Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract— Through years, Digital Communication systems, resulting from PCM, granular noise and slope overload
Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM), Linear Delta Modulation distortion resulting from LDM.
(LDM), Differential Pulse Coded Modulation (DPCM), and To observe the previously mentioned problems, and their
Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM), have proven their solution, the digital modulation systems are implemented
unlimited advantages over analog communication systems, in and simulated using Simulink. The relevance of this work
term of error minimization, and distances of transmission
lies in its ability to determine, by simulation, the effect of
enhancement. However two of these systems, the Pulse Coded
Modulation and Linear Delta Modulation, still have some noise on the transmission channel of the data, and prove
weaknesses limiting their advantages; these limitations how two of these systems, the Differential Pulse Coded
negatively affect the communication process causing Modulation and the Adaptive Delta Modulation, work and
quantization error, slope overload distortion and granular eliminate the aforementioned problems.
noise. On the other hand, communication engineers have
developed two additional digital communication systems which II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
are the Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) and the Differential
Pulse Coded Modulation (DPCM) in order to solve the A. Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)
aforementioned problems. This paper discusses the Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) is a method used to
implementation and simulation of the aforementioned digital
digitally represent sampled analog signals; in PCM a signal
communication systems using Simulink (The Math Works,
Inc., Natick, MA, USA) showing the effect of different types of
is represented by a sequence of coded pulses. A PCM
noise when applied to the channel, thus, proving the stream is a digital representation of an analog signal where
importance of DPCM and ADM systems in eliminating such the magnitude of the analog signal is sampled regularly at
effects and ensuring a successful transfer of data. uniform intervals, with each sample being quantized to the
nearest value within a range of digital steps [3].
Keywords- Adaptive Delta Modulation, Differential Pulse Coded PCM has been used in digital telephone systems and is
Modulation, Pulse Coded Modulation, Linear Delta Modulation. also the standard form for digital audio in computers and
compact disks. However, PCM is not typically used for
I. INTRODUCTION
video in consumer applications such as DVD and DVR
Digital communications is the transfer of data over a because it requires two high bit rate [3].
point-to-point or even point-to-multipoint communication The performance of a PCM system is influenced by two
channel, examples of which are copper wires, optical fibers, major sources of noise, namely the channel noise which is
and wireless communications media. The data is introduced anywhere between the transmitter and the
represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an receiver; and the quantization noise which is introduced in
electrical voltage, radio-waves, or micro waves [1]. the transmitter and is carried all the way to the receiver
While analog communications is the transfer of output. This noise is signal dependent in the sense that it
continuously varying information signal, digital disappears when the message signal is switched off [4].
communications is the transfer of discrete messages. The The basic operations performed by the PCM transmitter
messages are either represented by means of line codes, or are: sampling in which the signal is sampled with a train of
by limited set of continuously varying form using the digital narrow rectangular pulses and changed into a discrete time
modulation methods [2]. signal; quantizing in which the discrete values are
Common techniques exist for the digital modulation approximated and changed into levels and this would be a
process in order to make the process of transmitting data new representation of the signal which is discrete in time
feasible, such as the PCM and the LDM. However, these and amplitude, and, encoding in which the obtained levels
two techniques have problems such as the quantization error are changed to bits. As for the PCM receiver, it consists of
the regenerative repeater for timing, equalization and
decision making. It is a decoder that changes the obtained
bits to levels again, and the reconstruction filter that
reconstructs the original signal.
“Fig. 1” shows the block diagram representation of Pulse
Coded Modulation PCM; as one can observe, the process is
divided into three steps: transmitter, regenerative repeater,
and receiver.
Figure 2. Delta Modulation Encoder (adapted from Simon
Haykin, “Communications Systems”, New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000).