Artificial Oxygen Tree

ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN TREE 2012-2013
S.H.JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC
DOMBIVLI, DIST- THANE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2012-2013
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN TREE

SUBMITTED BY
ANIKET.R.SABNIS
GAURAV.D.SASANE
THAPAN.R.RAO
PIYUSH.V.PANCHAL
GUIDED BY
Prof. PRAVIN DAWRE
Professor (Mechanical Engineering department)
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
1
PROF.VINOD THOMBRE PATIL

HOD (Mechanical Engineering department)
S.H. JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC, DOMBIVLI (W)
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFIED THAT THIS REPORT IS SUBMITEED BY Mr. PIYUSH VINOD PANCHAL
OF ROLL NO-1817 A STUDENT OF THIRD YEAR OF COURSE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AS A PART OF PROJECT REPORT AS PRESCRIBED BY MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI.I HAVE FOUND TO BE SATISFACTORILY
PROGRESSIVE; AND THAT FOLLOWING STUDENTS WERE ASSOCIATED THIS WORK.
HOWEEVER THEM CONTRIBUTION WAS PROPORTIONATE;
 GAURAV.D.SASANE
 THAPAN.R.RAO
 ANIKET.R. SABNIS
AND THAT WORK HAS BEEN ASSESED BY ME AND I AM SATISFIED THAT THE
SAME IS UP TO THE STANDARD ENVISAGED FOR THE LEVEL OF THE COURSE. AND THAT
THE SAID WORK MAY BE PROMOTED TO THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER.
2
PROF.PRAVIN DAWARE PROF.VINOD THOMBRE PATIL
PROF. MANISHA SAWANT EXTERNAL EXAMINER
S.H.JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC, DOMBIVLI (WEST)
SUBMISSION
I am Mr. PIYUSH VINOD PANCHAL Seat/Roll No: 1817 a student of THIRD
YEAR of course MECHANICAL ENGINEERING humbly submit that we have completed
from time to time the Seminar/Project work as described. This report by our own skill
and study between the periods from as per the guidance of PROF. PRAVIN DAWRE.
And that, following student were associated for this work. However the teacher
has approved Quantum of our Contribution. And that we have not copied the Report
or appreciable part from any other literature in contravention ethics.
1) ANIKET.R.SABNIS
2) GAURAV.D.SASANE
3) THAPAN.R.RAO
4) PIYUSH.V.PANCHAL
3
DATE:_____________
PIYUSH VINOD PANCHAL
(Signature of the student)
S.H.JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC
DOMBIVLI, DIST-THANE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
2012-2013
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
It is the indeed the matter of great pleasure & privilege to be

able to present this report on “ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN TREE” under the
valuable guidance of Prof. PRAVIN DAWARE, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
and S.H. JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC DOMBIVLI.
We are thankful to H.O.D. Prof. V.S.THOMBRE PATIL SIR, for
providing me constant support & facilities. We further express our deep
felt to our Principle MANISHA SAWANT & to all the Mechanical
department staff and to other members of workshop for valuable help
and cooperation in bringing this into entity.
We express gratitude towards RAMESH SABNIS and AMBIKA
ENGINEERING who helped us during our project work. We are also
thankful to all those who helped us during project work but not
personally acknowledge.
4
PREFACE
We take on opportunity to present report on “ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN

TREE” and but before readers some useful information regarding our
project.
We have made sincere attempts and taken every care to present
this matter in precise and compact form language being as simple as
possible.
We are sure that the information contained in this volume would
certainly prove useful for better insight in the scope and dimension of this
project in its true perspective.
The last of completion of the project through being difficulty was
made quite simple, interesting and successful due to deep involvement
and complete dedication of our group members.
5
ABSTRACT
Being in this age of enhancing Science & Technology, we humans

have neglected the consequences of this growth. Even population of our
world is on the verge of exploding, thus this tremendous rise in the
population has created a great demand for more materials especially land.
Hence human has been chopping trees to make land available for
residence, but our blindness has resulted to a drastic and on-going up rise
in pollution and thus scarcity of trees. Hence to avoid further apocalypse,
world is about to witness its savior, “Artificial Oxygen Tree”.
An Artificial Oxygen Tree which aims at serving the humanity toward

