University of Western Ontario

CEE 9695 - Wind-Excited and

Aeroelastic Response of Structures
Homework

MULTI-STOREY MIXED BUILDING

Jay Pankaj Amin (250922876)

Shreedhar Thotapally ( 250906396)

Veerappan Sundaresan (250936308)

14/08/2017
Contents

Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 1

Calculation of Basic reference wind velocity: ................................................................................ 3

Calculation of design return period and design reference velocity: ............................................... 3

Calculation of exposure category: .................................................................................................. 4

Calculation for Topography Coefficient: ........................................................................................ 4

Calculation of Mean Velocity: ........................................................................................................ 5

Calculation of Atmospheric Turbulence: ........................................................................................ 7

Calculation of Peak Velocity Pressure:........................................................................................... 9

Calculation of Overall external pressure on the structure:............................................................ 11

Local external pressure on the elements: ...................................................................................... 13

Dynamic parameters ..................................................................................................................... 16

Along-wind equivalent static action and acceleration: ................................................................. 17

Across-wind equivalent static action and acceleration: ................................................................ 21

Comparison of along wind and across wind force: ....................................................................... 24

Torsional equivalent static action and acceleration: ..................................................................... 25

Combination of actions and effects............................................................................................... 27

Habitability verification: ............................................................................................................... 27

Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................... 28

Appendix:...................................................................................................................................... 29
Introduction:

The structure chosen for the study is a Multistory Mixed Building located in Savona Province,
Italy. It is a 32-story office building near the coastal area, top view of the building is square in
shape with the dimension of 21.6 x 21.6 m2. The length of 21.6 m is divided in three segments
with each segment measuring 7.2m. The core of the building is made up of reinforced concrete
wall, of thickness 0.4m and the other structural components are made up of steel. Having the
concrete wall as core provides better resistant to the structure against lateral loads. The floor is
made of concrete and topped with hollow tiles. Individual story height is 3.1m and a flat roof
located at 104.64m. The exact location is as shown in figure 1, latitude - 44.13 N, longitude –
8.413 E. CNR-DT 207/2008 is used for the assessment of wind actions and effect on the structure.

Figure 1: Location

1
 Figure 2: Plan of the Building

The following code-CNR DT207 2008 is used for all the calculation purpose.

2
Calculation of Basic reference wind velocity:

According to Clause 3.2.1 (2), In the absence of suitable specific statistical analyses that take
account of site roughness, terrain topography and wind direction, for sites whose altitude is less
than 1500 m above sea level, the basic reference wind velocity should be not less than the value
given by the equation:

𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑏,0 . 𝑐𝑎
The building is located in Zone 7 (Liguria), for this location the following parameters are
obtained from Table 3.1.

Vb,0 28 m/s
ao 1000 m
Ka 0.54
as 18 m

Altitude above the sea level of the construction site is 18 m, the detail is obtained from
http://elevationmap.net/

According to equation 3.2a, as < ao hence ca = 1

𝑣𝑏 = 28 . 1
𝑣𝑏 = 28 𝑚/𝑠

Calculation of design return period and design reference velocity:

According to Clause 3.2.2 (2), In the absence of reliable specific statistical analyses, the velocity
is given by the equation:

𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣𝑏 . 𝑐𝑟
Vb is the basic reference wind velocity associated with a return period of 50 years = 28m/s

Cr is 0.75 for a return period of 1 year……(3.4a)

Cr is 1 for a return period of 50 years…….(3.4d)

3
The above equation was used to calculate the Cr for 50 years.
So, the reference velocity for a return period of 50 years is
𝑣𝑟 = 28 𝑚/𝑠

Calculation of exposure category:

According to Clause 3.2.3 (1), In the absence of specific analyses that take account of wind
direction and of roughness and topography of the terrain surrounding the construction, mean
wind velocity, turbulence intensity and peak velocity pressure, depend on three parameters:
terrain factor 𝑘𝑟 , roughness length 𝑧0 and minimum height 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 .

Terrain roughness class: As the building is located near the sea and also less than 2km from the
coast line it is considered to be class D from table 3.iii

From figure 3.3 of CNR-DT 207/2008, our building lies in Category III in zone 7.

𝑘𝑟 = 0.20
𝑧0 = 0.10 𝑚
𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 𝑚

Hence the above parameters are used in the calculation according to table 3.II

Calculation for Topography Coefficient:

According to Clause 3.2.4 (2), In most cases, in the absence of more detailed assessments, the
topography coefficient is set to 1 for both flat areas and undulated, hilly and mountainous areas.

So,
𝑐𝑡 = 1

4
Calculation of Mean Velocity:
According to Clause 3.2.5 (2), In the absence of specific analyses that consider wind direction
and effective roughness and topography of the terrain surrounding the construction site, for
heights above ground not exceeding z = 200 m, mean wind velocity is provided by the equation:

𝑢𝑚 (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑟 . 𝑐𝑚 (𝑧)
As, in our case, z = 104.64 m so, the above equation is applicable and z is greater than 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ,

so:

𝑧
𝑐𝑚 (𝑧) = 𝑘𝑟 . 𝑙𝑛 ( ) . 𝑐𝑡 (𝑧)
𝑧0
Based on the above equation the mean velocity is calculated along the profile of the building.

