RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATED

BATTERY CHARGER FOR

DISTRIBUTED POWER SYSTEMS
1.M.Arjun Priyadharshan, 2.L.Gowthaman, 3.K.S.Brijeshvor
#1 UG Student, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram
#2 UG Student, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram
#3 UG Student, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram

Abstract—This paper presents a Z-source impedance network system. Such a charging circuit necessarily draws a high-ripple
based Series- Parallel Resonant dc-dc converter for the charging current. Accordingly, as the concern about the quality
distributed power generation systems battery charging of a charger grows a charging circuit for reducing the ripple and
application. The topologies contain the voltage-fed quasi-Z- extending the battery life be- comes more important in
source inverter with continuous input current on the primary designing the battery storage systems. Several charging circuits
have been proposed to overcome the disadvantages of the
side, a single-phase isolation transformer and a rectifier circuit.
The proposed Z-source resonant dc-dc converter can minimize traditional battery charger. Unlike linear regulators, switching
switching frequency range of the converter and can lead to high regulators use active power switches to operate in either the
converter efficiency over the entire input voltage and load saturation region or the cutoff region. Because either region
variation. In addition to that, the proposed converter can be will lead to low switching voltage or low switching current, it is
short and open circuited without damaging switching devices. possible to convert a dc voltage to a
different level with efficiency greater than 85%, as
Thus the proposed converter is very strong to EMI and
well as with low cost, relatively small size, and light weight.
converter reliability can be greatly enhanced. The converter
The life and capacity of the secondary batteries depend on
practically eliminates both low- and high-frequency current
several factors, e.g., charge mode, maintenance, temperature,
ripple on the battery, thus maximizing battery life without
and age. Among these factors, the charge mode has a great im-
penalizing the volume of the charger circuit. Moreover,
pact on battery life and capacity. The secondary batteries
operation above resonance is preferred, because the power should be charged with current and voltage levels with low
switches turn on at zero current and zero voltage; the proposed ripple. Therefore, a high-performance battery charger is
battery charger circuit has few components and low-energy necessary in a battery energy storage system. In addition, the
conversion loss, which enhance the system’s overall efficiency. basic requirements of battery chargers with switching
Satisfactory performance is obtained from the simulations regulators are small sized and high efficiency. High switching
results. frequency is necessary to achieve a small size. However, the
switching loss will increase as the switching frequency is
increased. This condition, in turn, decreases the efficiency of
Index Terms—Battery,charger, series–parallel resonant the battery chargers. To solve this problem, some kinds of soft-
converter, soft-switching converter, z-source converter. switching techniques need to be used to operate under high
switching frequency . One simple solution to a soft-switching
I. INTRODUCTION converter is loaded resonant converters.
SECONDARY batteries are widely used in the
application of residential, industrial, and commercial energy II. RESONANT CONVERTER
storage systems to store electricity and supply the load for
various types of electronic equipment. If the dc source is Resonant converters can achieve very low switching loss due
directly connected to the secondary battery, the output voltage to its soft switching characteristic. . By adopting these
of the dc source is fixed to the voltage of the secondary topologies, either voltage or current is zero during switching
batteries are widely used in the application of residential, transition, which largely reduce the switching loss and also
industrial, and commercial energy storage systems to store increase the reliability for the battery chargers. To minimize the
electricity and secondary battery therefore, the system cannot power losses, it is essential not to waste energy in the
always operate at each optimum operating point. Therefore, it is conversion process. In relation to the power electronics and
necessary to install a dc–dc interface between the dc source and associated control schemes, the main requirement is to
the secondary battery to make the energy storage system always guarantee that the charging system is efficient. Therefore,
operates at the optimum operating points. This dc–dc interface topologies with high frequencies and soft-switching technique
is also called the battery charger. The traditional battery are used to reduce the charging current ripple and extend
charger, which extracts power from an ac- line source, requires battery life. Among these existing soft-switching converters
a thyristor ac/dc converter rectifier with an equivalent series
resistance to control the power flow to charge the battery
class-D resonant converters are the most popular ones
because of their simplicity of circuit configuration, easy
realization of the control scheme, low switching losses, and high
flexibility for charging current regulation. Class-D resonant
converters can be classified, de- pending on the manner by
which energy is extracted from the resonant tank, into the
following three types:1) Series resonant converters; 2) parallel
resonant converters; and 3) series-parallel resonant converters;.