planet, having an ability to perform electrolysis of the sewage water and
obtain the Hydrogen (for fuel) and Oxygen (to be emitted in the air) along
6
with generating electricity from solar energy with the help of PV panels on
the top of the trees. The concept even indicates the revolution in the
technology but the only con of this project is the exorbitant nature of the
project at commercial as well as self level.
INDEX
 INTRODUCTION ……………………………….…...………... 8
 BLOCK DIAGRAM…………………………………………..…..12
 ELECTROLYSIS AND WORKING…………………..…….…14
 PV, LED, SWITCH…………………………………….………....20
 BATTERY, SENSOR, RESISTOR …………………...….…..24
 RELAY, DIODE, TRANSISTOR………………….…..….…..30
 BREAD BOARDAND SOLDERING………………….……..36
7
 APPICATION AND ADVANTAGES ..........................40
 LDR, TDR AND TESTING………….….,…………….…......42
 COSTING OF COMPONENTS………..........................46
 BIBILOGRAPHY………………………………………….………48
CHAPTER NO
1
INTRODUCTION
8
9
10
INTRODUCTION
Trees naturally possess an ability to convert the carbon dioxide into oxygen. But
today because of Humans Greed, We are cutting trees and forests and on that place we
humans are building white cement forest. Hence we are facing scarcity of pure air.
Population is increasing and number of tress are decreasing still people are obliterating
tress after tress, to build and fill their pockets. Co2 is hazardous for humans but Trees
convert Co2 into oxygen which we humans need to survive. Further depreciating of trees
will lead to an extreme Global warming problems, Acid Rain, respiratory disease many
more. Hence science and technology has give birth tour savior, An Artificial Oxygen
Tree.MAK
Research and experimentation on the concept of lighting, innovation and
technology in the utilization and control of light, extreme attention to eco-compatible
materials and to environmental needs in general; a deeply rooted vocation for fine
designs: these are the values that distinguish Artemide and the principles that underlie
this new concept of public lighting. Solar oxygen Tree is the successful marriage of the
most advanced technology and the aesthetic requirements of the urban environment by
way of renewable energy. Artemide has dedicated its formidable skill and commitment
to realizing these objectives, driven by a passion for research and sustainability and by
an innate love of excellent design.
An Artificial Oxygen Tree which aims at serving the humanity toward planet,
having an ability to perform electrolysis of the sewage water and obtain the Hydrogen
(for fuel) and Oxygen (to be emitted in the air) along with generating electricity from
solar energy with the help of PV panels on the top of the trees.
The model will be places on the sewage tanks and at the base Electrolysis will be
carried out. It’s a process in which electrical power source is connected to the 2
electrodes which are placed in the water, and a current is passed resulting in to
appearance of Hydrogen at the cathode and Oxygen at the anode. The Hydrogen will be
stored in a tank and can be used as a fuel and oxygen to be let out in the air for
breathing
The PV (Photo-voltaic) on the top of the tree will collect energy from the sun and
convert it into electricity. A PV cell is made of a semiconductor material, usually
crystalline silicon, which absorbs sunlight. This electricity is stored and is used to light
the LED’s on the tree, hence making it as a streetlight. Solar tree is a revolutionary urban
lighting conceptthat represents a perfect symbiosis between pioneering design and
cutting-edge eco-compatible technology. Solar Tree opens up new prospects for urban
lighting in that it satisfies today’s most pressing environmental, social, cultural and
aesthetic demands. The ability to combine innovative design with advanced technology,
along with an acute sensitivity to environmental concerns make Artemide the ideal
11
vehicle for the development of this project conceived by Ross Lovegrove, with the
collaboration of Sharp Solar, the world’s leading manufacturer of solar cells. Research
and experimentation on the concept of lighting; innovation and technology in the
utilization and control of light; extreme attention to eco-compatible materials and to
environmental needs in general; a deeply rooted vocation for fine design: these are the
values that distinguish Artemide and the principles that underlie this new concept of
public lighting. Solar Tree is the successful marriage of the most advanced technology
and the aesthetic requirements of the urban environment by way of renewable energy.
Artemide has dedicated its formidable skill and commitment to realising these
objectives, driven by a passion for research and sustainability and by an innate love of
excellent design
12
CHAPTER NO
2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
13
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Leaf
PV
Mod
Leaf ule
Leaf
PV PV
Mod Mod
ule ule
Leaf
PV
Leaf Mod
PV ule
Modu
le
Signal
LDR
Conditioner
Sens
Led or
LIGH
T Intelligent Charge
Monitor and Controller
RELA
Y
Advertise Display
Battery
14
Oxygen
Released
RELAY
Collecting H 2
In Storage tank
in Air
Electrolysis in waste
Water
CHAPTER NO
3
ELECTROLYSIS AND
WORKING
15
16
17
18
WORKING AND ELECTROLYSIS

