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Deep Mixing Method Using Cement Hardening Agent


Methode de Malaxage Profond Employant Ciment Agent

T. KAWASAKI Assistant General Manager, Takenaka Technical Research Laboratory, Japan


A. NIINA Chief Research Engineer, Takenaka Technical Research Laboratory
S. SAITOH Research Engineers, Takenaka Technical Research Laboratory
Y. SUZUKI
Y. HONJYO

SYNOPSIS A d e e p m i x i n g m e t h o d u s i n g c e m e n t s l u r r y as a h a r d e n i n g agent, a n e w m e t h o d of soil


s t a b i l i z a t i o n , is e x p l a i n e d . T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s the f e a t u r e s of the m e thod, the d e e p m i x i n g
m a c h i n e of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e for this s t a b i l i z a t i o n method, the p h y s i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
o f t h e i m p r o v e d s o i l f o r w h i c h c e m e n t s l u r r y h a d b e e n u s e d , a n d a t t h e end, t w o c a s e s o f a c t u a l
appli c a t i o n of this method.

INTRODUCTION The authors named their method "Deep Chemical


M i x i n g M e t h o d " (abb. D C M M e t h o d ) .
In r e c e n t years, d e e p m i x i n g m e t h o d using
c e m e n t or q u i c k l i m e h a v e b e c o m e to be a d o p t e d F E A T U R E S OF D C M M E T H O D
for soil s t a b i l i z a t i o n w o r k s of p o r t a n d h a b o r
a reas in J a p a n d u e to the r e a s o n s below: T h e f e a t u r e s o f t h e D C M M e t h o d a r e as f o l l o w s :

(1) P o r t and h a r b o r s t r u c t u r e s h a v e b e c o m e of (1) Chemical soil stabilization method w i t hout


l a r g e size. u s i n g sand.
(2) Port and h a rbor structures have come to be (2) As the q u a n t i t y of ce m e n t slurry to be m i x ­
l o c a t e d o n g r o u n d w h e r e s o f t s o i l is e d is f a r s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t o f s a n d u s i n g
thickly deposited. c o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d s , t h e v o l u m e of d r e d g ­
(3) F o r the p u r p o s e of e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n , i n g is e x t r e m e l y d e c r e a s e d .
restrictions has been placed on p r o c u r e ­ (3) Required strength of s t a b ilized soil m a y be
m e n t of o n - s h o r e sand, on c o r r u p t i o n to sea obtained by a d j u s t i n g th e cement ratio.
w a t e r a n d o n d i s p o s a l o f d r e d g e d s oil. (4) Compared with methods using consolidation
(sand d r a i n e t c . ) , i m p r o v e d g r o u n d m a y b e
Si n c e 1974, the a u t h o r s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p i n g o b t a i n e d in m u c h less t i m e (several w e e k s ) ,
and have put into actual practice, a soil st a b i ­ the c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d m a y g r e a t l y be
l i z a t i o n m e t h o d u s i n g c e m e n t s l u r r y as a h a r d e n ­ reduced.
ing agent, d e e p m i x i n g method, w h i c h m e e t s the (5) Since the s t r e n g t h and m o d u l u s of d e f o r ­
needs of society and possesing excelent featu­ m a t i o n of the s t a b i l i z e d soil are g r e a t l y
r es. The cement slurry consists of normal P o r t ­ increased compared with before stabili­
land cement or slag cement together w i t h m i x ­ z a t i o n , it is p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n i m p r o v e d
ing w a t e r and admixtures. g r o u n d h a v i n g a h i g h b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y and
D e e p m i x i n g m e t h o d u s i n g q u i c k l i m e is a l s o b e ­ extremely small deformation through design­
ing d e v e l o p e d and put into actual practice. ing taking a dvantage of this c h a r a c t e r ­
[ O k u m u r a , T e r a s h i , e t al. (1975, 1 9 7 9 ) , a n d istics .
B r o m s a n d B o m a n (1975, 1979)] (6) It is p o s s i b l e t o d e s i g n s t a b i l i z e d s o i l of
r a t i o n a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s (block, l a t t i c e ,
w a l l , p i l e , e t c . ) in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e
external force conditions. For example,
F ig. 1 s h o w s a c a s e o f a d e s i g n w h e r e w a l l -
f o r m i m p r o v e d s o i l is m a d e , a n d i m p r o v e d

F ig . 1. S o il S tab iliza tio n i n W a l l Form F ig . 2. E x a m p le o f Im p r o v e d S o i l i n W a l l Form

4 6 -017 129 721


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T a b l e I. Performances and Work Execution


J Slurry Co n d i t i o n s of D e e p M i x i n g Mac h i n e

,4n
Supply Line
Depth of Stabilization 30~40 (m)

Deep Improved Area 4 .2 6 ~ 5 .7 4 (m2)


Mixing Machine

MW
ilX
Ar/ea
m A / Penetration Velocity 1. 0 ~ 2 . 0 (m/min.)