The series resonant converter is inherently short circuit and
protected by the impedance resonant tank. In general, the SRC
controls its output voltage by changing switching frequency of
the converter. When the output voltage is equal to input voltage,
for example, switching frequency of the SRC is positioned to
resonant frequency. As converter input voltage increases or load
becomes light, the SRC increases its switching frequency to
maintain output voltage. As already well known, main drawback
of the SRC is poor light load efficiency because a lot of
circulating energy (or current), which is not contribute to power
transfer, should flow through resonant circuit. In addition to
this, output voltage of the SRC is always equal to or smaller
than input voltage. In other words, the SRC has only buck (or
step down) function. When converter input voltage range is very
wide, the SRC may not be used However, the main drawback of
the series resonant converter is that the charging voltage cannot
be regulated at no- load and light-load conditions.
FFig1.LLC series resonant converter
The disadvantage of the parallel converter is that the current in
the resonant components is relatively independent of the load.
The conduction losses are fixed, and the efficiency of the
converter is relatively poor for light loads. On the other hand,
the series–parallel converter combines the advantages of the
series and parallel converters. The output is controllable for no
load or light load, and the light- load efficiency is relatively
high. Accordingly, a series–parallel dc–dc converter is installed
between the dc input source and the storage batteries to control
the operating points of the dc source.
The LLC series resonant converter (LLC-SRC) utilizing
transformer magnetizing inductance as resonant element has
been presented in many previous papers and showed good
performances. However, the attainable voltage gain of the
LLC-SRC decreases as Q factor (or load) increases. The reason
Thus, converter reliability can be greatly improved.
However, extra components such as a diode, two inductors, and
two capacitors in the Z-source network will increase converter
for this is that the LLC-SRC is basically a variation of the
traditional SRC, but it uses low transformer magnetizing
inductance.
Fig 2.DC voltage gain of the LLC series resonant
converter
The load becomes heavy, the effect of magnetizing inductance
becomes less and it eventually takes properties of the SRC. This
problem can be solved by either further reducing magnetizing
inductance of the transformer .In this case, however, current
flowing through the magnetizing inductance becomes big. This
will increase switch turn-off current and results in efficiency
drop. Therefore, the LLC-SRC also may not be applicable to the
system that requires both wide input voltage and wide load
variation. In order to overcome the above mentioned problems,
a resonant dc-dc converter using the Z-source impedance
network between the power source and main switching device is
proposed in this paper.
ADVANTAGES
 Ease of the control scheme
 Low switching losses
 Low electromagnetic interference, among others.
 The converter can maintain a high efficiency for a
wide input range at different output power levels.
 The switching frequency of the improved resonant
converter was at continuous conduction mode.
I I I . Z -S O U RCE I N V E RT E R
The great and unique feature about the proposed
Zsource resonant converter is that unlike the traditional V-
source or I-source converters, it can be open and short-circuited
without damaging switching switches. Therefore, the desired
buck and boost function can be achieved. This buck and boost
function is utilized in this paper to minimize switching
frequency range of the proposed converter, which eventually
contribute to improved light load efficiency. the proposed
converter is very strong to EMI because the proposed converter
inherently uses switch shoot-through to boost output voltage.
volume, number of components and cost, thus makes the
proposed converter less attractive. In this paper, the bulky
inductors and capacitors are significantly reduced while
maintaining same performances.
 The voltage-fed QUAZSI with continuous input current
implemented at the converter input side has a unique feature: It
can boost the input voltage by utilizing of extra switching state -
the shoot-through state. The shoot-though state here is the
simultaneous conduction of both switches of the same phase leg
of the inverter. This operation state is forbidden for the traditional
voltage source inverter (VSI) because it causes the short circuit of
the dc link capacitors.
