Statecraft and Public Policy

MPP-1001

Lecture. 2
Statecraft and National Security

Dr Kalsoom Sumra
kalsoomsumra@gmail.com
 Globalization and global politics
• Making sense of globalization
Globalization—simply the widening, deepening, and
speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness—is a
contentious issue in the study of world politics.
Some—the hyperglobalists—argue that it is bringing
about the demise of the sovereign nation-state as global
forces undermine the ability of governments to
control their own economies and societies
• Others—the sceptics—reject the idea of globalization as
so much ‘globaloney’, and argue that states and
geopolitics remain the principal forces shaping world
order
 Dentitions of globalization
• Globalization is variously defined in the literature as:
1.The intensification of worldwide social relations which link
distant localities in such a way that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice
versa.’(Giddens 1990: 21).
2. ‘The integration of the world-economy.’(Gilpin 2001:
364)
3. De-territorialization—or . . . the growth of supraterritorial
relations between people.’ (Scholte 2000: 46)
4. time–space compression.’(Harvey 1989)
 Conceptualizing globalization
• Such a definition enables us to distinguish globalization
from more spatially delimited processes such as inter-
nationalization and regionalization.
• Whereas internationalization refers to growing
interdependence between states, the very idea of
internationalization presumes that they remain discrete
national units with clearly demarcated borders.
• By contrast, globalization refers to a process in which the
very distinction between the domes- tic and the external
breaks down.
 The sceptical view of globalization
• Sceptical accounts of globalization tend to dismiss its
significance for the study of world politics. They do so on the
grounds that:
1. By comparison with the period 1870 to 1914, the world is much
less globalized economically, politically, and culturally.
2. Rather than globalization, the contemporary world is marked by
intensifying geopolitics, regionalization, and internationalization.
3. The vast bulk of international economic and political activity is
concentrated within the group of OECD states.
4. By comparison with the heyday of European global empires, the
majority of the world’s population and countries in the South are
now much less integrated into the global system.
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5. Geopolitics, state power, nationalism, and territorial boundaries
are of growing, not less, importance in world politics.
6. Internationalization or regionalization are creatures of state
policy not corporate actors or capitalist imperatives.
7. Globalization is at best a self-serving myth or ideology which
reinforces Western and particularly US hegemony in world
politics.
(Hirst and Thompson 1999, 2003; Hay 2000;
Hoogvelt 2001; Gilpin 2002)
 Patterns of contemporary globalization
• Globalization, to varying degrees, is evident in all the principal
sectors of social activity:
Economic: in the economic sphere, patterns of worldwide trade,
finance, and production are creating global markets and, in the
process, a single global capitalist economy—what Castells (2000)
calls ‘global informational capitalism’. Multinational corporations
organize production and marketing on a global basis while the
operation of global financial markets determines which countries get
credit and upon what terms.
Military: in the military domain the global arms trade, the prolifera-
tion of weapons of mass destruction, the growth of transnational
terrorism, the growing significance of transnational military corpora-
tions, and the discourse of global insecurity point to the existence of
a global military order.
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Legal: the expansion of transnational and international law from trade to
human rights alongside the creation of new world legal institutions
such as the International Criminal Court is indicative of an emerging
global legal order.
Ecological: a shared ecology involves shared environmental problems,
from global warming to species protection, alongside the creation of
multilateral responses and regimes of global environmental
governance.
Cultural: involves a complex mix of homogenization and increased
heterogeneity given the global diffusion of popular culture, global
media corporations, communications networks, etc., simultaneously
with the reassertion of nationalism, ethnicity, and difference. But few
cultures are hermetically sealed off from cultural interaction.
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Social: shifting patterns of migration from South to North and East to
West have turned migration into a major global issue as movements
come close to the record levels of the great nineteenth- century
movements of people.
The engines of globalization
Explanations of globalization tend to focus on three interrelated factors,
namely: technics (technological change and social organization);
economics (markets and capitalism); and politics (power, interests,
and institutions).
• Technics is central to any account of globalization since it is a
truism that without modern communications infrastructures, in
particular, a global system or worldwide economy would not be
possible.
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• Economics—crucial as technology is, so too is its specifically
economic logic. Capitalism’s insatiable requirement for new mar-
kets and profits lead inevitably to the globalization of economic
activity.
• Politics—shorthand here for ideas, interests, and power—con-
stitutes the third logic of globalization. If technology provides the
physical infrastructure of globalization, politics provides its
normative infrastructure. Governments, such as those of the USA
and the UK, have been critical actors in nurturing the process of
globalization.
 The three waves of globalization
• Globalization is not a novel phenomenon. Viewed as a secular his-
torical process by which human civilizations have come to form a
single world system, it has occurred in three distinct waves.
• In the first wave, the age of discovery (1450–1850), globalization
was decisively shaped by European expansion and conquest. The
second wave (1850–1945) evidenced a major expansion in the
spread and entrenchment of European empires.
• By comparison, contemporary globalization (1960 on) marks a
new epoch in human affairs. Just as the industrial revolution and
the expansion of the West in the nineteenth century defined a new
age in world history, so today the microchip and the satellite are
icons of a globalized world order.
A world transformed: globalization and distorted global
politics
The Westphalian Constitution of world politics
• Territoriality: humankind is organized principally into
exclusive territorial (political) communities with fixed
borders.
• Sovereignty: within its borders the state or government has
an entitlement to supreme, unqualified, and exclusive
political and legal authority.
• Autonomy: the principle of self-determination or self-
governance constructs countries as autonomous containers
of political, social, and economic activity in that fixed
borders separate the domestic sphere from the world
outside.
From (state-centric) geopolitics to (geocentric) global
politics
The post-Westphalian order
Territoriality Borders and territory still remain important, not least
for administrative purposes. Under conditions of globalization,
however, a new geography of political organization and political
power is emerging which transcends territories and borders.
State sovereignty The sovereign power and authority of national
government—the entitlement of states to rule within their own
territorial space—is being transformed but not necessarily eroded.
Sovereignty today is increasingly understood as the shared
exercise of public power and authority between national, regional,
and global authorities.
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• State autonomy In a more interdependent world, simply to
achieve domestic objectives national governments are forced to
engage in extensive multilateral collaboration and co-operation.
But in becoming more embedded in systems of global and regional
governance states confront a real dilemma: in return for more
effective public policy and meeting their citizens’ demands,
whether in relation to the drugs trade or employment, their
capacity for self-governance— that is state autonomy—is
compromised.
 International organization
Transnational organization

