Professional Documents
Culture Documents
,4n
Supply Line
Depth of Stabilization 30~40 (m)
MW
ilX
Ar/ea
m A / Penetration Velocity 1. 0 ~ 2 . 0 (m/min.)
W
Sea Bottom Withdrawal Velocity 1.0-— 1.5 (m/min.)
| ^ Im p ro v e d
Soft Soil Stratum during
2 0 —3 0 (r.p.m.)
Rotating Speeds penetration
of Blades during
4 0 —6 0 (r.p.m.)
withdrawal
Fig. 3. S c h e m a t i c D i a g r a m of Fig. 4. Deep Mixing
Cement Content
Work Execution Machine (for 1m3 of Soil)
1 .4 -3 .0 (kN /m 3)
s o i l a n d u n i m p r o v e d s o i l w o r k t o g e t h e r to has b e e n c h a n g e d i n t o a b r i t t l e m a t e r i a l of
resist large horizontal external forces s m a l l f a i l u r e s t r a i n (this b e i n g i m p o r t a n t w i t h
s u c h as e a r t h p r e s s u r e o f f i l l a t t h e b a c k . r e g a r d to d e s i g n of i m p r o v e d g r o u n d c o n s i s t i n g
Fig. 2 shows an e x a m p l e o f w a l l - f o r m i m of improved and unimproved s o i l s ) .
p ro v e d soil b e i n g made.
U n c onfined compression tests are generally used
DEEP MIXING MACHINE for judgments of e f f e ct s of i mp r ovement, and
because of the simplicity of the testing
T h e dee p m i xing m a c h i n e consists of 8 rotating m e t h o d , t h e u n c o n f i n e d c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h <Iu
s ha f t s w i t h e x c a v a t i o n b l a d e s and m i x i n g blades, o b t a i n e d b y t e s t s is u s e d a s a n i n c ^ x f o r
st e e l frames for s u p p o r t i n g the shafts, h y d r a u s t r e n g t h s o t h e r t h a n q u s u c h as s h e a r s t r e n g t h
lic m o t o r for t h e r o t a t i o n of the shaft. d e s c r i b e d l a t e r o r f o r d e s i g n c o n s t a n t s s u c h as
M u l t i p l e s h a f t s y s t e m is t h e m a j o r c h a r a c t o r o f modulus of deformation.
the machine. T h a t is, b y f u l l y u t i l i z i n g t h e Fig. 5 s h o w s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s of v a l u e s of q u
m u t u a l i n t e r f e r e n c e of the b l a d e s e n a b l e s the o f s o i l s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p o r t s a n d h a r b o r s of
u n i f o r m mixing, and the d i a m e t e r of the e x c a v a t Japan stabilized w i t h cement, the cement content
ing b l a d e s b e i n g small, t h e e x c a v a t i n g c a p a c i t y
is l a r g e . A s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m of s t a b i l i z a t i o n T a b l e II. Profiles of Soft Soils
w o r k is s h o w n in F i g . 3, t y p i c a l m i x i n g m a c h i n e
i n F i g . 4, w o r k c o n d i t i o n s a n d c a p a c i t y o f t h e
m a c h i n e f o r a c t u a l o p e r a t i o n is s h o w n in T a b l e W
Ip
WL
Content
Content
I.
pH - value
At present, exec u t i o n m e t h o d of p e n e t r a t i n g the
Water Content
Index
Symbol
Limit
( %)
m a c h i n e to the specified depth and mixi n g the
( %)
{ %)
Name
cement slurry wit h the soft soil upon the w i t h
Humus
Plasticity
Sand
d r a w i n g o f t h e m a c h i n e is a d o p t e d .