A new blend of concept with electronics and eco-compatible design is what the
Artificial Oxygen tree possesses, along with the ability to convert the sewage water in to
two separate elements (Hydrogen & Oxygen) with the help of “Electrolysis”. The
Hydrogen will be used as a fuel and Oxygen will be emitted in to the atmosphere. Also
the leaves on the top of the tree are special PV modules which convert the solar energy
in to electricity and charge the battery within and will use this energy to light up the
LED’s on the tree, hence it can also be used as a street light. A display will be placed on
the body which will generate special news, advertisements, and emergency information.
Solar Tree draws inspiration from the organic forms of nature, reinterpreting the
morphology of the tree and introducing the sensuality of the natural world into the
urban context., “This is a project that celebrates design, nature and art and represents
the DNA of our time”. A sinuously elegant tree with ecologically intelligent ‘fruits’ – that
is, the LED bubbles that light up at night powered by the sunlight accumulated during
the day by solar panels. The aesthetic refinement of the design is thus integrated with an
extremely high technological content, the result of the innovative research conducted by
Arsenide in the deep conviction that a concrete solution to the problem of energy saving
was needed.
Water electrolysis to produce hydrogen and oxygen is an old technology

originating in the early 19th century shortly after Volta introduced the first battery in
1800. The principle chemical equations are shown ,where the electrochemical flow is
shown for acidic and alkaline environments. This work involves the alkaline reaction
pathway.
To understand the principles of electrolysis, perhaps the most basic experiments
is the use of two pencils sharpened at both ends with the top being connected to a
battery and the bottoms inserted into alkaline water.. The reactions are:
Water Electrolysis
Net Reaction: H2O --> H2+ ½ O2
Acidic Reaction Alkaline Electrolysis
Anode: H2O --> ½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2OH- --> ½O2 + H2O + 2e--
Cathode: 2H+ + 2e- --> H2 2H2O + 2e- --> H2 +2OH
Positive: 2OH- --> ½O2 + H2O + 2e-
Negative: 2H2O + 2e- --> H2 +2OH
19
An electrical power source is connected to two electrodes, or two plates

(typically made from some inert metal such as platinum or stainless steel) which are
placed in the water. Hydrogen will appear at the cathode (the negatively charged
electrode, where electrons enter the water), and oxygen will appear at the anode (the
positively charged electrode). Assuming ideal faradi efficiency, the amount of hydrogen
generated is twice the number of moles of oxygen, and both are proportional to the
total electrical charge conducted by the solution. However, in many cells competing side
reactions dominate, resulting in different products and less than ideal faradic efficiency.
Electrolysis of pure water requires excess energy in the form of over potential to
overcome various activation barriers. Without the excess energy the electrolysis
of pure water occurs very slowly or not at all. This is in part due to the limited self-
ionization of water. Pure water has an electrical conductivity about one millionth that of
seawater. Many electrolytic may also lack the requisite electro catalysts. The efficiency of
electrolysis is increased through the addition of an electrolyte (such as a salt, an acid or
abase) and the use of electro catalysts.
20
CHAPTER NO
4
SOLAR PANELS, LED, SWITCH
21
22
Solar Panel:
A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a
packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a
component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in
commercial and residential applications.
Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, many
installations contain several panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of
solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring.
Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be
the top layer or the back layer. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline
silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The conducting wires
that take the current off the panels may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic
conductive transition metals.
The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the
system. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar
panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability.
Separate diodes may be needed to avoid reverse currents, in case of partial or total
shading, and at night. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline silicon cells may have
adequate reverse current characteristics that these are not necessary. Reverse currents
waste power and can also lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become less
23
efficient at higher temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind
solar panels.
Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused
by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a
high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from a range
of frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range
(specifically, ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffused light). Hence much of the
incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar panels, and they can give far higher
efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light. Therefore, another design concept
is to split the light into different wavelength ranges and direct the beams onto different
cells tuned to those ranges.[2] This has been projected to be capable of raising efficiency
by 50%.
 Tension : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12V
 Peak power of each panel: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38W
LED
Light Emitting Diodes are great for projects because they provide visual entertainment.
LEDs use a special material which emits light when current flows through it. Unlike light
bulbs, LEDs never burn out unless their current limit is passed. A current of 0.02 Amps
(20 mA) to 0.04 Amps (40 mA) is a good range for LEDs. They have a positive leg and a
negative leg just like regular diodes. To find the positive side of an LED, look for a line in
the metal inside the LED. It may be difficult to see the line. This line is closest to the
positive side of the LED. Another way of finding the positive side is to find a flat spot on
the edge of the LED. This flat spot is on the negative side.
When current is flowing through an LED the voltage on the positive leg is about 1.4 volts
higher than the voltage on the negative side. Remember that there is no resistance to
limit the current so a resistor must be used in series with the LED to avoid destroying it.
 Power of each head: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22W
 Luminous flux of each head: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 lm
 Color temperature: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6000 K