Government Society

The World Wide Web

From distorted global politics to cosmopolitan global
politics?
• Globalization, it can be argued, is associated with a double
democratic deficit. On the one hand, it has compounded the
tension between democracy as a territoriality rooted system of
rule and the operation of global markets and transnational
networks of corporate power.
Cosmopolitan democracy
• Guiding ethical principles/core values --Global social justice,
democracy, universal human rights, human security, rule of law,
transnational solidarity
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• Short-term measure
• Governance -Reform of global governance: representative
Security Council; establishment of Human Security Council (to
coordinate global development policies); Global Civil Society
Forum; strengthened systems of global accountability;
enhancement of national and regional governance infrastructures
and capacities; enhanced parliamentary scrutiny
• Economy--Regulating global markets: selective capital controls;
regulation of offshore financial centres; voluntary codes of
conduct for multinational corporations (MNCs)-- Promoting
development: abolition of debt for highly indebted poor countries
(HIPCs); meeting UN aid targets of 0.7% GNP; fair trade rules;
removal of EU and US subsidies of agriculture and textiles
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• Security--Strengthening global humanitarian protection capacities;
implementation of existing global poverty reduction and human
development commitments and policies; strengthening of arms
control and arms trade regulation
• Long-term transformations
Governance--Double democratization (national to supra-state governance);
enhanced global public goods provision; global citizenship
Economy--Taming global markets; World Financial Authority; mandatory codes of
conduct for MNCs; global tax mechanism; global competition authority. Market
correcting: mandatory global labour and environmental standards; foreign
investment codes and standards; redistributive and compensatory measures;
commodity price and supply agreements
• Market promoting: privileged market access for developing countries;
convention on global labour mobility
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• Security--Global social charter; permanent peacekeeping and
humanitarian emergency forces; social exclusion and equity
impact reviews of all global development measures
• Institutional/political conditions
Activist states, global progressive coalition (involving key Western
and developing states and civil society forces), strong multilateral
Institutions, open regionalism, global civil society, redistributive
regimes, regulation of global markets, transnational public sphere
 The Rising of International Society
Contending Theories:
1. Realism, rationalism and revolutionalism
2. Beahviourism versus tradionalism
3. Structuralism
- Traced to Aristotle
- German philosophy
- Holism
Types of Structuralism Thinking
- Marxism --- structuralism
- Capital system
 The Evolution of International Society

