Professional Documents
Culture Documents
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275831112
CITATIONS READS
0 29
2 authors:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Jacek Wdowicki on 04 May 2015.
Analysis of shear wall structures of variable thickness using continuous connection method
Jacek Wdowicki and Elżbieta Wdowicka
Institute of Structural Engineering, Poznań University of Technology
Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznań
e-mail: jacek.wdowicki@put.poznan.pl
Abstract
The paper presents the analysis of shear wall structures of variable thickness using a variant of the continuum method. In the
continuous approach the horizontal connecting beams, floor slabs and vertical joints are substituted by continuous connections. The
differential equation systems for shear wall structure segments of constant cross-section are uncoupled by orthogonal eigenvectors.
The boundary conditions for the whole structure yield the system of linear equations for the determination of all constants of
integration. The results obtained by means of this method show good agreement with those available in literature.
Keywords: shear wall structures, variable thickness, continuous connection method, tall buildings
Equation formulations for a three-dimensional continuous where k is the index of a segment of the constant cross
model of the shear wall structure with the constant cross-section section, V(z) is a vector containing the functions of horizontal
have been given in Ref. [20]. A structure, which changes its displacements of the structure, measured in the global ordinate
thickness along the height, can be divided into nh segments, system 0XYZ and TK(z) is the vector of the functions of shear
each one having the constant cross-section. For k-th segment forces and a torque due to the action of lateral loads.
the differential equations can be stated as follows: Matrices VT , VN appearing in the above relation are
described by the following formulae:
z ∈ (hk −1 , hk >
B ( k ) N ′N′ ( k ) ( z ) − A ( k ) N N ( k ) ( z ) = f ( k ) ( z ),
(1) VT = (LT K Z L) −1 , VN = VT LT C N ,
CMM-2005 – Computer Methods in Mechanics June 21-24, 2005, Częstochowa, Poland
where L is 3ne × 3 matrix of coordinates transformation tridiagonalization and the QL algorithm, which have been
from the global coordinate system 0XYZ to the local systems, inserted in Ref. [22] and later written in Pascal.
i.e. systems of principal axes of shear walls, KZ is 3ne × 3ne The form of solutions from Eqn (10) is as follows:
matrix containing transverse stiffness of shear walls and CN is
3ne × nw matrix containing the coordinates of the points of λi ( k ) z − λi ( k ) z
g i ( k ) ( z ) = C1i ( k ) e + C 2i ( k ) e + rSi ( k )WS ( z ), (11)
contraflexure in connections in the local systems of axes.
The boundary conditions have the following form:
where C1i(k) ,C2i(k) are integration constants, rSi(k) are
particular solution coefficients, calculated by indeterminate
V(1) (0) = 0, V(1' ) (0) = 0, V('n' h ) ( H ) = 0. (4) coefficient method and WS(z) = col (z0, z1, ... ,zs-1).
Introducing Eqn (11) into the relation (9) and later
Besides, at the stations, where the cross sections of the walls considering boundary conditions (2) we will obtain the system
change, the following compatibility conditions can be stated. of 2 nh nw equations for the determination of all constants of
From the geometric compatibility consideration we have: integration in the form:
RW C = PS , (12)
V( k ) (hk ) = V( k +1) (hk ), V('k ) (hk ) = V('k +1) (hk ). (5)
where RW is unsymmetric matrix, C is a vector of
From equilibrium consideration the following condition is integration constants and PS is a vector dependent on loadings.
obtained: The solutions are computed by the procedures based on the LU
factorization, where L is lower-triangular and U is upper-
mE ( k ) (hk ) = m E ( k +1) (hk ), (6) triangular, taken from Ref. [22].
The next step of computations is determining functions of
where mE(z) is a vector of bending moments in shear walls, horizontal displacements of the structure and their derivatives
described by the relation: necessary to calculate internal forces and stresses.
The integration of functions V ''' ( z ) taking into
''
mE ( z ) = K Z L V ( z ). (7) consideration boundary condition V('n' h ) ( H ) = 0 and the
compatibility condition (8) yields the following expressions:
Substituting (7) in Eqn (6) and next premultiplying by
VT(k)LT(k) , the following condition is obtained:
z
where: (13)
SV ( k +1,k ) = VT ( k ) LT( k ) K Z ( k +1) L ( k +1) . z ∈ (hk −1 , hk >
z
3. Method of solution
∫
V('k' ) ( z ) = V('k'' ) (t ) dt + SV ( k +1,k ) V('k' +1) (hk ).