Switches
Switches are devices that create a short circuit or an open circuit depending on the
position of the switch. For a light switch, ON means short circuit (current flows through
the switch, lights light up and people dance.) When the switch is OFF, that means there
is an open circuit (no current flows, lights go out and people settle down. This effect on
people is used by some teachers to gain control of loud classes.)
When the switch is ON it looks and acts like a wire. When the switch is OFF there is no
connection.
24
CHAPTER NO
5
BATTERY, SENSOR, RESISTOR
25
26
27
28
Battery
Lead–acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the
oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio
and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply high surge means that the cells
maintain a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low
cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required
by automobile starter motors.
Lead–acid batteries (under 5 kg) account for 1.5% of all portable secondary
battery sales in Japan by number of units sold (25% by price).[1] Sealed lead–acid
batteries accounted for 10% by weight of all portable battery sales in the EU in 2000. [2]
The principle of the lead acid cell can be demonstrated with simple sheet lead plates for
the two electrodes. However such a construction would only produce around an amp for
roughly postcard sized plates, and it would not produce such a current for more than a
few minutes.
The Faure pasted-plate construction is typical of automotive batteries. Each plate
consists of a rectangular lead grid alloyed with antimony or calcium to improve the
mechanical characteristics. The holes of the grid are filled with a mixture of red lead and
33% dilute sulphuric acid. (Different manufacturers have modified the mixture). The
paste is pressed into the holes in the plates which are slightly tapered on both sides to
assist in retention of the paste. This porous paste allows the acid to react with the lead
inside the plate, increasing the surface area many fold. At this stage the positive and
negative plates are similar, however expanders and additives vary their internal
chemistry to assist in operation when in use. Once dry, the plates are then stacked
together with suitable separators and inserted in the battery container. An odd number
of plates is usually used, with one more negative plate than positive. Each alternate
plate is connected together. After the acid has been added to the cell, the cell is given its
first forming charge. The positive plates gradually turn the chocolate brown color of lead
dioxide, and the negative turn the slate gray of 'spongy' lead. Such a cell is ready to be
used.
One of the problems with the plates in a lead-acid battery is that the plates
change size as the battery charges and discharges, the plates increasing in size as the
active material absorbs sulfate from the acid during discharge, and decreasing as they
give up the sulfate during charging. This causes the plates to gradually shed the paste
during their life. It is important that there is plenty of room underneath the plates to
catch this shed material. If this material reaches the plates a shorted cell will occur.
Separators are used between the positive and negative plates of a lead acid battery to
prevent short circuit through physical contact, mostly through dendrites (‘treeing’), but
also through shedding of the active material.
29
Separators obstruct the flow of ions between the plates and increase the internal
resistance of the cell.
Various materials have been used to make separators:
 wood
 rubber
 glass fiber mat
 cellulose
 sintered PVC
 Micro porous PVC/polyethylene.
An effective separator must possess a number of mechanical properties; applicable
considerations include permeability, porosity, pore size distribution, specific surface
area, mechanical design and strength, electrical resistance, ionic conductivity, and
chemical compatibility with the electrolyte. In service, the separator must have good
resistance to acid and oxidation. The area of the separator must be a little larger than
the area of the plates to prevent material shorting between the plates. The separators
must remain stable over the operating temperature range of the battery.
Sensors:
Photovoltaic’s (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar
radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit
the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed
of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used
for photovoltaic’s include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous
silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium sulfide.[1] Due to the growing
demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and
photovoltaic has advanced considerably in recent years.
Solar photovoltaics are growing rapidly, albeit from a small base, to a total global
capacity of 67,000 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2011, representing 0.5% of worldwide
electricity demand. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-
mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or
walls of a building (building-integrated photovoltaic’s).
Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and
sophistication, the cost of photovoltaic’s has declined steadily since the first solar cells
were manufactured and the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) from PV is competitive
with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions. Net
metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed for solar-generated
electricity; have supported solar PV installations in many countries. \
Resistors
Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance. Resistance
determines how much current will flow through a component. Resistors are used to
30
control voltages and currents. A very high resistance allows very little current to flow. Air
has very high resistance. Current almost never flows through air. (Sparks and lightning
are brief displays of current flow through air. The light is created as the current burns
parts of the air.) A low resistance allows a large amount of current to flow. Metals have
very low resistance. That is why wires are made of metal. They allow current to flow
from one point to another point without any resistance. Wires are usually covered with