Mean velocity profile (m/s) for 1 and 50 year

return period
120
100
Altitude Z (m)

80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Velocity (m/s)

vm (1 year) vm (50 years)

Figure 3: Mean velocity profile

5
Z(height) m kr zmin zo ct (z) cm (z) vr (1 year) vr (50 years) m/s vm (1 year) m/s vm (50 years) m/s
0 0.2 5 0.1 1 0.78 21 28.000 16.359 21.812
2.34 0.2 5 0.1 1 0.78 21 28.000 16.430 21.907
5.44 0.2 5 0.1 1 0.80 21 28.000 16.785 22.380
8.54 0.2 5 0.1 1 0.89 21 28.000 18.679 24.905
11.64 0.2 5 0.1 1 0.95 21 28.000 19.980 26.639
14.74 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.00 21 28.000 20.971 27.962
17.84 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.04 21 28.000 21.773 29.031
20.94 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.07 21 28.000 22.446 29.928
24.04 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.10 21 28.000 23.026 30.701
27.14 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.12 21 28.000 23.535 31.380
30.24 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.14 21 28.000 23.989 31.986
33.34 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.16 21 28.000 24.399 32.532
36.44 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.18 21 28.000 24.773 33.030
39.54 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.20 21 28.000 25.116 33.488
42.64 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.21 21 28.000 25.433 33.910
45.74 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.23 21 28.000 25.727 34.303
48.84 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.24 21 28.000 26.003 34.670
51.94 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.25 21 28.000 26.261 35.015
55.04 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.26 21 28.000 26.505 35.340
58.14 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.27 21 28.000 26.735 35.647
61.24 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.28 21 28.000 26.953 35.937
64.34 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.29 21 28.000 27.160 36.214
67.44 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.30 21 28.000 27.358 36.478
70.54 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.31 21 28.000 27.547 36.729
73.64 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.32 21 28.000 27.727 36.970
76.74 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.33 21 28.000 27.901 37.201
79.84 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.34 21 28.000 28.067 37.423
82.94 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.34 21 28.000 28.227 37.636
86.04 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.35 21 28.000 28.381 37.842
89.14 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.36 21 28.000 28.530 38.040
92.24 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.37 21 28.000 28.673 38.231
95.34 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.37 21 28.000 28.812 38.416
98.44 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.38 21 28.000 28.947 38.596
101.54 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.38 21 28.000 29.077 38.769
104.64 0.2 5 0.1 1 1.39 21 28.000 29.203 38.938

Sample calculation: at z=104.64m

104.64
𝑐𝑚 (𝑧) = 0.20 . 𝑙𝑛 ( ) .1
0.10
𝑐𝑚 (𝑧) = 1.39
So, 𝑢𝑚 (𝑧) = 28 ∗ 1.39
𝑢𝑚 (𝑧) = 38.92 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

6
Calculation of Atmospheric Turbulence:
According to Clause 3.2.6 (2), In the absence of specific analyses that consider wind direction,
effective roughness and topography of the terrain surrounding the construction site, for heights
above ground not exceeding z = 200 m, Turbulence Intensity is provided by the equation:

z is > than 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛

1
𝐼𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝑧
𝑙𝑛 ( ) . 𝑐𝑡 (𝑧)
𝑧0
z is < than 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛
1
𝐼𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝑧
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑧0 ) . 𝑐𝑡 (𝑧)
Sample calculation: at z=104.64m
1
𝐼𝑢 (𝑧) =
104.64
𝑙𝑛 ( 0.10 ) . 1

𝐼𝑢 (𝑧) = 0.143

The turbulent length scale represents the average size of the eddies forming the atmospheric
turbulence. In the absence of specific analyses, it is given by the equations

𝑧 К
z is > than 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝐿̅ . (𝑧̅ )

𝑧 К
z is < than 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝐿̅ . ( 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
𝑧̅

𝑧̅ = 200 m is a reference height,

𝐿̅ = 300 m is a reference length,
𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5 m
From Table 3.IV of CNR-DT 207/2008 К = 0.55
Sample calculation:
104.64 0.55
𝐿𝑣 (𝑧) = 300 . ( )
200
𝐿𝑣 (𝑧) = 210.08𝑚

7
 Table for turbulence intensity and turbulent length scale.

Z(height) Lv (z),
m Iv (z) m m k m
0 0.251 300 200 0.55 39.40
2.34 0.256 300 200 0.55 39.44
5.44 0.250 300 200 0.55 41.32
8.54 0.225 300 200 0.55 52.95
11.64 0.210 300 200 0.55 62.78
14.74 0.200 300 200 0.55 71.49
17.84 0.193 300 200 0.55 79.40
20.94 0.187 300 200 0.55 86.71
24.04 0.182 300 200 0.55 93.56
27.14 0.178 300 200 0.55 100.01
30.24 0.175 300 200 0.55 106.14
33.34 0.172 300 200 0.55 111.99
36.44 0.170 300 200 0.55 117.60
39.54 0.167 300 200 0.55 123.01
42.64 0.165 300 200 0.55 128.22
45.74 0.163 300 200 0.55 133.27
48.84 0.162 300 200 0.55 138.16
51.94 0.160 300 200 0.55 142.92
55.04 0.158 300 200 0.55 147.55
58.14 0.157 300 200 0.55 152.06
61.24 0.156 300 200 0.55 156.47
64.34 0.155 300 200 0.55 160.78
67.44 0.154 300 200 0.55 164.99
70.54 0.152 300 200 0.55 169.12
73.64 0.151 300 200 0.55 173.17
76.74 0.151 300 200 0.55 177.14
79.84 0.150 300 200 0.55 181.04
82.94 0.149 300 200 0.55 184.87
86.04 0.148 300 200 0.55 188.64
89.14 0.147 300 200 0.55 192.35
92.24 0.146 300 200 0.55 196.00
95.34 0.146 300 200 0.55 199.60
98.44 0.145 300 200 0.55 203.14
101.54 0.144 300 200 0.55 206.64
104.64 0.144 300 200 0.55 210.08

8
Calculation of Peak Velocity Pressure:

According to Clause 3.2.7 (2), In the absence of specific analyses that consider wind direction,
effective roughness and topography of the terrain surrounding the construction site, for heights
above ground not exceeding z = 200 m, the peak velocity pressure is given by the equation:

1
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = . 𝜌 . 𝑢𝑟 2 . 𝑐𝑒 (𝑧)
2
ρ = 1.25 kg/m3
Ce(z) is calculated from the below equations:

