LINES AND ANGLES

ANGLES

A) Identifying an Angle

angle is formed by two straight lines that meet at a point called the vertex.

For example : –

In the figure above,

(a) AOB is an angle.

(b) OA and OB are called the arms of the angle.

(c) O is the vertex, that is the point where the two arms meet.

Worked Example 1

Mark the angle in each case.

(a) ﾧ
(b)ﾧ

Solution

(a) ﾧ
(b)ﾧ

B) Naming an angle

An angle can be named by using one letter or three letters.

For example :-

ﾧ ﾧ

Worked Example 2
ﾧ ﾧ
C) Measuring Angles

1. Angles are measured in units called degrees ( 0 ).

2. To measure an angle, we can use an instrument called the protractor as shown

below.

3. Note that if we
read from left to
right ( clockwise
direction ), we
use the inner
scale.

4. To measure an angle less than 1800, <KLM, follow the steps below.

Method 1 :
ﾧ

Step 1

Place the protractor that its centre is on the vertex L. Adjust the protractor
until its base line corresponds with the arm LM.

Step 2

Read the value of

<KLM using the
inner
scale. Therefore, <KLM = 300.

Method 2 :

Step 1

Place the protractor so that its centre is on the vertex L. Adjust the protractor
until its base
line corresronds
with the arm LK.

ﾧ
 Step 2

Read the value of <KLM using the outer scale.Therefore, .KLM = 300

5. To measure an angle which is more than 1800, follow the steps below :

To measure <STU

Step 1

Produce the arm

ST to V and measure <STV. <STV = 1800

Step 2

Place and
adjust the
protractor as
shown to
measure
<VTU.

Step 3

<STU = <STV
+ <VTU

= 1800 + 200

= 2000

D) Drawing Angles Using

a Protractor

1. We can also use a

protractor to draw an angle.

2. To draw <RST =600, follow the steps below.

Step 1

Draw an arm ST with S as the vertex.

ﾧ

Step 2

Place the protractor

so that its centre is on
the vertex S and its
base line is on ST.

Step 3

Find 600 at the

inner scale and
mark it with a
point. Call this
point R.
ﾧ

Step 4

Remove the
protractor and draw a line to join R with S.

Step 5

Mark and label <RST as

600.

3. To draw <KLM =
2400 ( more than 1800 ),
follow the steps below.

Step 1

Draw an arm KL with L as the vertex.

Step 2

Place the
protractor so
that its centre is
on the vertex L
and its base line is on KL. Mark the point M at 600 on the outer scale.
ﾧ

Step 3

Remove the protractor and join LM with a straight line.

Step 4

Label <KLM as 2400.

E) Identifying the
Different Types of Angles

The table below shows the

different types of angles.

Worked Example
3

Which of the
following angles is
acute,
obtuse, reflex or
right-angled?

(a) 1650

(b) 900

(c) 2340

(d) 830

Solution

(a) 1650 is an obtuse angle.

(b) 900 is right angle.

(c) 2340 is a reflex angle.

(d) 830 is an acute angle.

G) Determining the Sum of Angles on a
Straight Line

1. Use a protractor to measure the angles on the straight line.

Worked Example 4

Using a protractor, measure the angles on the straingh line KLM. Then, find the
sum of the angles in each case.

(a)
(b)
ﾧ
ﾧ

Solution

(a) x = 1200 , y = 600

x + y = 1200 + 600

= 1800

(b) p = 400 , q = 900 , r = 500

p + q + r = 400 + 900 + 500

= 180

2. In general, the sum of the angles on a straight line is 1800.

For example :-

AOB is a straight line.

x + y + z = 1800

H) Determining the Sum of Angles in

One Whole Turn

1. A protractor is used to measure the angles at a point.

Worked Example 5

Use a protractor to measure the angles in the figures. Then, find the sum of the
angles in each case.
(a) ﾧ
(b) ﾧ

Solution

(a) x = 1100 , y = 2500

x + y = 1100 + 2500

= 3600

(b) p = 1300 , q = 600 , r = 700 , s = 1000

p + q + r + s = 1300 + 600 + 700 + 1000

= 3600

2. In general, the sum of the angles that formed one whole turn is 3600.

For example :-

a + b + c + d + e = 360

I) Calculating Angles involving

One
Whole Turn

Worked Example 6

Without measuring, calculate the angles marked.