rubber or plastic. This keeps the wires from coming in contact with other wires and
creating short circuits. High voltage power lines are covered with thick layers of plastic to
make them safe, but they become very dangerous when the line breaks and the wire is
exposed and is no longer separated from other things by insulation.
Resistance is given in units of ohms. (Ohms are named after Mho Ohms who
played with electricity as a young boy in Germany.) Common resistor values are from
100 ohms to 100,000 ohms. Each resistor is marked with colored stripes to indicate it’s
resistance. To learn how to calculate the value of a resistor by looking at the stripes on
the resistor, go to Resistor Values which includes more information about resistors.
31
CHAPTER NO
6
RELAY DOIDE TRANSISTOR
32
33
Relays:
The basis for relays, is the simple electromagnet
A nail, some wire, and a battery is all that is needed to make one,
To demonstrate and amaze your small children..Add a switch, and presto! You're the talk
of the town.
With no power applied to the coil, the nail is NOT magnetized.
Connect this to a power source, and it will now grab and hold small pieces of metal.
34
So, herein lays the concept. If we take an electromagnet, it will interact with metals in its
vicinity. Now let’s take this one step further... If we were to place a piece of metal, near
the electromagnet, and connect some contacts, so that when the electromagnet is
energized, the contacts close, we have a working relay.
The simplest relay is the Single Pole, Single Throw (spst) relay. It is nothing more than an
electrically controlled on-off switch. Its biggest property is the ability to use a very small
current, to control a much larger current. This is desirable because we can now use
smaller diameter wires, to control the current flow through a much larger wire, and also
to limit the wear and tear on the control switch.
Above is a simple relay control. Now, here is what is happening.The control circuit
(GREEN) powers the coil inside the relay, using a small amount of current. It flows from
the battery, thru the fuse (for protection) to a switch, (say, a light switch) then to the coil
in the relay, energizing it. The coil, now energized becomes an electromagnet, and
35
attracts the metal strip with the contacts, which closes, providing a secondary heavy
current path (RED ) to the device ( say, the fog lights)
Turning off the switch, opens the circuit to the coil, removes current flow, and the
electromagnet is no longer a magnet, the secondary path is opened, and the lights
extinguish.
Diodes
Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They
have a positive side (leg) and a negative side. When the voltage on the positive leg is
higher than on the negative leg then current flows through the diode (the resistance is
very low). When the voltage is lower on the positive leg than on the negative leg then
the current does not flow (the resistance is very high). The negative leg of a diode is the
one with the line closest to it. It is called the cathode. The positive end is called the
anode.
The Transistor
Transistors are basic components in all of today's electronics. They are just simple
switches that we can use to turn things on and off. Even though they are simple, they are the
most important electrical component. For example, transistors are almost the only components
used to build a Pentium processor. A single Pentium chip has about 3.5 million transistors. The
ones in the Pentium are smaller than the ones we will use but they work the same way.
Transistor Symbol
The following symbol is used in circuit drawings (schematics) to represent a transistor.
36
CHAPTER NO
37
7
BREAD BOARD AND
SOLDERING
38
39
Bread Board
To build our projects, we will use a breadboard like the one shown below.
The bread board has many strips of metal (copper usually) which run underneath
the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below.
These strips connect the holes on the top of the board. This makes it easy to
connect components together to build circuits. To use the bread board, the legs of
components are placed in the holes. The holes are made so that they will hold the
component in place. Each hole is connected to one of the metal strips running
underneath the hole.
Each strip forms a node. A node is a point in a circuit where two components are
connected. Connections between different components are formed by putting their legs
in a common node. On the bread board, a node is the row of holes that are connected
by the strip of metal underneath.
The long top and bottom row of holes are usually used for power supply
connections. The row with the blue strip beside it is used for the negative voltage
(usually ground) and the row with the red strip beside it is used for the positive voltage.
The circuit is built by placing components and connecting them together with jumper
wires. Then when a path is formed from the positive supply node to the negative supply
40
node through wires and components, we can turn on the power and current flows
through the path and the circuit comes alive.
A series connection of 2 resistors on a breadboard looks like the picture below on
the left and a parallel connection of 2 resistors looks like the picture below on the right.
For chips with many legs (ICs), place them in the middle of the board (across the
middle dividing line) so that half of the legs are on one side of the middle line and half
are on the other side.
SOLDERING
For soldering of any joints first the terminal to be soldered are cleaned to remove
oxide film or dirt on it. If required flux is applied on the points to be soldered.
Now the joint to be soldered is heated with the help of soldering iron. Heat applied
should be such that when solder wire is touched to joint, it must melt quickly.
The joint and the soldering iron is held such that molten solder should flow smoothly
over the joint.
When joint is completely covered with molten solder, the soldering iron is re-
moved. The joint is allowed to cool, without any movement. The bright shining solder
indicates good soldering. In case of dry solder joint, a air gap remains in between the
solder matenal and the joint. It means that soldering is improper. This is removed and
again soldering is done. Thus is this way all the components are soldered on P. C. B.
41
CHAPTER NO
8
APPLICATION AND
ADVANTAGES
42
APPLICATIONS
 For Electrolysis of Sewage Water.

