DEHN Presentation 20091124 1 of 2

Lightning & Overvoltage
Protection
By
Hans Slagter & Veiko Raab
© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

DEHN + SÖHNE GmbH + Co.KG
Head Quarters in Neumarkt / Germany

DEHN Product Range
External Lightning Protection
Lightning
Protection
Equipotential
Bonding
Earthing

DEHN Product Range
Surge Protection
Red/Line
Yellow/Line

DEHN Product Range
Safety Equipment
Earthing and
Short-
circuiting
Devices
Voltage Switching
Detectors Rods
Phase
Comparators

Lightning current laboratory of DEHN + SÖHNE

Duty cycle testing of SPDs
50 Hz Power transformer 100 kA (8/20 µs) Impulse generator
Fuse
Test voltage V SPD

from 60 V
to 1200 V AC
A
Test current
50 kARMS

System Tests
Lightning current tests of wind turbine bearings
Test arrangement for lightning current testing of wind turbine bearing
Impuls current generator

200 kA 10/350 µs
Bearing of
wind turbine

Current National and International
Standardisation

IEC Previous Standards Lightning Protection
IEC Date of Title
Publication
IEC 61024 Protection of structures against lightning
IEC 61024-1 1990-03 Part 1: General principle
Ed.1.0
IEC 61024-1 2000-03-10 Part 1: General principles
Ed.2.0
IEC 61024-1-1 1993-08-01 Section 1: Guide A - Selection of protection levels for

Ed.1.0 lightning protection systems
IEC 61024-1-2 1998-05-08 Section 2: Guide B - Design, installation, maintenance

Ed.1.0 and inspection of lightning protection systems
IEC 61312 Protection against lightning electromagnetic

impulse (LEMP)
IEC 61312-1 1995-02 Part 1: General principles
IEC 61312-2 TS 1999-08 Part 2: Shielding of structures, bonding inside
Ed.1.0 structures and earthing
IEC 61312-3 TS 2000-07 Part 3: Requirements of surge protective devices
Ed.1.0 (SPDs)
IEC 61312-3/A1 2000-03 Part 3: Requirements of surge protective devices.
TS Amendment 1: Coordination of SPD within existing
structures
© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016 08.08.02 / 877_1a

IEC Date of Title
Publication
IEC 61312-4 TR 1998-09-11 Part 4: Protection of equipment in existing structures

Ed. 1.0
IEC 61312-5 TS 2000-03-10 Part 5: Application Guide

Ed.1.0
IEC 61662 Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC 61662 TR 1995-04 Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning

ED.1.0
IEC 61662/A1 TR 1996-05 Amendment 1: Assessment of the risk of damage

Ed.1.0 due to lightning
IEC 61662 2000-05-12 Risk of damage due to lightning

Ed.2.0
IEC 61819 TR 2000-01-07 Test parameters simulating the effects of lightning

Ed.1.0 protection systems (L.P.S.) components
Issue: February 2003

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016 08.08.02 / 877e_1b
IEC Date of Title
Publication
IEC 61663 Lightning protection - Telecommunication lines
IEC 61663-1 1999-07 Part 1: Fibre optic installations

Ed.1.0
IEC 61663-2 2001-03 Part 2: Lines using metallic conductors

Ed.1.0
IEC 61400 Wind turbine generator systems
IEC 61400-24 2000-06 Part 24: Lightning Protection
IS: International Standard

CD: Committee Draft
CDV: Committee Draft for Voting
TR: Technical Report

TS: Technical Specification
© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016 08.08.02 / 877e_1c

The IEC Standards
IEC62305-1
IEC 62305-1
GeneralPrinciples
General Principles
IEC62305-2
IEC 62305-2
RiskAnalyses
Risk Analyses
IEC62305-3
IEC 62305-3 IEC62305-4
IEC 62305-4
Physicaldamage
Physical damage Electrical-and
Electrical- and
andlife
and lifehazard
hazard electronicsystems
electronic systems

Other applicable IEC lightning protection standards
IEC 61643-1 Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution

system – Part 1: Performance requirements and testing methods
IEC 61643-12 Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution

system – Part 12: Selection and application principles
IEC 61643-21 Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and

signalling networks – Part 21: Performance requirements and testing
methods
IEC 61643-22 Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and

signalling networks– Part 22: Selection and application principles

Other applicable IEC lightning protection standards
IEC 60364-4-44 Electrical installations of buildings – Part 4-44: Protection for

safety – Protection against voltage disturbances and
electromagnetic disturbances
IEC 60364-5-54 Electrical installation of buildings - Part 5-54: Selection and

erection of electrical equipment – Earthing arrangements,
protective conductors and protective bonding conductors