(a)
ﾧ

(b)ﾧ

Solution
ﾧ

PARALLEL LINES
AND
PERPENDICULAR
LINES

A) Determining
Parallel Lines
1. Parallel lines are lines that will not meet however far they are produced either
way.

2. They are at the same distance apart from one other

For example :-

(a)
ﾧ

KL is parallel to RS or KL//RS

(b)

AB//CD

(c)
ﾧ

EF//HG

EH//FG

3. To determine whether two given lines are parallel or not, follow the steps
below.

Step 1

Mark two points P and R on of two straight lines.The points should be as far
apart as possible.

Step 2

Using a protractor ora

set aquare draw the two perpendicular lines PM and RN as shown.

Step 3

Measure PM and RN.

The given lines are
parallel to each other if PM =RN.

B) Drawing Parallel Lines

There are three methods to draw parallel lines.

Method 1 : Using a ruler

(a)

(b)

Method 2 : Using a
protractor

(a)
ﾧ

(b)
ﾧ

Therefore,
PM//RN

Method 3 : Using a set square

(a) To draw a straight line through the point P and parallel to the straight line
XY.

(b)
ﾧ

(c)

(d)

C) Determining
Perpendicular
Lines
1. If two straight lines intersect at 90 , we say the two lines are perpendicular to
each other.

For example :-

3. We can use a protractor or a set square to determine whether two straight

lines are perpendicular to each other or not.

For example :-

(a)
ﾧ

(b)

D) Drawing
Perpendicular Lines

1. To draw a line
perpendicular ti PR from a point M on PR, follow the steps as shown below.

Step 1

Step 2

Join MN. The

straight line MN
will be
perpendicular to
PR at M.
2. To draw a line perpendicular to PR from a point M outside PR, follow the
steps below.

Step 1

Step 2
ﾧ

INTERSECTING LINES AND

THEIR PROPERTIES

A) Identifying Intersecting Lines

We say the two straight lines intersect if they meet (or cut) at a point. This point
is known as the point of intersection.

For example :-
ﾧ

B) Identifying
Complementary
Angle
and Supplementary Angles

1. We know that when two lines are perpendicular, the angle formed by them is a
right angle or 90 .

2. Two angles which add up to 90 are called complementary angles. Each is the
complement of the other.

For example :-

3. We know that
the sum of the
angles on a
straight line is 180.

4. Two angles which add up to 180 are called supplementary angles. Each is the
supplement of the other.
 For example :-
ﾧ
ﾧ

C) Determining
Complementary and
Supplementary Angles

Worked Example 7

Find the value of x in each of the following.

(a) ﾧ
(b) ﾧ

Solution

D) Identifying
Adjacent Angles on
a Straight Line

1. When two
straight lines
intersect, the sum of
the adjacent angles
on a straight line is
180 .

For example :-

The angles x and y which

CE makes with the
straight line ACB are called
adjacect angles on a straight
line. Therefore, x + y = 180

2. When two adjacent angles together make up 180, they are called
supplementary angles.

Worked Example 8

Identify the different pairs of adjacent angles in the following.

(a) ﾧ
(b)ﾧ

Solution

(a) To determine adjacent

angles on a straight line,
measure the angles
marked. If the sum of the angles is 180 , then they are adjacent angles on a
straight line.

x = 60 , y = 120

x + y = 60 + 120

= 180

Therefore, x and y are adjacent angles on the straight line DEF.

(b) a = 110 , b = 50 , c = 130 , d = 70

a + d = 110 + 70

= 180

Therefore, a and d are adjacent angles on the straight line PRT.

b + c = 50 + 130

= 180

Therefore, b and c are adjacent angles on the straight line PRT.

E) Identifying Vertically Opposite Angles

When two straight lines intersect, either pair of opposite angles are called
vertically opposite angles.

For example :-

Intersection of the straight

lines KL and RS. a and c are
vertically opposite angles. b and d are vertically opposite angles.

F) Determining the Size of Vertically

Opposite Angles

If two straight lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are equal.
For example :-

G) Finding the Values of

Adjacent Angles
on a Straight Line

Worked Example 9
ﾧ

KLM is a straight line . Find x.

Solution

H) Problem
Solving involving
Angles
formed by
Intersecting Lines

Worked Example 10

In the figure above, AB and CD are straight lines. Find the values of x and y.

Solution
ﾧ