Liquid
The properties of improved soil seen from the Fukuoka 1 (P) O 24 5 5 .8 4 1 .5 16.0 0 .1 4 7.1
a s p e c t o f m e c h a n i c s r e s u l t s in e x t r e m e i n c r e a s e s Fukuoka 2 (P) ♦ 2 149.2 93.1 6 7 .9 0 .3 6 7 .2
in strength and mod u l u s of d e f o r m a t i o n compared
w i t h b e f o r e improvement, but on the other hand, Note: (P) Soils be l o w sea b ottom
a t t e n t i o n m u s t b e p a i d to t h e fact t h a t t h e soil (L) O r i g i n a l l y m a r i n e soils n o w on land
722
12/30
Fukuoka 2(P)
(w = 1 4 9 .2 % )
__' Symbols - _
Cement
[~ C ontent
o aw = I 0%
o aw =
ja w =
2000
u0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
Age (days)
Fig. 5. R e l a t i o n s h i p s of q u . C e m e n t C o n t e n t and Age of Improved Soil
a n d age: it m a y b e s e e n f r o m t h e f i g u r e t h a t X I06
the p r o c e s s of i n c r e a s e in q u a c c o r d i n g to age
o r t h e r a t i o o f i n c r e a s e in q u a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
c e m e n t c o n t e n t d i f f e r s d e p e n d i n q o n t h e s oil.
Fig. 6 shows t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n q u of
i m p r o v e d s o i l a n d m o d u l u s o f d e f o r m a t i o n E 5(P
The level of confined stress of ground improved
b y t h e D C M M e t h o d is n o t h i g h e r t h a n s e v e r a l
h u n d r e d kPa. In o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e
undrained shear strength of improved soil w i thin
this range, a c o n s t a n t - l o a d r a pi d shear b o x test
at h o r i z o n t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t v e l o c i t y of 0.625
mm/min was performed. Fig. 7 shows the r e
lationship between normal stress aN and shear
s t r e n g t h Tf, a n d a l s o r e s u l t s o f u n c o n f i n e d c o m
p r e s s i o n tests and simple t e n s i o n tests. In
t h i s f i g u r e , i t m a y b e s e e n t h a t t h e r e is r e
d u c t i o n i n if w i t h a N c l o s e t o z e r o ( e s p e c i a l l y , qu (kN /m 2)
t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f r e d u c t i o n is g r e a t e r , t h e
h i g h e r t h e <Ju o f t h e i m p r o v e d soil) , if a p Fig. 6. R e l a t i o n s h i p o f q u a n d Eso
p r o a c h e s a m o r e o r l e s s c o n s t a n t v a l u e as aN
b e c o m e s larger, and w h e n aN b e c o me s larger than
Based on the above shear and consol i d a t i o n c h a r
a b o u t t h e v a l u e o f qu, t h e r e is a t e n d e n c y for
a c t e r i s t i c s o f i m p r o v e d s o i l , it m a y b e s a i d
Tf t o b e i n c r e a s e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a b o v e is that due to the chemical s o l i d i fication action
substantiated by the results of the equal-volume
o f c e m e n t a n d s o il, t h e i m p r o v e d s o i l w i l l p o s
s h e a r b o x t e s t i n d i c a t e d in F i g . 8 a n d o f t r i sess yield stress corres p o n d i n g to p r e c o n s o l i
a x i a l c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s (Endo, 1 9 7 6 ) . To be
dat io n p r e s s u r e of n a t u r a l l y d e p o s i t e d soil, and
conservative, the authors adopted a shear
in t h e s t r e s s e d c o n d i t i o n of l o a d i n g ( b e l o w
s t r e n g t h T f o c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a N = 0 as t h e
y i e l d stress) at a c t u a l l y i m p r o v e d g r ound, b e
design undrained shear strentth of imoroved
h a v i o r c l o s e to a n o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d c o n d i t i o n of
soil. Fig. 9 shows v a l u e s of T fo a g a i n s t q u for
n a t u r a l l y d e p o s i t e d s o i l is i n d i c a t e d .
v a r i o u s i m p r o v e d s o ils.