IEC 60664 – 1 Ed 1.2:2002
Table 1 – Rated impulse voltage for equipment energized
directly from the low-voltage mains
Voltage line to
Rate impulse voltage
Nominal voltage of supply neutral derived
system based on IEC 60038 from nominal
voltage a.c. Or d.c. Overvoltage category
Up to and
Three phase Single phase including I II III IV
V
50 330 500 800 1500
100 500 800 1500 2500
230/400
277/480 150 800 1500 2500 4000
120-240
400/690
300 1500 2500 4000 6000
1000
600 2500 4000 6000 8000
1000 4000 6000 8000 12000
ISBN 978-0-626-21062-5
SANS 10313:2008
Edition 3
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Protection against lightning — Physical

damage to structures and life hazard
WARNING — Can only be used

in conjunction with
SANS 62305 series.
Published by Standards South Africa

1 dr lategan road groenkloof * private bag x191 pretoria 0001
tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12
www.stansa.co.za
 Standards South Africa

AS/NZS 1768:2007
In AS/NZS 1768:2007 Continuous reference is made to IEC TC 81

AS/NZS 3000:2007

AS/NZS 3000:2007
IEC 60364 Electrical installations of

buildings

IEC 60364-4-44
Rated Impulse withstand voltage of equipment
1 2 3
Overvoltage Impulse withstand

Category Equipment Voltage - kV
I Appliances 1.5
II Equipment supplied from fixed installations 2.5
III Equipment in fixed installations 4.0
IV Origin of installation 6.0

Contents
AS/NZS 1768:2007
Section 1 Scope and general

Section 2 Assessment and management of risk due to lightning –
analyses of need for protection
Section 3 Precautions for personal safety
Section 4 Protection of structures
Section 5 Protection of persons and equipment within buildings
Section 6 Protection of miscellaneous structures and property
Section 7 Protection of structures with explosive or highly flammable
contents
Section 8 Installation and maintenance practice
Appendices

Section 1 – 1.5 Definitions
AS/NZS 1768:2007
Air terminal – A vertical or horizontal conductor of an LPS, positioned
so as to intercept a lightning discharge, which establishes a zone of
protection.
Bond conductor – A conductor intended to provide electrical
connection between the LPS and other metalwork and between various
metal parts of a structure or between earthing systems.
Down conductor - A conductor that connects an air terminal network
with an earth termination
Earth termination – That part of an LPS intended to discharge lightning
currents into the general mass of the earth.
Surge Protection device (SPD) – A devices that is intended to mitigate
surge overvoltage's and over currents

Section 1 – 1.5 Definitions
AS/NZS 1768:2007
LPS (LPS Type I to IV) – Complete system used to reduce the danger of
physical damages and injuries due to direct flashes to the structure. It consists
of both external and internal LPS and is defined as a set of construction rules,
based on corresponding protection level.
Lightning protection zone (LPZ) – With respect to the lightning threat, a zone
may be defined, inside of which is sensitive equipment. Extra protection is
applied at the zone boundary to minimize the risk of damage to equipment
inside the zone
Protection level (I to IV) – Four protection levels of lightning protection. For
each protection level, a set of maximum (sizing criteria) and minimum
(interception criteria) lightning current parameters is fixed, together with the
corresponding rolling sphere radius.

Table 4.1 Protection Level
AS/NZS 1768:2007
Protection level Interception Sizing LPS

efficiency efficiency efficiency
PL ?I ?S ?
I 0.99 0.99 0.98
II 0.97 0.98 0.95
III 0.91 0.97 0.90
IV 0.84 0.97 0.80
Each is determined independently by;-

•the minimum lightning current (I, kA)
•the charge (Q, C)
•The current steepness di , (kA/µs)
dt

Section 2 :
Assessment and management of risk due to lightning
– Analyses of need for protection

2.2 Scope:
AS/NZS 1768:2007
This Section is applicable to the management of risk caused by

lightning discharges to earth.
Its purpose is to provide a procedure to evaluate
•The Risk of Damage “ R”

•Acceptable or Tolerable Risk of Damage “ Ra“
•Reduce the Risk to equal or below the Tolerable Risk
•Calculate the Sum of all Risks “ Rx”
© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016 13.06.07 / S6050e

