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Physics ideas:
1
Now that we have the image of the lens, we use it as the object for the
mirror:
The image is upright and real. Additionally, the image is smaller than the
object (you can check by using the lens maker’s formula).
2
Problem 2
v
x
Physics ideas:
• The Poynting vector gives the direction of motion of an EM wave
• The magnitude of the Poynting vector is the rate of flow of energy
S~= 1E ~ ×B ~ (1)
µ0
Recall that for an EM wave, there is a relationship between the electric field
~ and the magnetic field (B),
(E) ~ specifically:
~ = c|B|
|E| ~ (2)
With this relationship, we can obtain an expression for the Poynting vector:
~= 1 E
S ~ ·E
~ (3)
cµ0
~ Here we note that we
Next we need an expression for the electric field (E).
have a periodic function, specifically a sine (or cosine) wave. Since we’re asked
about the time averaged value, we can choose any phase since we average over
a single period. Since it matches my diagram, I’ll choose
~ = −E0 sin(ωt)ˆĵ
E (4)
Lastly, recall the general definition of an average (discrete or continuous):
N Z X
1X 1
Vavg = vi Vavg = vdx (5)
N i=1 X 0
3
Plugging (4) into (3) and applying the definition of an average (5), we obtain:
T
E02
Z
Savg = sin(ωt)2 dt (6)
cµ0 T 0
1 E02
Savg = (7)
2 cµ0
4
Problem 3
v
x
~
δ2 E ~
1 δ2 E
2
= 2 2 (8)
δx c δt
Specifically:
λ k
c = λν = c= (9)
T ω
The problem gives the value of the wavelength and we are told that the EM
wave travels in vacuum so we know the speed of the wave. As a note, recall
that the wavenumber (k) is related to the wavelength (λ) in the same way that
the angular frequency (ω) is related to the period (T ).
2π 2π
k= ω = 2πν = (10)
λ T
5
Problem 4
~ and |B|
We’ve already addressed the relationship between |E| ~ in Problem 2
(see equation 2).
6
Problem 5
Physics ideas:
• Using a concave mirror, magnification of an object is only possible if the
object is between the mirror and focal point.
• Magnification of the mirror is related to the ratio of the image and object
distances
• Radius of curvature of the mirror is related to the focal distance of the
mirror
• Lens maker’s equation relates the image and object distances to the focal
length
Starting with the first idea, we can draw a ray diagram.
C f
We know the magnification is the ratio of the image over the object. Be
careful here, the negative sign ist:
simage |simage |
M =− = (11)
sobject sobject
7
The focal length of the (spherical) mirror is given by:
R
f =− (12)
2
Note that since the mirror is convex, we set the radius R < 0 so the negative
signs will cancel (see below). Lastly, the lens maker’s equation stats:
1 1 1
= + (13)
f sobject simage
8
Problem 6
Physics ideas:
• The Poynting vector gives the direction of motion of an EM wave
Essentially we have already discussed the solution (see problem 2). We
simply need to recall the definition of the Poynting vector and how to apply the
right-hand-rule.
~= 1E
S ~ ×B
~ (16)
µ0
~
1. Fingers in the direction of the first vector (E)
~
2. Palm in the direction of the second vector (B)
~
3. Thumb gives the direction of the third vector (S)
î = ĵ × k̂ (17)
9
Problem 7
10
Problem 8
In the figure above, a ray of light is perpendicular to the face ab of a glass prism
(nglass = 1.5). Find the largest value for the angle φ so that the ray is totally
reflected at face ac if the prism is immersed in a fluid of index of refraction
nf luid .
nfluid
nglass φ
b c
Physics ideas:
• Snell’s law gives the relationship between index of refraction and angle of
refraction.
• Total internal reflection occurs when ’exiting’ angle is 90◦ .
Let’s first draw the path of the light through the prism. If the incident angle
is 0◦ then there is no deflection at the ab interface according to Snell’s law (since
n1 & n2 6= 0). Furthermore, at the ac interface the exit angle is 90◦ .
nfluid
φ
90o-φ
nglass φ
b c
11
the above equation can be rewritten as:
nf luid
φ = cos−1 ( ) (22)
nglass
Note that nf luid < nglass in order for total internal reflection to occur.
MAKE SURE YOUR CALCULATOR IS IN THE CORRECT UNITS!
12
Problem 9
Figure shows a small light bulb suspended y2 above the surface of the water in
a swimming pool. The water is y1 deep, and the bottom of the pool is a large
plane mirror. How far below the mirror’s surface is the image of the bulb?
y2
y1 Water
Mirror
Physics ideas:
text
If there were no water, then the total distance would be 2(y1 + y2 ), i.e. the
bulb will look like it is a distance of (y1 + y2 ) below the surface of the mirror.
However, since the water is present, light will refract and so the total distance
will actually look shorter.
13
Problem 10
Light in vacuum is incident on the surface of a glass slab. In the vacuum the
beam makes an angle of θ with the normal to the surface, while in the glass it
makes an angle of φ with the normal. What is the index of refraction of the
glass?