Sample calculation: at z=104.64m

104.64 104.64
𝑐𝑒 (𝑧) = 0.202 . 𝑙𝑛 ( ) . 1 . [𝑙𝑛 ( ) . 1 + 7]
0.10 0.10
𝑐𝑒 (𝑧) = 3.88
Based on the above equation the peak velocity pressure is calculated along the profile of the
building:
Peak velocity pressure profile (Qpz) 50 year
120

100
Altitude (m)

80

60

40

20

0
0.000 500.000 1000.000 1500.000 2000.000
Peak velocity pressure (N/m2)

Figure 4: Peak velocity pressure

9
 qp(z) (50 years)
Z(height) m
vr (50 years) m/s N/m2

0 28.000 833.000
2.34 28.000 836.693
5.44 28.000 861.338
8.54 28.000 997.850
11.64 28.000 1096.209
14.74 28.000 1173.728
17.84 28.000 1237.992
20.94 28.000 1293.036
24.04 28.000 1341.274
27.14 28.000 1384.269
30.24 28.000 1423.096
33.34 28.000 1458.523
36.44 28.000 1491.124
39.54 28.000 1521.334
42.64 28.000 1549.495
45.74 28.000 1575.879
48.84 28.000 1600.707
51.94 28.000 1624.160
55.04 28.000 1646.389
58.14 28.000 1667.520
61.24 28.000 1687.662
64.34 28.000 1706.907
67.44 28.000 1725.336
70.54 28.000 1743.017
73.64 28.000 1760.012
76.74 28.000 1776.374
79.84 28.000 1792.151
82.94 28.000 1807.384
86.04 28.000 1822.113
89.14 28.000 1836.370
92.24 28.000 1850.186
95.34 28.000 1863.589
98.44 28.000 1876.604
101.54 28.000 1889.253
104.64 28.000 1901.558

10
Sample calculation: at z=104.64m
1
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = . 1.25 . 282 . 3.88
2
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = 1901.558 𝑁/𝑚2

Calculation of Overall external pressure on the structure:

Clause G.2.2 is used to calculate the external pressure on the walls

Height 104.64 m
B 21.6 m
D 21.6 m
h/d 4.844444

From Table G.I, Cpe is calculated for Windward, Leeward and Side faces.

Windward face Leeward face Side face

0.8 -0.6922 -0.9

Table 1:External pressure coefficients on the walls

From Clause G.2.2.1

For high rise building two zones are specified in the windward case:
i). In the lower part of the building up to 𝑧̅𝑒 = 𝑏 = 21.6 m has a constant reference height, so the
peak velocity pressure q’p = 1303.81 N/m2
ii). Top part of the building is divided into sections of height Δ equal to the inter-story height; the
reference height of each section is equal to the height of the story above ground, so the peak
velocity pressure at roof q’p = 1901.558 N/m2

For leeward case 𝑧̅𝑒 = ℎ = 104.64 m throughout the profile, hence the peak velocity pressure q’’p
= 1901.58 N/m2

The resulting story force (peak aerodynamic action) is therefore given as:
𝐹𝐷 = (0.8𝑞 ′ 𝑝 − 0.6922𝑞 ′′ 𝑝 )𝑏∆

11
Based on the above equation, individual story forces are calculated in the below table:

q'p q''p
Storey Ze (m) ∆ (m) (N/m2) (N/m2) F (Kn)
G 2.34 2.34 1303.81 1901.58 119.252
1 5.44 3.1 1303.81 1901.58 157.983
2 8.54 3.1 1303.81 1901.58 157.983
3 11.64 3.1 1303.81 1901.58 157.983
4 14.74 3.1 1303.81 1901.58 157.983
5 17.84 3.1 1303.81 1901.58 157.983
6 20.94 3.1 1303.81 1901.58 157.983
7 24.04 3.1 1341.274 1901.58 159.990
8 27.14 3.1 1384.269 1901.58 162.293
9 30.24 3.1 1423.096 1901.58 164.373
10 33.34 3.1 1458.523 1901.58 166.271
11 36.44 3.1 1491.124 1901.58 168.017
12 39.54 3.1 1521.334 1901.58 169.635
13 42.64 3.1 1549.495 1901.58 171.144
14 45.74 3.1 1575.879 1901.58 172.557
15 48.84 3.1 1600.707 1901.58 173.887
16 51.94 3.1 1624.16 1901.58 175.144
17 55.04 3.1 1646.389 1901.58 176.334
18 58.14 3.1 1667.52 1901.58 177.466
19 61.24 3.1 1687.662 1901.58 178.545
20 64.34 3.1 1706.907 1901.58 179.576
21 67.44 3.1 1725.336 1901.58 180.563
22 70.54 3.1 1743.017 1901.58 181.510
23 73.64 3.1 1760.012 1901.58 182.421
24 76.74 3.1 1776.374 1901.58 183.297
25 79.84 3.1 1792.151 1901.58 184.142
26 82.94 3.1 1807.384 1901.58 184.958
27 86.04 3.1 1822.113 1901.58 185.747
28 89.14 3.1 1836.37 1901.58 186.511
29 92.24 3.1 1850.186 1901.58 187.251
30 95.34 3.1 1863.589 1901.58 187.969
31 98.44 3.1 1876.604 1901.58 188.666
32 101.54 3.1 1889.253 1901.58 189.344
Roof 104.64 3.1 1901.558 1901.58 190.003

Table 2: Resulting story force

12
Local external pressure on the elements:
The external pressure on the elements of the lateral walls is calculated by means of the rules
given in clause H.2.2. With reference to Figure H.2, b = d = 21.6 m, h = 104.64 m; then, h/d =
4.884, e = 21.6 m (Equation H.1). It follows that, by using the criterion shown in Figures H.3 and
H.4, the walls are divided into the zones reported in Figure below; by means of Table H.II, the
corresponding external pressure coefficients for each of these zones are given in Table 4.3.III.