2.3.2 Types of risk due to lightning
AS/NZS 1768:2007
The risk R is the value of a probable average annual loss due to lightning.
For each type of loss which may appear in a structure or in a service, the
relevant risk shall be evaluated.
The risks to be evaluated in a structure may be as follows:

– R1: Risk of loss of human life
– R2: Risk of loss of service to the public
NOTE: Only applicable to structures involved in the provision of public services (e.g.
Water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, rail)
– R3: Risk of loss of cultural heritage

– R4: Risk of loss of economic value

2.3.3 Tolerable values of risk Ra
AS/NZS 1768:2007
Representative values of tolerable risk Ra where lightning flashes

involve loss of human life or loss of social or cultural values are;
Types of loss Ra (1/year)
Loss of human life or permanent injuries (L1) 10-5
Loss of service to the public (L2) 10-3
Loss of cultural heritage (L3) 10-3
Table 2.2 – Typical values of tolerable risk Ra

Lightning equipotential bonding
Separation distance
Earth-termination system
Down-conductor system
Air-termination system

Table 2 – Maximum values of rolling sphere radius, mesh size and
protective angle corresponding to the classes of LPS
Class of Rolling Protective angle method α° Mesh

LPS sphere size W
radius α ° 80 (m)
r 70
60
50
I 20 5x5
40
30
II 30 10 x 10
20
10
I II III IV
III 45 15 x 15
0
0 2 10 20 30 40 50 60
IV 60 H(m) 20 x 20
r
α°
H : Height of the air-termination system above ground H Protection zone
r : Radius of the “ rolling sphere“
α : Protective angle

Methods for positioning of air termination systems of
high buildings

Application of Rolling Sphere to identify strike points
Sphere Dia.
according to PL
Exposed strike
points/area

LPS design of a PV installation on a flat roof
IEC 62305-3
L1 PV modules
L2
L3
PEN
DG PV ... SCP (FM)
SDB SDB DG PV ... SCP (FM)

1 2
DC
AC Inverter
MDB
EB

Separation distants “ S“ on a PV installation

Design of the air-termination system
IEC 62305-3
Separation distance
s Radius of the rolling Air-termination rod
sphere depending on
r the class of LPS Protective angle
α
Shadow line
15°

Kindergarden Hanselmannstraße
Gymnasium
Reference: Reinhard Schüngel, Blitzschutz - Beratungs - Büro

Connection of roof superstructures
Natural LPS - Parapet wall metal coping
Connection via
Direct connection isolating spark gap
DC lines
Inverter
AC
DC
CPU TB
EB

for smaller electric roof installations
Protection of the roof-mounted fan by
means of an air-termination rod
ao according to:
s IEC 62305-3 : 2006 Subsection 5.2.2
Protective angle a according to Table
2
Connection of the roof-mounted fan

via spark gap
Direct connection of a roof-mounted

fan

Internal Lightning Protection System
© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016 Surge Protection June 2008
6.1 General
IEC 62305-3
The internal LPS shall avoid the occurrence of dangerous sparking within the
structure to be protected due to lightning currents flowing in the external LPS or in
other conductive parts of the structure.
Dangerous sparking may occur between the external LPS and other components
such as;
v The metal installations
v The internal systems
v The external conductive parts and lines connected to the structure
Dangerous sparking between different parts can be avoided by means of;
v Equipotential bonding in accordance with 6.2, or
v Electrical insulation between the parts in accordance with 6.3

4.1 Scope of section
AS/NZS 1768: 2007
This Section sets out recommendations for installation practices and for the selection
of equipment to prevent or to minimize damage or injury that may be caused by a
lightning discharge. The recommendations apply generally to the protection of
structures using LPSs comprising
• air terminals,
• down conductors,
• equipotential bonding and
• earth terminations.
If, after completing the LPS risk assessment, it is evident that surge protection is
required to protect internal systems within the building and services at entry to the
buildings then the requirements of Section 5 shall be applied.
Lightning Equipotential Bonding according to LPZ
4. Design and installation of a LEMP protection measures system
(LPMS)
IEC 62305-4
Electrical and electronic systems are subject to damage from the lightning
electromagnetic imuplse (LEMP). Therefore LEMP protection measures need to
be provided to avoid failure of internal systems.
Protection against LEMP is based on the lightning protection zone (LPZ) concept: the
volume containing the systems to be protected shall be divided into LPZ.
Successive zones are characterised by significant changes in the LEMP severity