 For Generating Oxygen For breathing
 Generating hydrogen for fuel purposes
 Conversion of Solar energy to Electricity
 Used as a Street Light
 For displaying advertisements on its LCD.
ADVANTAGES
 It is pollution free.
 Hydrogen as a fuel is obtained.
 It can lead to pollution free from chemicals realized from factory
 It is very non-conventional process
43
CHAPTER NO
9
LDR, TDR AND TESTING
44
45
46
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

LDR is resistor whose resistance decrease with increasing incident light intensity,
in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity.
A photo resistor is made of high resistance semiconductor. If light falls on device
is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron
conduct electricity thereby low resistance.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic
semiconductors has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for
examples, silicon. In intrinsic device the only available electrons are valence bond and
hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire
band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called as dopants, added whose ground
state energy is closer to conduction bands, since the electron do not have as far as to
jump, lower energy photon are sufficient to trigger the device. If sample of silicon has
some of atoms replaced by phosphorous atoms there will be extra electron available for
conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor. Photo resistors are
basically photocells.
TEMPERATURE DETECTOR
Resistance thermometer , also called as resistance temperature detector are
sensor used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of RTD element with
temperature most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrap around a
ceramic or glass core. The RTD element is made of pure material, platinum nickel or
copper. The material has a predictable change in resistance as temperature changes , its
predictable change is used to determine temperature.
TESTING
Before you apply power, read the instructions carefully to check you haven't
missed anything, and whether there are any specific instructions for switching on and
testing. Check again that you have all polarity sensitive components the right way
around, and that all components are in the correct places. Check off - board components
are connected correctly. Check the underside of the board carefully for short circuits
between tracks - a common reason for circuits failing to work.
When you are sure everything is correct, apply power and see if the circuit
behaves as expected, again following the kit manufacturer’s instructions.
If it works, WELL DONE! You have your first working circuit - be proud of it! Skip the rest
of this page and click the right arrow at the bottom, or here.
If it doesn't quite work as expected, or doesn't work at all, don't despair. The
chances are the fault is quite simple. However, disconnect the power before reading on.
47
Check the basic's first - is the battery flat? Are you sure the 'On' switch really is on?
(Don't laugh, it's easily done) If the project has other switches and controls check these
are set correctly.
Next - check again all the components are in the correct place - refer to the diagram in
the instructions. Look again at the underside of the board - are there any short circuits?
These can be caused by almost invisible 'whiskers' of solder, so check for these with a
magnifying glass in good light. Brushing the bottom of the board vigorously with a stiff
brush can sometimes remove these.
Pull the components gently to see if they are all fixed into the board properly. Check the
soldered joints - poor soldering is the most common cause of circuits failing to work. The
joints should by shiny, and those on the circuit board should be volcano shaped with the
component wire end sticking out of the top. If any look suspect then redo them. Remove
the solder with a solder sucker or braid and try again.
Check for solder splashes shorting across adjacent tracks on the circuit board, especially
where connections are very close such as on integrated circuits ('chips'). Solder splashes
are most likely on strip board. You can check for shorts using a multimeter set it to it's
continuity range, or low resistance range. Be aware if you do this though, that there will
be a resistance between some tracks due to the components. Any resistance below 1
ohm between tracks is likely to be a solder splash. Run the soldering iron between tracks
on strip board to remove any solder bridges.
If the circuit still fails to work you will need to refer to the circuit diagram and take
voltage readings from the circuit to find out what's wrong. You will need a multimeter to
do this (see tools). Remember that if you find one fault such as a reversed component
and correct it, it might have caused damage to other components.
48
CHAPTER NO
10
COSTING OF COMPONENTS
49
List of Components
SR.N Description Qty. Price
o
1 Solar panel 4 2500
2 Diode 4 10
3 Electrode and moldings 1 100
4 LDR 1 200
5 Temperature detector 1 240
6 Resistors 15 120
7 Acid water 2 BOTTLES 200
8 Aluminum rod 6 200
9 PCB 1 250
10 Wires 3m 400
11 Solder wire 23 times 100
12 Cabinet and pot 1 100
13 Mains cord 1 10
14 Transistor 5 40
15 Battery 2 1500
16 Connector strip 3 400
17 sensor 2 200
18 Relay 2 25
50
19 Carbon electrodes 2 300