Figure 5: Zones of walls with uniform external pressure

Zone cpe0.10 cpe1

A -1.2 -1.4
B -0.8 -1.1
D +0.8 +1.0
E -0.6922 -0.6922
Table 3: External pressure coefficients on the walls

The reference height for pressure on the windward and leeward faces is the same as that
calculated before. The reference height for pressure on the lateral faces is 𝑧̅𝑒 = ℎ = 104.64 m.

The values of local pressure in zone D (windward face) are therefore the product of the peak
velocity pressure in Table 2 and the pressure coefficients in Table 3 (for zone D). They are
summarized in Table 4. In the other four zones, the peak velocity pressure is constant, 𝑞𝑝 (ℎ) =
1901.558 N/m2, and local pressure takes the values given in Table 5.

13
Story Ze (m) ∆ (m) q'p N/m2 pe,10 N/m2 pe,1 N/m2
G 2.34 2.34 1303.81 1043.048 1303.81
1 5.44 3.1 1303.81 1043.048 1303.81
2 8.54 3.1 1303.81 1043.048 1303.81
3 11.64 3.1 1303.81 1043.048 1303.81
4 14.74 3.1 1303.81 1043.048 1303.81
5 17.84 3.1 1303.81 1043.048 1303.81
6 20.94 3.1 1303.81 1043.048 1303.81
7 24.04 3.1 1341.274 1073.019 1341.274
8 27.14 3.1 1384.269 1107.415 1384.269
9 30.24 3.1 1423.096 1138.476 1423.096
10 33.34 3.1 1458.523 1166.819 1458.523
11 36.44 3.1 1491.124 1192.899 1491.124
12 39.54 3.1 1521.334 1217.067 1521.334
13 42.64 3.1 1549.495 1239.596 1549.495
14 45.74 3.1 1575.879 1260.703 1575.879
15 48.84 3.1 1600.707 1280.566 1600.707
16 51.94 3.1 1624.16 1299.328 1624.16
17 55.04 3.1 1646.389 1317.111 1646.389
18 58.14 3.1 1667.52 1334.016 1667.52
19 61.24 3.1 1687.662 1350.13 1687.662
20 64.34 3.1 1706.907 1365.526 1706.907
21 67.44 3.1 1725.336 1380.269 1725.336
22 70.54 3.1 1743.017 1394.414 1743.017
23 73.64 3.1 1760.012 1408.01 1760.012
24 76.74 3.1 1776.374 1421.099 1776.374
25 79.84 3.1 1792.151 1433.72 1792.151
26 82.94 3.1 1807.384 1445.907 1807.384
27 86.04 3.1 1822.113 1457.69 1822.113
28 89.14 3.1 1836.37 1469.096 1836.37
29 92.24 3.1 1850.186 1480.149 1850.186
30 95.34 3.1 1863.589 1490.871 1863.589
31 98.44 3.1 1876.604 1501.283 1876.604
32 101.54 3.1 1889.253 1511.403 1889.253
Roof 104.64 3.1 1901.558 1521.247 1901.558

Table 4: Local pressure on upwind forces

14
 Zone pe0.10 N/m2 pe1 N/m2
A -2281.89 -2662.21
B -1521.26 -2091.738
D Table 4
E -1316.27 -1316.27
Table 5: Local pressure on the walls

The pressure coefficients cpe,10 and the pressure pe,10 refer to elements having an area A ≥ 10 m2;
the pressure coefficients cpe,1 and the pressure pe,1 refer to elements having an area A ≤ 1 m2; for
elements having an area between 1 and 10 m2, the criterion indicated in Table H.I is adopted.

As the roof is flat, the external pressure on its elements is determined through the rules given in
clause H.2.3.1. Also in this case, b = d = 21.6 m, h = 104.64 m; therefore, h/d = 4.884, and e =
21.6 m (Equation H.3). In any case, the roof has a parapet hp = 1 m high; thus hp/h = 0.00955, 𝑧̅𝑒 =
ℎ + ℎ𝑝 = 104.65 m, 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧̅𝑒 ) = 1901.598 N/m2. It follows that, by using the criterion shown in
Figure H.5, the roof is divided into the zones reported in Figure 6; by means of Table H.III, the
corresponding external pressure coefficients for each of these zones are given in the second and
fourth columns of Table 6. Lastly, according to Equation (3.11a), the external pressure on the roof
takes the values given in the third and fifth columns of Table 6.

Figure 6: Zones of roof with uniform external pressure

15
 Zone cpe,10 pe,10 (N/m2) cpe,1 pe,1 (N/m2)
F -1.6 -3042.55 -2.2 -4183.51
G -1.1 -2091.75 -1.8 -3422.876
H -0.7 -1331.12 -1.2 -2281.91
I ±0.2 -380.32 ±0.2 -380.32
Table 6: External pressure coefficients & External pressure on the roof

Dynamic parameters

In the preliminary design stage, the dynamic parameters of the building are estimated by means
of the criteria given in Annex I.

By applying the Equation (I.4), the first longitudinal and lateral frequencies are taken as equal to
n1 = 0.6 Hz for both ULS and SLS checks. The second longitudinal and lateral frequencies are n2
= 3.05 * n1 = 1.83 Hz (Equation I.6). The first torsional frequency is nM = 1.35 * n1 = 0.81 Hz
(Equation I.7).

By applying the criterion of clause I.3.1, Equation (I.23), the first longitudinal and lateral mode
shapes are:

𝑧 𝜉
∅1 (𝑧) = ( )
ℎ

where 𝜉 = 1. The same mode shape also is applied, as a first approximation, to the first torsional
mode.