- Value of History
- As Subjective judgment
- What is an international society
“International society exists where there are separate and
autonomous political units, significant interactions between then to
an extent conditioning their behavior, and a dominant culture
shaping such norms, codes of behavior and institutions as exist
between the political units”.
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Pre-Modern International Society
1. Ancient Empire of the Near and Middle East
2. The Chinese System
3. Mauryan Empire
4. The Greek City State System
5. The Roman System
6. The Islamic System
 Modern International society
1. The Medieval European Order
2. The Italian City of States System
3. The Westphalian System
Instruments
- International law
- Diplomacy
- Balance of Power
- Cultural ties
- Focus of Disorder
4. The Nationalist Revolt ---The American Revolution
 Hegemony of International Society
• Post cold war—relationship –US – Rest world
Hegemony Means
“ an institutional practice of special rights and
responsibilities conferred by international society
or a constituency within it, on a state (or states)
with the sources to lead”.
Rising Powers and emerging global order

World War II was entirely different. A total reordering of

the globe was intended from the very start, and the
leadership on both sides recognized that this was at
stake.
It was a struggle not only for territory and resources but
about who would survive and who would vanish entirely
because they were believed inferior by the victors; about
who would determine the structure of the
internationalization of political authority—that is, the
form (power) and content (social purpose) of
international order and the regimes that serve these ends.
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• During the 1990s there was near universal agreement that the
global system was dominated by the power of the United State s
and its allies and by the institutions that the US dominated.
• From the perspective of the dominant norms of the system, the
United States has rarely been a status quo power but has often
sought to mould the system in its own image.
• Since the end of the cold war it has been a strongly revisionist
power: in the 1990s, in terms of pressing for ne w norms on
intervention, the opening of markets, and the embedding of
particular sets of what it saw a liberal values in international
institutions; in the early years of this century, in terms of its
attempt to recast norms on regime change and on the us e of force.
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• There was widespread consensus that challenges to the US-led order
would result from ‘blowback’ or ‘backlashes’ against US and Western
power, and would be focused around anti-hegemonic social movements
or radical states.
• Over the last decade, countries such as Brazil, Russia, India, China,
South Africa, the ASEAN states, and Mexico have experienced
significant economic development.
• For many, the continuation of this trend is likely to result in an alteration
in the economic balance in favour of the dynamic emerging markets.
• With this greater economic share of the world market they feel that they
deserve a grater political say in the international com munity as well. In
fact, the 2008 financial crisis—underscoring the shift in relative
economic weight—only made this ca l for a seat at the to negotiating
tables stronger and more urgent.
Building on t he idea that ‘a shared voice is stronger than a single
voice’
• The emerging powers realize that they have to operate in order to push
forward their own agendas.
• On this view, the new forms of Southern multilateralism led by today’s
emerging and regional powers have put the idea of the global South
firmly back on the political and intellectual map.
• For mainstream realist and neo-realist writers, rising powers matter
because their growing material power disrupts the balance of power. There
is great debate about exactly how changes in material power causes
conflict, but widespread agreement that power shifts are associated with
conflict and that this will continue: hence the pr diction of many neo-
realists that conflict between the US and China is in evitable.
• These materially-base approaches to rising powers and global order remain
highly influential. But they do not tell us enough a bout the potential
pathways that might lead to the e mergence of major power competition.
Role of leader with regard to national consensus and
comprehensive security
• Security landscape is more complex and unpredictable due to
interconnected set of challenges, dictated by strategic culture of the
countries/regions.
• No nation in the world can prosper without a road map clearly
defining as to what they are and what they want to be.
• Pakistan has tremendous potentials to play important role in the
international comity. Given its location and capability to influence
regional and extra regional stability, Paul Kennedy considers
Pakistan as one of the world pivotal state.
• Due to its importance, 21st Century "Great Game" revolves around
this region with a focus on oil and gas however; the untold wealth is
also buried in the triangle where the borders of Pakistan and
Afghanistan meet with Iran's.
 Defining National Security
Literally meaning, national security is a collective term for the
defense and foreign relations and protection of the interests of a
country
“The national security policy is a comprehensive concept which at
the strategic level used interchangeably with national security
strategy which enables the states to maintain their independent
identity and integrity”.
• Barry Buzan, a renowned scholar describes national security as the
security of a whole socio-political entity all encompassing external
threat, economic challenges and internal security
Contemporary Security Perspective

• Political Stability, Democracy and Good Governance

• Economic Security
• Internal Security
• Civil Military Relations
• Counter Argument
• Burden of History
National Security Management System (NSMS)
• Pakistan, for decades, has lacked an effective NSMS.
• The system finds context in the political system of the country.
The regular alteration of power between civil and military
governments diverted focus and prevented NSMS to mature.
• The events of 9/11, rapid globalization, IT revolution and rise of
violent non-state actors emphasized the need for evolving
comprehensive national security policy and devising a system to
formulate, execute and monitor application of the policy.
 Home Assignment
• Read and evaluate Pakistan national security
policy and write the process of Pakistan
National security policy