In the discussed QUAZSI, the shoot-through state is
used to boost the magnetic energy stored in the dc side inductors
and without short-circuiting the dc capacitors. This increase in
inductive energy in turn provides the boost of voltage seen on the
transformer primary winding during the traditional operating
states (active states) of the inverter. Thus, the varying output
voltage of the fuel cell is first Pre-regulated by adjusting the
shoot-through duty cycle; afterwards the isolation transformer is
being supplied with the voltage with a constant amplitude value.
Although the control principle of the qZSI is more
complicated than the traditional VSI,
 it provides a potentially cheaper,
 More powerful,
 Reliable and efficient approach to be used for
renewable powered systems.
The discussed qzsi shown in Figure has features like continuous
current drawn from the fuel cell as well as lower operating
voltage of the capacitor C2, as compared to the ZSI topology.
Fig 3. Conventional power circuit diagram of Z-source
converter
A. Z SOURCE RESONANT DC-DC CONVERTER
Figure Shows an overall circuit of the proposed Z-source series -
parallel resonant converter. The Z-source network can
be implemented with either the original Z-source structure or
recently developed qZ-source structure.
Fig 4.Quasi Z-source Series-parallel resonant
converter
B . OPERATING MODES
i.Normal mode (Vin = Vo, fsw =
fr)
In this mode, switching frequency ( fsw ) the
proposed converter is set to resonant frequency fr ) of the
converter which is defined as
Where Lr, Cr is resonant inductor and capacitor, respectively.
In this mode, there is no circulating current and all switches
can be turn-on and off at almost perfect zero voltage and zero
current condition. Therefore, maximum efficiency will be
achieved at this mode.
ii. Buck mode (Vin > Vo, fr < fsw < fsw.max).
In this mode, the proposed converter operates as
conventional SRC and controls Vo by increasing fsw from fr to
its maximum switching frequency (fsw-max). However, unlike
the SRC, frequency range of the proposed converter can be
much narrower than that of the SRC because the input voltage
range in buck mode is narrower than that of the SRC. As a
consequence, light load efficiency of the proposed converter
can be improved significantly.
iii. Boost mode (Vin < VO, fsw = fr)
In this mode, fsw is fixed to fr, same as the normal mode
operation mentioned above. In this mode, however, the
proposed converter uses switch shoot through to boost Vo
C. FREQUENCY RANGE
The relationship between input voltage and switching
frequency range of the proposed converter is illustrated and it
is compared with that of the SRC. From analysis frequency
range of the proposed converter is much narrower than that of
the SRC. Therefore, efficiency at the maximum input voltage
or light load condition can be improved with the proposed
resonant converter. relationship between input voltage and
switching frequency range of the proposed converter is
illustrated in fig 5.
Fig 5 .Relationship between Input Voltage and
Frequency range
I V . S I M U L AT I O N R E S U LT S
F i g 6 . I np ut a nd o ut p ut vo l t a ge wa ve fo
r ms
Fig 7. Voltage and current waveforms of resonant converter
Figure 6 shows the input and output voltage waveforms .input
voltage is 60v.output voltage is 100v.the waveform shows that
the output voltage is greater than the input voltage. Figure 7
shows voltage and current waveforms of the resonant converter.
Resonant voltage and current obtained from the simulation
result is 100v & 10A respectively.
V.CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a novel application of Z-source
impedance based series parallel resonant converter for battery
chargers. Operating above resonance, the developed charger
circuit offers the advantages of zero-voltage switching, reduced
switching losses, and increased charging efficiency.
The charging current can be determined from the characteristic
impedance of the resonant tank by the adjustable switching
frequency of the proposed converter. In this paper, a detailed
analysis of the z –source converter is presented, and this
theoretical analysis is verified by simulation results. The
simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the
developed charger.
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