It is assumed that the building has an average mass density of (distributed in the total volume) ρm
= 250 kg/m3. Therefore, the mass of the building per unit height is:

m = ρm * b * d = 116.640 * 103 kg/m

Consequently, the generalized mass for the first longitudinal and lateral modes is (Equation
I.25):

𝑚ℎ
𝑚1 = = 4.08 ∗ 106 𝑘𝑔
2𝜉 + 1

The polar mass moment of inertia per unit height is:

1
𝐼= 𝑚(𝑏 2 + 𝑑 2 ) = 9.06 ∗ 106 𝑘𝑔𝑚
12

16
Consequently, the generalized polar mass moment of inertia in the first torsional mode is
(Equation I.27):

𝐼ℎ
𝐼1 = = 3.16 ∗ 108 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
2𝜉 + 1

Lastly, the critical damping ratio is calculated by applying the rules given in clause I.6. In
accordance with Equation (I.28), it is given by the sum of three contributions.

Applying Equation (I.29), the Structural damping ratio for the first longitudinal and lateral
modes is 𝝃𝒔𝟏 = 0.01. In accordance with the rules given in clause I.6.1, it is also assumed that the
structural damping ratio for the first torsional mode is 𝜉𝑠1 = 0.01.

Aerodynamic damping is calculated according to equation I.33.

𝝃𝒂 = 0.000051

It is lastly assumed that there are no damping devices in the building. Therefore, the overall
damping ratio coincides with the structural damping ratio.

Along-wind equivalent static action and acceleration:

The dynamic actions and effects in the along-wind direction are assessed by means of the rules
given in clause 3.4.
In accordance with Equation (3.17), the equivalent static actions are expressed as the product of
the peak pressure determined according to Clause 4.5.1 and the dynamic factor cd. In this case cd
= cdD, since cdD is the along-wind dynamic coefficient. In the lack of more accurate assessments,
it is determined by applying the criteria illustrated in Annex L. Since the possibility of using cdD
= 1 (clause L.1) does not apply, this indicates the application of two different methods, defined,
respectively, as the detailed method and the simplified method (used only for buildings).

By applying the detailed method (clause L.2), the dynamic factor cdD is given by the Equation
L.2. It is determined by applying the procedure indicated in Table L.I. The building corresponds
to the worst case in Figure L.2. Table 7 summarizes the steps towards the calculation of cdD.

17
 Equation Parameter Units
(Figure L.2) h 104.640 m
(Figure L.2) b 21.600 m
(Figure L.2) Ze 62.784 m
(Heading 3.2.5) Vm(ze) 36.077 m/s
(Heading 3.2.6) Iv (ze) 0.155
(Heading 3.2.6) Lv (ze) 158.625 m
(Annex I) nd 0.600 Hz
(Annex I) ξD 0.010
(Equation L.4) B2 0.562
(Equation L.6) SD 0.069
(Equation L.9) ἠh 6.961
(Equation L.9) ἠb 1.437
(Equation L.6,7,8) Rh 0.133
(Equation L.6,7,8) Rb 0.454
(Equation L.5) R2 D 0.330
(Equation L.11) υD 0.365 Hz
(Equation L.10) gD 3.336
(Equation L.3) GD 1.978
(Equation L.2) CdD 0.948
Table 7: Calculation of the along wind dynamic factor

The determination of along-wind acceleration, for the purpose of the habitability verification, is
performed by applying the criterion given in clause L.4. This uses quantities whose value has
apparently already been determined when calculating the dynamic factor. Many of these are
different for two reasons: 1) the frequency of the first vibration mode can be assumed higher than
the one used to assess the dynamic factor (this option is not applied to this case); 2) the mean
wind velocity shall be calculated for a design return period TR = 1 year; thus, the values of the
mean velocity and the velocity pressure for TR = 50 years shall be scaled, respectively, by the
factors 0.75 and 0.752 = 0.562 (Clauses 4.2.2, 4.2.5 and 4.2.7).

18
Table 8 summarizes the steps towards the calculation of the peak acceleration value apD
(Equation L.12), at the height zc = 101.54 m of the building.

Equation Parameters Units

(Figure L.2) h 104.640 m
(Figure L.2) b 21.600 m
(Figure L.2) Ze 62.784 m
(Heading 3.2.5) Vm (ze) 27.058 m/s
(Heading 3.2.6) Iv (ze) 0.155
(Heading 3.2.6) Lv (ze) 158.625 m
(Annex I) nd 0.600 Hz
(Annex I) ξD 0.010
(Equation I.25 mD 4.07E+06 Kg
(Equation L.6) SD 0.058
(Equation L.9) ἠh 9.282
(Equation L.9) ἠb 1.916
(Equation L.6,7,8) Rh 0.102
(Equation L.6,7,8) Rb 0.386
(Equation L.5) R2 D 0.180
(Equation L.5) RD 0.424 Hz
cpe,p – cpe,n) CfD 1.492
(Equation L.16) KD 0.500
(Equation I.23) φD (ze) 0.97
(Equation L.14) σaD 0.060 m/s2
(Equation L.13) gaD 3.466
(Equation L.12) apD 0.207 m/s2
Table 8: Calculation of the peak along wind acceleration

Force and moment coefficients per unit length are given by the equations G.18:

19
Cfxo is calculated according to equation G.21 for rectangular structures with d/b ratio between 0.7
and 5. Cfxo is calculated to be 2.15. Slenderness factor is calculated according to equation G.23
(a) as the λ is between 1 and 10. Based on the above values Cfx is calculated for a design return
period of 50 years. From the above, Along wind equivalent static action is computed in table9.
Along wind equivalent static action = Peak along-wind aerodynamic actions{fx(z)} * cdD