Physics ideas:
φ
θ
14
Problem 11
Initially unpolarized light is sent through three polarizing sheets whose polar-
izing directions make angles of θ1 = θ2 = θ3 with the direction of y axis. What
percentage of the initial intensity is transmitted by the system of three sheets?
θ1
θ3
θ2
Physics ideas:
• Unpolarized light → polarized light cuts the intensity by 12 .
• Polarized light → polarized light decreases the intensity by a factor of
cos2 (φ), where φ is the angle between the initial and final polarizations.
15
Problem 12
θ
d
ΔL
We’ll start by using the given information (in air) to determine the slit
separation. The path length difference (DeltaL) is
∆L = nλ (31)
From the geometry of the situation and assuming that the screen is very far
from the slits, we have:
dsin(θ) = ∆L = nλ (32)
We are told both the angle θ for the first fringe (n = 1) and the wavelength
λ so we can obtain the slit separation distance d.
16
λ
d= (33)
sin(θ)
We also need an expression for the wavelength when the apparatus is im-
mersed in acetone. We recall that the frequency of the light does not change
when entering a different medium.
v = λν (36)
17
Problem 13
Physics ideas:
~ and B
• For EM wave, E ~ fields are related (equation 2)
18
Problem 14
Physics ideas:
~ and B
• For EM wave, E ~ fields are related (equation 2)
~
|E|
~ =
|B| (44)
c
Using the right hand rule and the Poynting vector, we find that the magnetic
field is in the −ĵ.
19
Problem 15
We see a full Moon by reflected sunlight. How much earlier did the light that
enters our eye leave the Sun? The Earth-Moon and Earth-Sun distances are
3.8 × 105 km and 1.5 × 108 km.
Physics ideas:
d
∆t = (46)
v
Essentially the moon and Earth are the same distance from the sun, so the
time difference is due to light having to travel from the moon to the Earth
dE−M + dE−S
∆t = (47)
c
20
Problem 16
B
C
θ
w
D
ΔL ΔL
If rays A and B are perfectly out of phase, then rays C and D will also be
perfectly out of phase. Assuming that the screen is very far away from the slit,
we can write
w λ
∆L = sin(θ) = (48)
2 2
We proceed to enter in the width and wavelength to determine the angle.
21
Problem 17
22
Problem 18
At what frequency does the maximum current flow through a series RLC circuit
containing a resistance of R, an inductance of L, and a capacitance of C?
Physics ideas:
• Need to consider the impedance of an RLC circuit with AC current.
• Maximum current corrsponds to a minimum impedance.
• The impedance is minimized at resonance of the circuit.
• Resonance of a RLC circuit (in series) requires the reactance of the induc-
tor to equal that of the capacitor.
Z = ZR + ZL + ZC (50)
1
Z = R + iωL + (51)
iωC
r
1 2
Z= R2 + (ωL − ) ) (52)
ωC
To minimize the impedance we set the reactance of the inductor equal to
that of the capacitor
1
ωL = (53)
ωC
r
1
ω= (54)
LC
23
Problem 19
Physics ideas:
• The impedance of the circuit can be used to determine the current through
the circuit.
• The energy is lost through the resistor in the circuit.
• We can obtain the angular frequency from the frequency.
We first find the expression of the impedence (see equation 52). Once we
have this, we can use Ohm’s law to determine the current flowing through the
circuit.
V sin(2πνt)
I(t) = q (56)
1
R2 + (2πνL − 2πνC )2 )
Now the power dissipated in a circuit is given by
P = I 2R (57)
Note that we are only concerned here with the resistor, the capacitor and
inductor do not cause energy to be lost. Taking the time average is
T
V 2 Rsin2 (2πνt)
Z
1
hP i = 1 (58)
T 0 R2 + (2πνL − 2πνC )2 )
V 2R
hP i = 1 (59)
2(R2 + (2πνL − 2
2πνC ) )
24
Problem 20
For d = na where how many bright interference fringes lie in the central diffrac-
tion envelope?
θ
d =na
ΔL
Physics ideas:
• Single slit diffraction will create a central peak.
• Double slit interference will create multiple peaks within the central diffrac-
tion peak.
The angular width of the central , single slit diffraction peak can be found
using equation 48 and the angle of the double slit interference is given by equa-
tion 33. If we set the angles to be the same, then we can find the value of m,
the number of fringes due to the double slit interference.
λ (2m − 1)λ
= (60)
a 2(na)
Where m = 1, 2, 3.... I’ve used the expression 2m − 1 to express only the
odd integers.
2n + 1
m= (61)
2
First, we take the floor of the number (round down to the nearest integer)
since we are concerned about the total number of contained peaks. Also, the
equation for the double slit interference gives the number of maximum to one
side of the optical axis (either above or below) so we’ll need to double the given
number. Finally, the double slit eqaution ignores the central maximum.
25
Problem 21
26
Problem 22
A television set draws an rms current of Irms from a 60-Hz power line. Find (a)
the average current, (b) the average of the square of the current, and (c) the
amplitude of the current.
Since the current is sinusoidal, the average of the current is 0.
Z T
sin(ωt) = 0 (62)
0
T
Lastly the average value of sine2 over a full period is 2 as used several other
places in this document. Therefore
r
I02
Irms = (65)
2
√
I0 = 2Irms (66)
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