4.2 Lightning protection zones (LPZ)
IEC 62305-4
With respect to lightning threat, the following LPZ are defined
Outer Zones
LPZ 0 Zone where the threat is due to the unattenuated lightning electromagnetic
field and where the internal systems may be subjected to full or partial lightning
surge currents. LPZ 0 is divided into:
LPZ 0A zone where the threat is due to the direct lightning flash and the full lightning
electromagnetic field. The internal systems may be subjected to full lightning surge
currents (Iimp 10/350 µs wave shape)
LPZ 0B zone protected against direct lightning flashes but where the threat is the full
lightning electromagnetic field. The internal systems may be subjected to partial
lightning surge currents. (In 8/20 µs wave shape)
4.2 Lightning protection zones (LPZ)
IEC 62305-4
Inner Zones: (protection against direct lightning flashes)
LPZ 1 Zone where the surge current is limited by current sharing and by SPDs at the
boundary. Spatial shielding may attenuate the lightning electromagnetic field.
LPZ 2....n Zone where the surge current may be further limited by current
sharing and by additional SPDs at the boundary. Additional spatial shielding may
be used to further attenuate the lightning electromagnetic field.
LPZ : Lightning Protection Zone Concept
LPZ 0 LPZ 1 LPZ 2 LPZ 3

IEC 62305-4
Transition from LPZ 0A to LPZ 1

•Services between LPZ 0A and LPZ 1 carry substantial lightning
•At the interface between LPZ 0A and LPZ 1, Class I lightning current SPDs are
required. (Primary SPDs AS/NZS 1768:2007)
Transition from LPZ 0B to LPZ 1

•In LPZ 0B, electromagnetic fields caused by lightning currents are dominant. A
direct stroke is excluded (Secondary SPDs AS/NZS 1768:2007)

LPZ
LPZ 00AA BTS antenna
Feeder cable
PP radio
Rolling Sphere LPZ

LPZ 00BB
R = 20 m
GPS
Information Technology System 1

2
LPZ
LPZ 11 3
Power Supply System Base Station

2243e 2243e.ppt / 14.09.00 / ESC
ELIMINATING SOME CONFUSION
Ø In 99% of all cases conducting services traverse from LPZ 0A

through LPZ 0B to get to LPZ 1
Ø In very few cases will conducting services only traverse from

LPZ 0B to LPZ 1

Example of – Transition from LPZ 0B to LPZ 1
LPZ 0AA
LPZ 0AA
Boundry bonding
bar 1 between LPZ LPZ 0BB
0B and LPZ 1
Equipment casing, LPZ 1 Boundry bonding

LPZ 0BB sepresenting shield 2 bar 1 between LPZ
0A, 0B and LPZ 1
LPZ 2 Local bonding bar 2
between boundary
LPZ 1 and LPZ 2
Bonding cable of Shield 2 Cables

Cables
Earth Termination
System
What do we need to Know about SPDs
- TYPE
- CLASS
- kA Rating
- Wave Shape
- Co-ordination

The TYPE of SPD ?
There are basically TWO types of SPDs
Lightning Current Arrester (Primary protection AS/NZS 1768:2007)
Lightning Overvoltage Arrester (Secondary protection AS/NZS 1768:2007)

The Minimum SPD kA Ratings ?

Minimum Requirements Class I - Type SPD
IEC 60364-5.53
# ... the value of Iimp for SPD‘s connected between

Phase and Neutral shall not be less than 12.5 kA (10/350)
# ... for SPD‘s connected between

Neutral and PE - Iimp shall not be less than 25 kA (10/350)
and 50 kA (10/350) for Three Phase systems

Minimum Requirements Class II - Type SPD
IEC 60364-5.53
# ... the value of Isn for SPD‘s connected between

Phase and Neutral shall not be less than 5 kA (8/20)
# ... for SPD‘s connected between

Neutral and PE - Isn shall not be less than 10 kA (8/20)
and 20 kA (8/20) for Three Phase systems
Ref: IEC 60364-5-534

The WAVE SHAPES ?
Class I the Wave Shape is 10/350 micro seconds (µs)

Class II the Wave Shape is 8/20 micro seconds (µs)
Class III the Wave Shape is 8/20 micro seconds (µs)

Section 5 Protection of persons and equipment within
buildings : AS/NZS 1768:2007
5.2 Need for protection ...........Installation of protective measures,

including primary and/or secondary SPDs on services, depends on many
factors which may be included in an appropriate risk management.
5.6.3.7 Application of SPDs.
(b) SPD location - The most effective way of providing effective surge
protection for a facility is to provide SPDs at the building service point-of
– entry (known as primary protection), and then, if necessary, to provide
additional surge protection within the building closer to the equipment to be
protected (known as secondary protection)

