontal
axis of a diagram of hardenability; this scale is included in the curves of
HARDENABILITY. The relationship between distance and speed of cooling is the
same for the carbon steel to alloy steel, because the speed of thermal transfer is
almost independent of the composition. Sometimes, the speed of cooling of the
Jominy distance: the distance unit Jominy is 1/16 inch = 1.6 mm.

For example, the figure is a diagram of

continuous cooling transformation by
a eutectoide alloy steel, where have also
drawn the cooling curves at four different
positions and Jominy have indicated the
microstructures resulting. Also included
are the curves of hardenability of these
steels.

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Correlation between hardenability and information of the continuous cooling of

the steel composition eutectoide.

IV. CALCULATION DI FOR STEELS

This calculation is based on a number of factors of hardenability (Table 1) for

each alloy element of the composition that, when multiplied together gives a value
DI. The effects of phosphorus and sulfur are not considered because they tend
to cancel each other. An example DI calculation is as follows for a steel SAE 4118
Last modified:

Element % Multiplication Factor

C 0.22 0,119
Mn 0.8 3,667
If 0.18 1,126
Or 0.1 1,036
Cr 0.43 1,929
Mo 0.25 1.75
Cu 0.1 1.04

Where:

DI = 0,119 x 3,667 x 1,126 x 1,036 x 1,929 x 1.75 x1.04 = 1.79 in.

F C = 0,478 x 0,010 %C +
F Mn = 3,333 x 1,000 %Mn +
F if = 0,700 x 1,000 %If +
F OR = 0,364 1,000 %x or +
F Cr = 2,160 x 1,000 + %Cr
F Mo = 3,000 x 1,000 %Mo +
F Cu = 0,364 x 1,001 %Cu +
F V = 1,721 x 1,001 + %V

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Equipment and Materials

The equipment used in the experimental procedure were:

1) Durometer hardness Rockwell

2) Measuring cylinder of steel SAE 1045.

3) Abrasive papers

4) Alumina 5) oven for heat treatment.

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Machine a piece of metal by means of turning to obtain the specimen with
standardized dimensions for the test: 1'' in diameter and a height of 4''.
2. Submit to tempering heat treatment between 700°C and 1000°C, 860°C the
average temperature, and cooling of the specimen in the Jominy By 10 minutes,
during which time also standardized.

3. It desbasta two opposite sides of the cylinder with abrasive paper, finishing with
a polished with alumina.
4. The hardness is measured with the durometer starting by the end that was in
contact with the water jet at Jominy, and then every 1/16 of an inch in the previous
point.

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Results
1. It is considered the average hardness of the points of the side "A" and "B".
2. It took measures of hardness until the support mechanism of the specimen could
not advance more, although in a Jominy test usually you can work with more
points.

Point D(mm) Profile to Profile B Average

1 0 43 45 44
2 1.59 51 42.5 46.75
3 3.18 57 47.7 52.35
4 4.76 55.5 51 53.25
5 6.35 55.5 53 54.25
6 7.94 57.2 53 55.1
7 0953 53.8 52 52.9
8 11.11 54 51 52.5
9 12.7 55.1 50.1 52.6
10 14.29 55 48 51.5
11 15.88 51.2 46 48.6
12 17.46 54.5 44 49.25
13 19.05 48.9 41.2 45.05
14 20.64 54.9 45.5 50.2
15 22.23 55.5 50.7 53.1
16 23.81 55.9 47.8 51.85
17 25.4 55 48.8 51.9
18 26.99 51.8 49.2 50.5
19 28.58 44 46.2 45.1
20 30.16 44.5 44.1 44.3
21 31.75 38 40.7 39.35
22 33.34 34 38.2 36.1

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The following chart shows the hardness of its two profiles and their average

Hardness HRC vs Distance (mm)

70

60

50
Hardness HRC

40
Perfil A
30 Perfil B
Perfil promedio
20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40
Distance(mm)

In the following graph shows the average hardness and its modeling

Hardness HRC vs Distance (mm)

60

50

PROMEDIO
Hardness HRC

40

Poly.
30
y = 2E-06x6 - 0.0002x5 + 0.0069x4 - 0.0981x3 + 0.4065x2 + 1.6329x (PROMEDIO)
+ 44.049
20
R² = 0.9267
10

0
0 10 20 30 40
Distance (Mm)

Mathematical model:

Y = 2E-06x6 - 0.0002x5 + 0.09810.0069x4 - x3 + 1.63290.4065x2 + x + 44,049

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Conclusions
1. The data is extracted from the equation that models of the best way to study the
hardenability, which is:

Y = 2E-06x6 - 0.0002x5 + 0.09810.0069x4 - x3 + 1.63290.4065x2 + x + 44,049

R² = 0.9267

2. Some points were not considered within the curve when it comes to obtaining a
mathematical model of the decrease of hardness as we move away from the base.
3. The hardness in all points should be growing, but we realize that at some points grows
and then decreases, this is due to the fact that there is a surface decarburization (loss
of carbon).
4. The sample the specimen after the experience, there are the 22 points that were
made.
5. In the table you can see the minimum and maximum hardness HRC 55.1 and 36.1
respectively.

Recommendations
1. Grinding work surfaces until they are horizontal surfaces to be able to perform a
metallographic study.
2. The hardness measurement must be carried out preferably only by 1 person trained in
the handling of the durometer.
3. Handle with care the work equipment due to the tip which is made of a material glass
could break.