hk
In the proposed method the algorithm of solving the
differential equation system, used for structures of constant
cross-section [20], has been extended so as to enable us to take Next, integrating the above functions with regard to
into account structures of the variable section. boundary conditions V(1) (0) = 0, V(1)’(0) = 0 and compatibility
In order to uncouple differential equation systems auxiliary conditions (5), the following is obtained:
functions g(k)(z) satisfying these relations have been introduced:
z ∈ (hk −1 , hk >
N N ( k ) ( z ) = B (−k1)/ 2 Y( k ) g ( k ) ( z ), (9)
z
V('k ) ( z ) ∫V
''
where Y(k) is matrix columns which are eigenvectors of the = ( k ) (t ) dt + V('k −1) (hk −1 ) ,
symmetric matrix P(k) = B(k) -1/2 A(k) B(k)1/2. hk −1
Consequently, nw second-order differential equations have (14)
been obtained in the following form: z
∫V
'
V( k ) ( z ) = ( k ) (t ) dt + V( k −1) (hk −1 ) ,
z ∈ (hk −1 , hk > g i′′( k ) ( z ) − λi ( k ) g i ( k ) ( z ) = FBi ( k ) ,
(10) hk −1
FBi ( k ) = YiT( k ) B (−k1)/ 2 f ( k ) ( z )
where: k = 1,…,nh, h0 = 0.
where λi (k ) is i-th eigenvalue of matrix P(k ) , and Yi (k ) Integration is realized numerically.
On the basis of the presented algorithm the software
is eigenvector corresponding to the i-th eigenvalue. The included in the system for the analysis of shear wall tall
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of symmetric matrix P(k ) are buildings [20], [21] in the Delphi environment has been
implemented.
computed by a set of procedures realizing the Householder’s
2
CMM-2005 – Computer Methods in Mechanics June 21-24, 2005, Częstochowa, Poland
4. Numerical examples connections. The short time of computations for this example
confirms the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
In the course of system testing there has been a good
agreement of our results and those presented in Ref. [16], [14], 5. Final remarks
[15], [6], [12], [3], [8] and obtained from tests on Araldite
models [6]. To illustrate the correctness of algorithm The paper presents the algorithm for the analysis of shear
realization, three examples of coupled shear walls of variable wall structures of variable thickness, using a variant of the
thickness have been chosen. continuous connection method. The conducted tests have
confirmed correctness of the algorithm realization. The
4.1. Example 1: Symmetrical shear wall with step change proposed algorithm is effective and can be useful for a design
in thickness and uniform continuous connection analysis of tall buildings.
The 22-storey symmetrical coupled shear wall with a step Acknowledgement Financial support by Poznan University
change in thickness, previously studied by Rosman [15], is of Technology grant DS-11-650/05 is kindly acknowledged.
analysed. The storey height is 2.69 m, depth of walls is 6.50 m
and span of continuous connections is 1.65 m. The shear wall References
thickness at the lower 10 storeys is 0.407 m and in the upper
12 storeys is 0.288 m. The floor slabs of depth 0.21 m and [1] Aksogan, O., Arslan, H.M. and Choo, B.S., Forced
width 6.50 m are considered as continuous connections. The vibration analysis of stiffened coupled shear walls using
modulus of elasticity of concrete is taken to be continuous connection method, Engineering Structures,
E = 2.1 105 kG/cm2, and the shear modulus G = 3/7 E. The wall 25, pp. 499-506, 2003.
is subjected to lateral load due to wind action. In Fig.1 there are [2] Chan, H.C. and Cheung, Y.K., Analysis of shear wall using
diagrams of horizontal displacements and shear force intensity higher order finite elements, Building and Environment, 14,
in continuous connection. The maximum displacement and pp. 217-224,1979.
maximum shear force intensity given in Ref. [15] are 0.0132 m [3] Cheung, Y.K., Au, F.T.K. and Zheng, D.Y., Analysis of
and 5346 kG/m, respectively and it shows a good agreement. deep beams and shear walls by finite strip method with C0
continuous displacement functions, Thin-Walled Structures,
4.2. Example 2: Asymmetrical shear wall with step change 32, pp. 289-303, 1998.
in thickness [4] Coull, A. and Puri, R.D., Analysis of coupled shear walls of
variable thickness, Build. Sci., 2, pp. 181-188, 1967.
In this example, analysed previously in Ref. [2], [3], the [5] Coull, A. and Puri, R.D.: Analysis of coupled shear walls of
connecting beam as well as walls have step change in thickness. variable cross-section, Build. Sci., 2, pp. 313-320, 1968.
The 21-storey asymmetrical coupled shear wall consisted of two [6] Coull, A., Puri, R.D. and Tottenham, H., Numerical elastic
segments of different thickness, with a constant storey height of analysis of coupled shear walls, Proceedings of the
1.0. All dimensions are given in inches. The shear wall Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 2, 55, pp. 109-128,
thickness at the lower 11 storeys is 0.625 and in the upper 10 1973.
storeys is 0.375. The depth of the left and right wall is 3.0 and [7] Glück, J. and Gellert, M., Three dimensional lateral load
2.5, respectively. The depth of connecting beams is 0.25. The analysis of multistorey structures, Publications IABSE,
effective span length of a beam is taken as 1.5 + 0.25 = 1.75. (Mémoires Abhandlungen Publications), 32-I, pp.77-90,
The adjustment to the span length of the spandrel beam is to 1972.
allow for the fact that the rigid-end condition could not possibly [8] Ha, K.H. and Tan, T.M.H., An efficient analysis of
occur immediately at the junction of the wall and the beam [13]. continuum shear wall models, Canadian Journ. of Civ.