Section 5 Protection of persons and equipment within
buildings : AS/NZS 1768:2007
5.6.3.7 Application of SPDs.
(c) Surge ratings – (iii)...........While table 5.1 gives a surge rating for SPDs in
the case (Category C3) using the 8/20 µs wave shape, it should be
acknowledged that the IEC standards make reference to a 10/350 µs wave
shape for this use in this case, and the symbol given to the current rating
using this wave shape Iimp ..............
Given this discussion for a.c. Power system SPDs, the following surge current
ratings are recommended, where the surge rating is the Imax or single shot 8/20
µs value, and apply for each SPD from the phase to neutral conductors.

Table 5.1 : AS/NZS 1768:2007
Category SPD Location Imax rating

(8/20µs)
A Long final sub-circuits and electricity supply outlets 3 -10 kA
B Major sub-mains, short final sub-circuits and load centres 10 – 40 kA
C1 Service entrance, other than below 40 kA
C2 Service entrance, building fed by long overhead service lines, 40 – 100 kA
or is a large industrial or commercial premises
C3 Service entrance, building in a high lightning area, or fitted with 100 kA
a LPS

AS/NZS 1768:2007 I max per phase ( Between Phase & Neutral)
Cat A = 3-10 kA (8/20µs)

Cat B = 10-40 kA (8/20µs)
Cat C1 = 40 kA (8/20µs)
Cat C2 = 40-100 kA (8/20µs)
Cat C3 = 100 kA (8/20µs)

Comparison of test current
100 kA 1 2
Wave shape µs 10/350 8/20
I (kA) 80 kA i max. kA 100 5
Q As 50 0,1
60 kA W/R J/? 2,5 ·106 0,4 ·103

50 kA Standard IEC 62305-1 IEC 62305-1
40 kA
1
20 kA
20 µs 200 µs 350 µs 600 µs 800 µs 1000 µs

t (µs)

Amplitude Comparison of Equally Charged Lightning
Currents with Waveforms 10/350µs and 8/20µs
25
Surge Current (8/20µs) in kA
20
15
10
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Lightning Impulse Current (10/350µs) in kA
S1150e 1150e.ppt / 10.05.2000 / KK

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Lightning & Overvoltage

Hans Slagter & Veiko Raab

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

Test voltage V SPD

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

Impuls current generator

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

IEC 61024-1-1 1993-08-01 Section 1: Guide A - Selection of protection levels for

IEC 61024-1-2 1998-05-08 Section 2: Guide B - Design, installation, maintenance

IEC 61312 Protection against lightning electromagnetic

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016 08.08.02 / 877_1a

IEC 61312-4 TR 1998-09-11 Part 4: Protection of equipment in existing structures

IEC 61312-5 TS 2000-03-10 Part 5: Application Guide

IEC 61662 Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning

IEC 61662 TR 1995-04 Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning

IEC 61662/A1 TR 1996-05 Amendment 1: Assessment of the risk of damage

IEC 61662 2000-05-12 Risk of damage due to lightning

IEC 61819 TR 2000-01-07 Test parameters simulating the effects of lightning

Issue: February 2003

IEC 61663 Lightning protection - Telecommunication lines

IEC 61663-1 1999-07 Part 1: Fibre optic installations

IEC 61663-2 2001-03 Part 2: Lines using metallic conductors

IEC 61400 Wind turbine generator systems

IEC 61400-24 2000-06 Part 24: Lightning Protection

IS: International Standard

TR: Technical Report

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016 08.08.02 / 877e_1c

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

IEC 61643-1 Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution

IEC 61643-12 Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution

IEC 61643-21 Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and

IEC 61643-22 Surge protective devices connected to telecommunications and

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

IEC 60364-4-44 Electrical installations of buildings – Part 4-44: Protection for

IEC 60364-5-54 Electrical installation of buildings - Part 5-54: Selection and

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Protection against lightning — Physical

WARNING — Can only be used

Published by Standards South Africa

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

In AS/NZS 1768:2007 Continuous reference is made to IEC TC 81

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

IEC 60364 Electrical installations of

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

Overvoltage Impulse withstand

II Equipment supplied from fixed installations 2.5

III Equipment in fixed installations 4.0

IV Origin of installation 6.0

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

Section 1 Scope and general

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

Protection level Interception Sizing LPS

Each is determined independently by;-

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016

© 2009 DEHN + SÖHNE / protected by ISO 16016