Bibliography
1. ASTM A255-99: Standard Test Methods for Determining hardenability of steel.
2. ASM Metals Handbook Volume 4: Heat Treating. 1991.
3. http://www.schmolz-.
4. Bickenbach.com.mx/fileadmin/user_upload/public_images/Mexico/16PRESH5. Pdf.
5. http://www.slideshare.net/jorgefllano/materiales-ii-tratamientostrmicossemana-12.

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Questionnaire
1. Plotting the average Rockwell C hardness vs distance in mm.

Of the results obtained, you get the following graph:

Hardness HRC vs Distance (mm)

60

50

PROMEDIO
Hardness HRC

40

Poly.
30
y = 2E-06x6 - 0.0002x5 + 0.0069x4 - 0.0981x3 + 0.4065x2 + 1.6329x (PROMEDIO)
+ 44.049
20
R² = 0.9267
10

0
0 10 20 30 40
Distance (Mm)

Note: The graph that best fits is a polynomial of degree "6"

2. Determine the hardenability graphically

It has a steel 1045 (with 0.43% C), which is a carbon steel. In this kind of steels the
boundary between the temperate zone and the area without templar, usually
corresponds to a structure with 50% of martensite and a hardness of approximately 50
to 55 Rockwell C.

A method for making this determination, is to find the inflection point of the curves of
hardness of the cross sections, which often correspond with enough approximation
precisely to the area with 50% of martensite.

Using the graph of hardness drawn in the previous question, is the point of inflection.

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3. Define critical diameter ideal (JIU) mentions 03 examples.

It is the diameter in inches of the greatest round of such steel in the center of which you
get a microscopic structure with 50% of martensite, after being cooled from the
temperature of temple in a cooling medium theorist, whose capacity for absorption of
heat would be infinite.

The diameter of the critic is an important to select the quality of the steel with that should
be produced a piece.

Critical curves of hardenability, allow to find the ideal and real critical diameters, is taken
as the boundary between the warm temperate zone and not the so-
called semimartensitica layer that is exactly where the sharp change in slope of the
curve.

In addition to assessing the critical diameter ideal, the hardenability of the steel allows to
calculate the maximum diameter of a steel for in its center a 50% to 99% of martensite
in a particular practical cooling medium, for this it is necessary to know what Grossman
called severity of temple H, which is proportional to the energy of cooling of each
medium. The graph of Grossman represents the values of the critical diameters Steels
cooled in a practical means of severity of temple in function of the diameters critical
ideals.

Examples:

Steel SAE 1010

Element Composition (%) Factors
C 0.08 0,043
Mn 0.3 2
If 0.1 1.07
P 0.04 -
S 0.05 -
DCI (inches) 0.09202
DCI (millimeters) 2.33731

Steel SAE 1518

Element Composition (%) Factors
C 0.15 0,081
Mn 1.1 4,667
If 0.2 1.14
P 0.04 -
S 0.05 -
DCI (inches) 0.43095
DCI (millimeters) 10.9461

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Steel SAE 5160

Element Composition (%) Factors
C 0.56 0,253
Mn 0.75 3.5
If 0.15 1,105
P 0.04 -
S 0.05 -
DCI (inches) 0.97848
DCI (millimeters) 24.8533

4. Determine JIU by the chemical composition of the ASTM A36.

To a depth of 9.8 mm is expected a hardness between 50 to 55 HRC .

Then the hardenability in this case corresponds to a depth of 9.8 mm.

First, we will proceed to search for the chemical composition of the ASTM A36

For this we use the tables of the multiplying factors where we get:

Element % FACTOR
Coal 0.13 2.21
Silicon 0.25 0.25
Manganese 0.64 2.01
Nickel 0.01 ---------
Chrome 0.13 ----------------
Molybdenum 0.02 0.2
Tin 0,001 ---------
Copper 0.03 ----------------
Phosphorus 0.02 ----------------
Sulfur 0.02 ----------------

The effects of phosphorus and sulfur are not considered, since they cancel each other
out. Therefore, the calculation of the DCI is determined as:

𝐷𝑖 = 2.21 × 0.25 × 2.01 × 0.2

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𝐷𝑖 = 0.222 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠

5. 05 describe elements of chemical composition to improve the hardenability of

the steels.
The elements that favor the hardenability are:
1) The Manganese (Mn): The basic element in all commercial steels. Acts as a
deoxidizer and also neutralizes the harmful effects of sulfur, facilitating the
lamination, molding and other hot work operations. It also increases the
penetration of temple and contributes to its strength and hardness.

2) The Molybdenum (Mo): The Mo in the steels (0.5%-2%Mo) slows the formation
of ferrite by what it takes to increase the hardenability.

3) The Chromium (Cr): Increases the depth of the hardening and improves
resistance to wear and corrosion.

4) The Boron (B): The B has the retarding effect of formation of the ferrite more
spectacular since with some tens of ppm slows the nucleation and growth so that
in the course of the cooling time of transformation of austenite to ferrite to 750°C
it can take 1 second to 103 seconds. What allows you to get bainita within a wide
range of cooling speed.

5) The silicon (Si): It is used as a deoxidizer and acts as a hardener in the alloy
steel.

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