The shear wall is assumed to be made of isotropic material Engineering, 26, pp. 425-433, 1999.
having Young’s modulus E of 463 000 lb/sq.in. and Poisson’s [9] Ho, D. and Liu, C.H., Shear-wall and shear-core assemblies
ratio of 0.0. The shear wall is subjected to a unit horizontal with variable cross-section, Proceedings of the Institution of
uniformly distributed load at the left side. Civil Engineers, 81, pp.433-446, 1986.
In Fig. 2 there is a plan of the shear wall and normal stress [10] Liang, Q., Recent development of 3-dimensional analysis
distribution across section at z = 3.375. The obtained diagrams of tall building structures by continuum method, Recent
of horizontal deflection and shear force intensity in continuous Developments and Future Trends of Computational
connection are shown in Fig. 3. The computations correlated Mechanics in Structural Engineering, Proceedings of
well with the results obtained by the finite element method and Sino-US Joint Symposium, Beijing, China, Cheng, F.Y. and
the finite strip method [2], [3]. Zizhi, F. Eds, Elsevier, pp. 246-259, 1992.
[11] Liauw, T.-C. and Luk, W.K., Torsion of core walls of
4.3. Example 3: Asymmetrical shear wall consisted of nonuniform section, Journal of the Structural Division,
three segments of different thickness. Proc. ASCE, 106, pp.1921-1931, 1980.
[12] Lis, Z., Calculations of tall buildings braces with stepped
Fig. 4 shows the plan of 31-storey asymmetrical shear wall characteristics, Archiwum Inżynierii Lądowej, 23,
with two bands of openings created by the extension of pp. 527-534, 1977 (in Polish).
Example 2. In the modified structure the wall of depth 2.5, [13] Michael, D., The effect of local deformations on the
connected by the same spandrel beams as in Example 2, has elastic interaction of cross walls coupled by beams, in: Tall
been inserted on the right side. Furthermore, the whole structure Buildings, Pergamon Press, 1967, 253-270.
has been heighten by 10-storey segment of thickness 0.25. The [14] Pisanty, A. and Traum, E.E., Simplified analysis of
properties of material and the loads are taken to be the same as coupled shear walls of variable cross-section, Building
in Example 2. Fig. 4 shows the normal stress distribution at the Science, 5, pp.11-20, 1970.
base of the structure. In Fig. 5 there are diagrams of horizontal [15] Rosman, R., Analysis of coupled shear walls, Arkady,
displacements and shear force intensity in two continuous Warszawa 1971 (in Polish).
3
CMM-2005 – Computer Methods in Mechanics June 21-24, 2005, Częstochowa, Poland
[16] Traum, E.E., Multistorey pierced shear walls of variable [20] Wdowicki, J. and Wdowicka, E., System of programs for
cross-section, in: Tall Buildings, Pergamon Press, Oxford, analysis of three-dimensional shear wall structures, The
London, pp. 181-206, 1967. Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 2, pp. 295- 305, 1993.
[17] Tso, W.K. and Biswas, J.K., General analysis of nonplanar [21] Wdowicki J.A., Wdowicka E.M. and Tomaszewski A.M.:
coupled shear walls, J. of Struct. Div., Proc. ASCE, 99, Integrated System for multistorey buildings – use of
pp. 365-380, 1973. software engineering rules, 2nd European Conference on
[18] Tso, W.K. and Chan, P.C.K., Static analysis of stepped Computational Mechanics: Solids, Structures and Coupled
coupled walls by transfer matrix method, Building Science, Problems in Engineering, Cracow, Poland, Abstracts,
8, pp. 167-177, 1973. Vol. 1, 408-409, full version on CD-ROM, minisymposium
[19] Wdowicka, E.M., Wdowicki, J.A. and Błaszczyński, T.Z.: 10, pp. 1-20, 2001.
Seismic analysis of the "South Gate" tall building according [22] Wilkinson J.H. and Reinsch C.: Linear Algebra, Handbook
to Eurocode 8, The Structural Design of Tall and Special for Automatic Computation, vol. II, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
Buildings, 14, pp. 59-67, 2005. Heidelberg, New York, 1971.
Figure 1: Example 1 - Horizontal displacements and shear force intensity function in continuous connection
4
CMM-2005 – Computer Methods in Mechanics June 21-24, 2005, Częstochowa, Poland
Figure 3: Example 2 - Horizontal displacements and shear force intensity function in continuous connection
5
CMM-2005 – Computer Methods in Mechanics June 21-24, 2005, Częstochowa, Poland
Figure 4: Example 3 - Plan and normal stresses at the base of shear wall structure
Figure 5: Example 3 - Horizontal displacements and shear force intensity functions in two continuous connections