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Electrical injury is a relatively infrequent but potentially dev- control system or due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles.
astating form of multisystem injury with high morbidity and Presence of severe burns (common in high-voltage electrical
mortality. Most electrical injuries in adults occur in the work- injury), myocardial necrosis, the level of central nervous system
place, whereas children are exposed primarily at home. In nature, injury, and the secondary multiple system organ failure determine
electrical injury occurs due to lightning, which also carries the the subsequent morbidity and long-term prognosis. There is no
highest mortality. The severity of the injury depends on the specific therapy for electrical injury, and the management is
intensity of the electrical current (determined by the voltage of symptomatic. Although advances in the intensive care unit, and
the source and the resistance of the victim), the pathway it especially in burn care, have improved the outcome, prevention
follows through the victim’s body, and the duration of the contact remains the best way to minimize the prevalence and severity of
with the source of the current. Immediate death may occur either electrical injury. (Crit Care Med 2002; 30[Suppl.]:S424 –S430)
from current-induced ventricular fibrillation or asystole or from KEY WORDS: high- and low-voltage electrical injury; lightening;
respiratory arrest secondary to paralysis of the central respiratory multiple system organ failure
A lthough electricity is a rela- (2). Electrocutions at home account for suites), where several procedures are per-
tively recent invention, hu- ⬎200 deaths per year, and they are formed utilizing high-voltage energy for
mans have always been ex- mostly associated with malfunctioning or diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (e.g.,
posed to electrical injuries misuse of consumer products (3). Elec- defibrillators, pacemakers, electrosurgi-
caused by lightning. The devastating trical injuries are also the cause of con- cal devices) (5– 8).
power of lightning was viewed with awe, siderable morbidity. Electrical burns ac-
and understandably, it was attributed to count for approximately 2–3% of all PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
supernatural powers. Zeus, the ruler of burns in children that require emergency
the ancient Greek gods, was characteris- Electricity is the flow of electrons (the
room care (⬎2000 cases per year). The
tically depicted holding thunderbolts, negatively charged outer particles of an
vast majority of electrical burns in chil-
which he used as warning or punishment atom) through a conductor. An object
dren take place at home and are associ-
against those who disobeyed him. The that collects electrons becomes nega-
ated with electrical and extension cords
discovery and widespread use of electric- tively charged, and when the electrons
(in about 60 –70% of the incidents) and
ity in the mid-1800s took away (to some flow away from this object through a con-
with wall outlets, which account for an- ductor, they create an electric current,
extent) the supernatural aura surround- other 10 –15% of the cases (3). Lightning
ing electrical power but, in return, made which is measured in amperes. The force
is responsible for an average of 93 deaths that causes the electrons to flow is the
electrical injury a common problem at annually in the United States, whereas
work or at home, with the first electrical voltage, and it is measured in volts. Any-
the morbidity is estimated to be 5 to 10 thing that impedes the flow of electrons
fatality recorded in France in 1879 (1). times higher than that due to other forms
Despite significant improvements in through a conductor creates resistance,
of electrical injury. (4) which is measured in ohms (1). An elec-
product safety, electrical injury is still the Because severe electrical injuries tend
cause of many fatalities and of consider- trical injury will occur when a person
to occur primarily in the workplace, they comes into contact with the current pro-
able morbidity. Electrical injuries (ex- usually involve adults, and therefore, they
cluding lightning) are responsible for duced by a source. This source can be a
account for only a small percentage of the human-made one (e.g., the power line of
⬎500 deaths per year in the United
overall number of admissions to pediatric a utility company) or a natural one, such
States. A little more than half of them
intensive care units (ICUs). However, as a lightning.
occur in the workplace and constitute the
considering that both the home and work Electrical power is generated and
fourth leading cause of work-related trau-
environments are full of electrically pow- transmitted via a system of three conduc-
matic death (5– 6% of all workers’ deaths)
ered devices, the potential of accidental tors with the same voltage but with wave-
injury is ever present, and it is necessary forms that reach their peak at a different
for the intensivist to know the character- phase. This three-phase system allows for
From the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, College
istics and the principles of management a more efficient generation and transmis-
of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University,
Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York Pres- of this type of injury. Of particular im- sion of power. Power lines used by utility
byterian, New York, NY. portance is the possibility of iatrogenic companies are classified according to
Copyright © 2002 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins electrical injury in the ICU (and in the their voltage from phase to phase, and
DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000035099.55766.EA operating room and electrophysiology they range from “low” (when they carry
DC, direct current; AC, alternating current; CNS, central nervous system.