Along wind
Height
qp(z) (50 Reference fx(z) 50 equivalent
along the Cfx=Cfxo*
years) length l Cfxo λ ψλ year CdD static
building ψλ
N/m 2 (m) (N/m) action(Fx(z)
(m)
*CdD) N/m
0 833.000 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 26426.835 0.948 25052.63933
2.34 836.693 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 26543.994 0.948 25163.7067
5.44 861.338 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 27325.856 0.948 25904.91131
8.54 997.850 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 31656.679 0.948 30010.53125
11.64 1096.209 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 34777.107 0.948 32968.69701
14.74 1173.728 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 37236.382 0.948 35300.09039
17.84 1237.992 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 39275.150 0.948 37232.84263
20.94 1293.036 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 41021.416 0.948 38888.30238
24.04 1341.274 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 42551.757 0.948 40339.06559
27.14 1384.269 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 43915.784 0.948 41632.16342
30.24 1423.096 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 45147.552 0.948 42799.87947
33.34 1458.523 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 46271.489 0.948 43865.37158
36.44 1491.124 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 47305.736 0.948 44845.83768
39.54 1521.334 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 48264.149 0.948 45754.41299
42.64 1549.495 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 49157.558 0.948 46601.36497
45.74 1575.879 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 49994.596 0.948 47394.87722
48.84 1600.707 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 50782.259 0.948 48141.58159
51.94 1624.160 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 51526.297 0.948 48846.92994
55.04 1646.389 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 52231.498 0.948 49515.46038
58.14 1667.520 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 52901.890 0.948 50150.99214
61.24 1687.662 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 53540.898 0.948 50756.77084
64.34 1706.907 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 54151.454 0.948 51335.57877
67.44 1725.336 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 54736.097 0.948 51889.81966
70.54 1743.017 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 55297.031 0.948 52421.58492
73.64 1760.012 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 55836.188 0.948 52932.70586
76.74 1776.374 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 56355.269 0.948 53424.79545
79.84 1792.151 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 56855.783 0.948 53899.28194
82.94 1807.384 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 57339.068 0.948 54357.43625
86.04 1822.113 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 57806.323 0.948 54800.39441
89.14 1836.370 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 58258.625 0.948 55229.17618
92.24 1850.186 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 58696.941 0.948 55644.70044
95.34 1863.589 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 59122.150 0.948 56047.79825
98.44 1876.604 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 59535.046 0.948 56439.22373
101.54 1889.253 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 59936.354 0.948 56819.66335
104.64 1901.558 21.6 2.15 6.782 0.683 1.469 60326.734 0.948 57189.74385
Table 9: Along wind force calculation

20
Across-wind equivalent static action and acceleration:
The dynamic actions and effects in the across-wind direction are determined by applying the
criteria given in Annex M, provided the building meets the requirements of Equations (M.1)-
(M.4). As in Annex L, Annex M introduces two methods defined, respectively, as the detailed
method and the simplified method (only for square plan buildings).

By applying the detailed method (clause M.2), the equivalent static across-wind force per unit
height fL is given by the Equation (M.5) where qp(h) = 1901.54 N/m2 (Equation 2.8), CL = 0.157
(Equation M.6), cdL is the dynamic factor given by the Equation (M.7). It is determined by
applying the procedure shown in table 10 summarizes the steps towards the calculation of cdL.

Equation Parameters Units

h 104.64 m
Figure M.1 b 21.6 m
d 21.6 m
Heading 3.2.5 Vm(h) 38.9 m/s
Heading 3.2.6 Iv (h) 0.143
Annex I n1 0.6 Hz
Annex I ξ 0.0101
Equation M.11 m 1
Equation M.12 k1 0.85
Equation M.13 β1 0.28
Equation M.14 ns1 0.162
Equation M.10 SL 0.0283
Equation M.9 RL 1.488
Equation M.15 gL 3.59
Equation M.8 GL 6.44
Equation M.7 CdL 3.22
Table 10: Calculation of the across-wind dynamic coefficient

Thus, the equivalent static force per unit height is linear with respect to the height, and its
maximum value at the top of the building is fL(h) = 62.18 kN/m. (Equation M.5)

21
The determination of the across-wind acceleration, for purposes of the habitability verification, is
performed by applying the criterion given in clause M.5. This uses quantities whose value has
apparently already been determined when calculating the dynamic factor. In reality, many of
these are different for two reasons: 1) the frequency of the first vibration mode can be assumed
greater that the one used to assess the dynamic factor (this option is not applied in this case); 2)
the mean wind velocity shall be calculated for a design return period TR = 1 year; thus, the values
of the mean velocity and the velocity pressure for TR = 50 years shall be scaled, respectively, by
the factors 0.75 and 0.752 = 0.562 (Clauses 4.2.2, 4.2.5 and 4.2.7).

Table 11 summarizes the steps towards the calculation of the peak acceleration apL (Equation
M.27), at height zc = 101.54 m of the building top story.

Equation Parameter Units

h 104.64 m
Figure M.1 b 21.6 m
d 21.6 m
Heading 3.2.5 vm(h) 30.1 m/s
Heading 3.2.6 Iv (h) 0.143
n1 0.6 Hz
Annex I mL 4.07E+06 Kg
ξ 0.0101
Equation M.11 m 1

Equation M.12 k1 0.85

Equation M.13 β1 0.28

Equation M.14 ns1 0.1620
Equation M.10 SL 0.0283
Equation M.9 RL 1.488
Equation M.15 gL 3.60
Equation M.8 GL 6.44
Equation M.7 CdL 3.21
Equation 3.9 qp(h) 1901.54 N/m2
Equation M.6 CL 0.16

22
 Equation I.23 φL(h) 1.00
Equation I.23 φL(ze) 0.97
Equation M.28 σaL 0.0714 m/s2
Equation M.27 apl 0.257 m/s2
Table 11: Calculation of the peak across-wind acceleration

Across- wind force along the building profile is calculated according to equation M.5