20 LED light 3 meter 1500
21 Test tube and others 5 1000
TOTAL COST: 8,500
CHAPTER NO
11
BIBILOGRAPHY
51
BIBILIOGRAPHY
 Basic Electronics -- B.Ram

 Digital Electronics – R.P.Jain
 www.redcircuits.com
 www.alldatasheet.com
 www.elctronicsforu.com
 Wikipedia
 Google
 Mechanicalproinfo.com
52

Artificial Oxygen Tree

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ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN TREE 2012-2013

ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN TREE

PROF.VINOD THOMBRE PATIL

S.H. JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC, DOMBIVLI (W)

PROF.PRAVIN DAWARE PROF.VINOD THOMBRE PATIL

PROF. MANISHA SAWANT EXTERNAL EXAMINER

S.H.JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC, DOMBIVLI (WEST)

PIYUSH VINOD PANCHAL

(Signature of the student)

It is the indeed the matter of great pleasure & privilege to be

We take on opportunity to present report on “ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN

Being in this age of enhancing Science & Technology, we humans

An Artificial Oxygen Tree which aims at serving the humanity toward

 ELECTROLYSIS AND WORKING…………………..…….…14

 PV, LED, SWITCH…………………………………….………....20

 BATTERY, SENSOR, RESISTOR …………………...….…..24

 RELAY, DIODE, TRANSISTOR………………….…..….…..30

 BREAD BOARDAND SOLDERING………………….……..36

 APPICATION AND ADVANTAGES ..........................40

 LDR, TDR AND TESTING………….….,…………….…......42

WORKING AND ELECTROLYSIS

Water electrolysis to produce hydrogen and oxygen is an old technology

An electrical power source is connected to two electrodes, or two plates

The following symbol is used in circuit drawings (schematics) to represent a transistor.

 For Electrolysis of Sewage Water.

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

19 Carbon electrodes 2 300

TOTAL COST: 8,500

 Basic Electronics -- B.Ram

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