With respect to the c o n solidation c h a r a c t e r
Finally, c o n c e r n i n g i n - si t u i mp r ov e d soil, b e c a
i s t i c s o f i m p r o v e d s oil, it h a s b e e n c l a r i f i e d
use of the n o n u n i f o r m i t y , a l t h o u g h p r o p e r t i e s
t h a t c o n s o l i d a t i o n y i e l d s t r e s s is i n c r e a s e d as
s i m i l a r t o t h o s e in l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s m a y b e
t h e c e m e n t c o n t e n t is i n c r e a s e d ( c o n s o l i d a t i o n
yi e l d stress Py indicates a value close to u n
con f i n e d c o m p r e s s i v e strength) and the c o m 2500
p r e s s i o n i n d e x is v e r y s m a l l w h e n t h e c o n s o l i Clay at Yokohama Port
d a t i o n p r e s s u r e is l o w e r t h a n P y (Endo, 1976) . (w = 13 0 % )
2000
Clay at Tokyo Port
(w = 130% )
1500
1500
; I000< 1000
Symbols
__Cement C ontent—
o aw = I 0%
» aw = I 5%
723
12/30
CONCLUSION
W e h a v e i n t r o d u c e d the o u t l i n e of the D e e p
C h e m i c a l M i x i n g M e t h o d (DCM M e t h o d ) u s i n g c e m e n t
Symbols
s l u u r y as a h a r d e n i n g a g e n t . T h i s m e t h o d is
(cf. Table 2)
newly developed and recently put into actual
practice. We b elieve that relating studies and
“0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 r e s e a r c h e s for f u r t h e r i m p r o v e m e n t of the h a r d
q u 2 8 (k N /m 2) e n i n g agent and e s t a b l i s h m e n t of m e t h o d s for
designing, execution of the works, a d m i n i s
Fig. 9. R e l a t i o n s h i p o f T f 0 a n d q u2s (<3U tration techniques for e xecution e t c . , shall
a t 28 d ays) m a k e p r o g r e s s as t h e r e c o r d s o f a c t u a l p r a c t i c e
Soil Profiles after Improvement is b u i l t up.
Chiba Port
DMUta(X) ”(%) qu (kN/m*) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
B r o m s , B . B . , a n d B o m a n , P . , (1975), " L i m e S t a b i
lized C o l u m n s , " Proc. 5th A s i a n R e g i o n a l
C o n f . S M F E , V o l . 1, pp. 2 2 7 - 2 3 4 , Indi a .
m
Improved Area B r o m s , D . B . , a n d B o m a n , P . , (1979), " L i m e C o l u m n s
Wo r k of Chi b a Prefecture --- A N e w F o u n d a t i o n M e t h o d , " J o u r , o f
t h e S t r u c t u r a l D i v i s i o n , A S C E , pp. 5 3 9 -
Fig. 10. Example of Constr u c t i o n (Improvement 556.
in B l o c k Form)
E n d o , M . , (1976), " R e c e n t D e v e l o p m e n t i n D r e d g e d
Hiroshima Port Material Stabilization and Deep Chemical
Soil Profiles after Improvement M i x i n g in J a p a n , " L i f e - L o n g L e a r n i n g
mprc
Improved Area ^ Plan Distribution (%) W(%) q U (kN/m2) Seminar, Soil and Site Improvement, June,
\ University of California, Berkeley.
T e r a s h i , M . , T a n a k a , H . , a n d O k u m u r a , T . , (1979),
"Engineering Properties of Lime-Treated
19.9 m
M a r i n e S o i l s a n d D.M. M e t h o d , " P r o c . 6 t h
W o r k of 3rd District Port Construction Bureau, Ministry A s i a n R e g i o n a l C o n f . S M F E , V o l . 1, pp. 1 9 1 -
of Transport 194, S i n g a p o r e .
Fig. 11. E x a m p l e of C o n s t r u c t i o n (Improvement
in L a t t i c e F o r m )
724