Storey Height f L (z) N/ m

Storey No. qp(h) (N/m2) CL b (m) z/h cdL
(m) height
0 0 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0 3.21 0
G 2.34 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.022 3.21 1390.99
1 5.44 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.052 3.21 3233.75
2 8.54 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.082 3.21 5076.51
3 11.64 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.111 3.21 6919.27
4 14.74 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.141 3.21 8762.03
5 17.84 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.171 3.21 10604.79
6 20.94 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.200 3.21 12447.55
7 24.04 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.230 3.21 14290.31
8 27.14 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.259 3.21 16133.07
9 30.24 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.289 3.21 17975.83
10 33.34 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.319 3.21 19818.59
11 36.44 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.348 3.21 21661.35
12 39.54 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.378 3.21 23504.11
13 42.64 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.408 3.21 25346.87
14 45.74 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.437 3.21 27189.63
15 48.84 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.467 3.21 29032.39
16 51.94 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.497 3.21 30875.15
17 55.04 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.526 3.21 32717.91
18 58.14 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.556 3.21 34560.67
19 61.24 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.585 3.21 36403.43
20 64.34 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.615 3.21 38246.19
21 67.44 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.645 3.21 40088.96
22 70.54 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.674 3.21 41931.72
23 73.64 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.704 3.21 43774.48
24 76.74 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.734 3.21 45617.24
25 79.84 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.763 3.21 47460.00
26 82.94 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.793 3.21 49302.76
27 86.04 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.823 3.21 51145.52
28 89.14 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.852 3.21 52988.28
29 92.24 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.882 3.21 54831.04
30 95.34 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.911 3.21 56673.80
31 98.44 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.941 3.21 58516.56
32 101.54 1901.54 0.16 21.6 0.971 3.21 60359.32
Roof 104.64 1901.54 0.16 21.6 1.000 3.21 62202.08

Table 12: Calculation of across wind force throughout the building profile.

23
Comparison of along wind and across wind force:

Height
along
Along wind Across wind
the Comparison between along wind and across
force (N/m) force (N/m)
building
(m)
wind force
120
0 25052.64 0.00
2.34 25163.71 1390.99 100

Altitude Z (m)
5.44 25904.91 3233.75 80
8.54 30010.53 5076.51 60
11.64 32968.70 6919.27
40
14.74 35300.09 8762.03
20
17.84 37232.84 10604.79
20.94 38888.30 12447.55 0
0.00 10000.00 20000.00 30000.00 40000.00 50000.00 60000.00 70000.00
24.04 40339.07 14290.31
Force (N/m)
27.14 41632.16 16133.07
30.24 42799.88 17975.83 Along wind force (N/m) Across wind force (N/m)
33.34 43865.37 19818.59
36.44 44845.84 21661.35 Figure 7: Comparison table (Along & Across wind force)
39.54 45754.41 23504.11 Note:
42.64 46601.36 25346.87
45.74 47394.88 27189.63 Across wind force is 0 at the bottom of the building and increases
48.84 48141.58 29032.39 linearly with height. At the top of the structure (104.64 m) across wind
51.94 48846.93 30875.15 force is 62202.08 N/m which is higher when compared to the along
55.04 49515.46 32717.91
58.14 50150.99 34560.67 wind force. This implies that as there is an increase in height, across
61.24 50756.77 36403.43 wind force is more critical than the along wind force.
64.34 51335.58 38246.19
67.44 51889.82 40088.96
70.54 52421.58 41931.72
73.64 52932.71 43774.48
76.74 53424.80 45617.24
79.84 53899.28 47460.00
82.94 54357.44 49302.76
86.04 54800.39 51145.52
89.14 55229.18 52988.28
92.24 55644.70 54831.04
95.34 56047.80 56673.80
98.44 56439.22 58516.56
101.54 56819.66 60359.32
104.64 57189.74 62202.08
Table 13: Comparison table
24
Torsional equivalent static action and acceleration:
The torsional dynamic actions and effects are calculated by applying the criteria given in Annex
M, provided that the building meets the requirements of Equations (M.1) -(M.4). As in Annex L,
Annex M introduces two methods defined, respectively, as the detailed method and the simplified
method (only for square plan buildings).
By applying the detailed method (clause M.3), the equivalent static torque per unit height mM is
given by the Equation (M.16) where qp(h) = 1901.54 N/m2 (Equation 3.9), CM = 0.050 (Equation
M.17), Cdm is the dynamic factor given by the Equation (M.18). It is calculated by applying the
method shown in Table 14, it summarises the steps towards the calculation of CdM.

Equation Parameters Units

h 104.64 m
Figure M.1 b 21.6 m
d 21.6 m
Heading 3.2.5 vm(h) 38.9 m/s
Heading 3.2.6 Iv (h) 0.144
Equation I.7 nM 0.81 Hz
Equation I.28 ξM 0.0101
Equation M.22 v m* 2.22
Figure M.6 βM1 1.25
Figure M.7 kM1 0.155
Figure M.7 kM2 0.25
Equation M.23 SM1 0.184
Equation M.23 SM2 0.208
Equation M.21 SM 0.032
Equation M.20 RM2 2.467
Equation M.26 gM 3.682
Equation M.19 GM 6.855
Equation M.18 CdM 3.414
Table 14: Calculation of the torsional dynamic coefficient

Thus, the equivalent static torque per unit height is linear with height and its maximum value at
the top of the building is 𝒎𝑴 (𝒉) = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍 𝐦/𝐦 (Equation M.16)

25
Note that the simplified method (clause M.4) leads to the estimate CdL 5.1 (Figure M.10). This
value is clearly conservative, but, as for the across-wind dynamic coefficient, it is much greater
than the value given by the detailed method (Table 14). Aimed at the habitability verification,
torsional acceleration is calculated by applying the criterion given in clause M.5. This uses
quantities whose value has apparently already been determined when calculating the dynamic
factor. In reality, many of these are different for two reasons: 1) the frequency of the first vibration
mode can be assumed greater than the one used to assess the dynamic factor (this option is not
applied to this case); 2) the mean wind velocity shall be calculated for a design return period TR =
1 year; therefore, the values of the mean velocity and the velocity pressure for TR = 50 years shall
be scaled, respectively, by the factors 0.75 and 0.752 = 0.562 (Clauses 4.2.2, 4.2.5 and 4.2.7).
Table 15 summarises the steps towards the calculation of the peak acceleration value apM
(Equation M.29), at height Zc = 101.54 m of the building top storey.

Equation Parameter Units

h 104.64 m
Figure M.1 b 21.6 m
d 21.6 m
Heading 3.2.5 vm(h) 38.9 m/s
Heading 3.2.6 Iv (h) 0.144
Equation I.7 nM 0.81 Hz
Equation I.28 ξM 0.0101
Equation M.22 v m* 2.22
Figure M.6 βM1 1.25
Figure M.7 kM1 0.155
Figure M.7 kM2 0.25
Equation M.23 SM1 0.184
Equation M.23 SM2 0.208
Equation M.21 SM 0.032
Equation M.20 RM2 2.467
Heading 3.2.7 qp 1901.54 N/m2
Equation M.20 RM 1.570
Equation M.26 gM 3.682
Figure M.5 CM 0.050

26
 Equation I.27 IM 3.16E+08 Kg.m2
Equation I.23 φM(h) 1.00
Equation I.23 φM(ze) 0.97
Equation M.30 σaM 0.0067 rad/s2
Equation M.29 apM 0.0246 rad/s2
Table 15: Calculation of peak torsional accelerations

Combination of actions and effects

To perform strength and deformability checks, appropriate rules shall be applied for the
combination of actions and effects associated with along-wind (D), across-wind (L) and torsional
(M) responses. These rules are based on the criterion introduced in clause M.6. On the basis of this
criterion n1 = min(nL,nM) = 0.6 Hz, fLM = 1.35 (Equation M.31), n1b/ Vm (h) = 0.333 , d/b =1.
Therefore, by using Table M.IV, LM = 0.55DD. Bearing in mind that GD = 1.978 (Table 7), Table
M.III gives the combination rules is shown in Table 16.

Combination D L M
1 D 0.4L 0.4M
2 0.72D L 0.55M
3 0.72D 0.55L M
Table 16:Action and effect combination rules for safety

Habitability verification:
The habitability verification is performed by applying the criteria indicated in Annex N. Note
that this Annex provides purely indicative suggestions that should be interpreted for the
situations as they arise.
Clause N.2 suggests making sure that each of the peak values for along-wind and cross-wind
acceleration in the centre of rotation (torsion), apD =0.207m/s2 and apL = 0.257, do not exceed the
limit value given by the Equation (N.1) and in Figure N.2.
In this particular case, at the top storey, apD =0.207m/s2 (Table 8) and apL = 0.257m/s2 (Table 11).
The dominant frequency of oscillation is n0 = nD = nL = 0.60 Hz.
According to equation N.1 the threshold limit for office building is:

27
 ao = 0.06 m/s2 for office buildings
a1 = 0.079 m/s2
Along-wind acceleration = 0.207>0.079 m/s2 (Exceeds the threshold limit)
Across-wind acceleration = 0.257>0.079 m/s2 (Exceeds the threshold limit)
Note that, unlike the actions and the internal forces (clause 4.5.7), across-wind acceleration
prevails over along wind acceleration. This situation is typical of low- to medium-rise buildings,
provided that they are sufficiently slender.
Figure 8 compares the maximum values of the accelerations given above with the limit indicated
by the Equation (N.1) and in Figure N.2. For an office building the reference limit is given by
curve (a). L
D

Figure 8: Habitability verification

Conclusion:

Increasing the height has amplified the accelerations at the top story rendering the structure
uninhabitable, hence to mitigate the habitability issue of the structure a damper must be installed.

The amount of damping required can be determined from the quantity of acceleration exceeding
the habitability limit and using the inversely proportional relationship of damping ratio and
acceleration. The additional damping is added through tuned mass damper with appropriate mass
and calibrated frequency to dampen the exceeding accelerations.

28
Appendix:
List of figures:

Figure 1: Location ........................................................................................................................... 1

Figure 2: Plan of the Building ......................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3: Mean velocity profile ...................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4: Peak velocity pressure ..................................................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Zones of walls with uniform external pressure ............................................................. 13
Figure 6: Zones of roof with uniform external pressure ............................................................... 15
Figure 7: Comparison table (Along & Across wind force)........................................................... 24
Figure 8: Habitability verification ................................................................................................ 28

List of Tables:

Table 1:External pressure coefficients on the walls ..................................................................... 11

Table 2: Resulting story force ....................................................................................................... 12
Table 3: External pressure coefficients on the walls .................................................................... 13
Table 4: Local pressure on upwind forces .................................................................................... 14
Table 5: Local pressure on the walls............................................................................................. 15
Table 6: External pressure coefficients & External pressure on the roof ..................................... 16
Table 7: Calculation of the along wind dynamic factor ................................................................ 18
Table 8: Calculation of the peak along wind acceleration ............................................................ 19
Table 9: Along wind force calculation.......................................................................................... 20
Table 10: Calculation of the across-wind dynamic coefficient .................................................... 21
Table 11: Calculation of the peak across-wind acceleration ........................................................ 23
Table 12: Calculation of across wind force throughout the building profile. ............................... 23
Table 13: Comparison table .......................................................................................................... 24
Table 14: Calculation of the torsional dynamic coefficient .......................................................... 25
Table 15: Calculation of peak torsional accelerations .................................................................. 27
Table 16:Action and effect combination rules for safety.............................................................. 27

29