W
Sea Bottom Withdrawal Velocity 1.0-— 1.5 (m/min.)
| ^ Im p ro v e d
Soft Soil Stratum during
2 0 —3 0 (r.p.m.)
Rotating Speeds penetration

of Blades during
4 0 —6 0 (r.p.m.)
withdrawal
Fig. 3. S c h e m a t i c D i a g r a m of Fig. 4. Deep Mixing
Cement Content
Work Execution Machine (for 1m3 of Soil)
1 .4 -3 .0 (kN /m 3)

s o i l a n d u n i m p r o v e d s o i l w o r k t o g e t h e r to has b e e n c h a n g e d i n t o a b r i t t l e m a t e r i a l of
resist large horizontal external forces s m a l l f a i l u r e s t r a i n (this b e i n g i m p o r t a n t w i t h
s u c h as e a r t h p r e s s u r e o f f i l l a t t h e b a c k . r e g a r d to d e s i g n of i m p r o v e d g r o u n d c o n s i s t i n g
Fig. 2 shows an e x a m p l e o f w a l l - f o r m i m ­ of improved and unimproved s o i l s ) .
p ro v e d soil b e i n g made.
U n c onfined compression tests are generally used
DEEP MIXING MACHINE for judgments of e f f e ct s of i mp r ovement, and
because of the simplicity of the testing
T h e dee p m i xing m a c h i n e consists of 8 rotating m e t h o d , t h e u n c o n f i n e d c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h <Iu
s ha f t s w i t h e x c a v a t i o n b l a d e s and m i x i n g blades, o b t a i n e d b y t e s t s is u s e d a s a n i n c ^ x f o r
st e e l frames for s u p p o r t i n g the shafts, h y d r a u ­ s t r e n g t h s o t h e r t h a n q u s u c h as s h e a r s t r e n g t h
lic m o t o r for t h e r o t a t i o n of the shaft. d e s c r i b e d l a t e r o r f o r d e s i g n c o n s t a n t s s u c h as
M u l t i p l e s h a f t s y s t e m is t h e m a j o r c h a r a c t o r o f modulus of deformation.
the machine. T h a t is, b y f u l l y u t i l i z i n g t h e Fig. 5 s h o w s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s of v a l u e s of q u
m u t u a l i n t e r f e r e n c e of the b l a d e s e n a b l e s the o f s o i l s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p o r t s a n d h a r b o r s of
u n i f o r m mixing, and the d i a m e t e r of the e x c a v a t ­ Japan stabilized w i t h cement, the cement content
ing b l a d e s b e i n g small, t h e e x c a v a t i n g c a p a c i t y
is l a r g e . A s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m of s t a b i l i z a t i o n T a b l e II. Profiles of Soft Soils
w o r k is s h o w n in F i g . 3, t y p i c a l m i x i n g m a c h i n e
i n F i g . 4, w o r k c o n d i t i o n s a n d c a p a c i t y o f t h e
m a c h i n e f o r a c t u a l o p e r a t i o n is s h o w n in T a b l e W

Ip
WL

Content
Content

I.

pH - value
At present, exec u t i o n m e t h o d of p e n e t r a t i n g the
Water Content

Index
Symbol

Limit
( %)
m a c h i n e to the specified depth and mixi n g the
( %)

{ %)
Name
cement slurry wit h the soft soil upon the w i t h ­

Humus
Plasticity
Sand

d r a w i n g o f t h e m a c h i n e is a d o p t e d .
Liquid

PROPERTIES OF IMPROVED SOILS

Th e p h y s i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of i m ­ Tokyo (P) O 1 9 9 .6 9 0 .5 5 5 .3 0 .3 9 7 .2


proved soil by mixi n g cement w i t h the soft soil
Tokyo 1 (L) © 14 6 2 .8 5 2 .4 2 4 .4 0 .3 0 7 .8
of p o r t a n d h a b o r a r e a s h a v e m a i n l y b e e n o b t a i n
t h r o u g h l a b o r a t o r y (indoor) e x p e r i m e n t s . The Tokyo 2 (L) 0 25 5 8 .4 4 9 .3 2 7 .8 0 .3 7 3 .8
p r o f i l e of soil e m p l o y e d h e r e a f t e r in t h i s p a p e r Tokyo 3 (L) 1 8 6 .3 85.1 5 5 .4 0 .2 6 5 .9
C
a r e i n d i c a t e d in T a b l e II. The normal portland
c e m e n t w a s used. Chiba 1 (P) • 2 123.0 9 5 .7 6 4 .0 0 .3 9 7 .5
Chiba 2 (P) © 44 6 1 .0 5 5 .8 3 1 .8 0 .3 4 6 .6
The water content and unit w eight of improved
Kanagawa 1 (P) 16 109.7 9 1 .0 5 9 .5 0.71 6 .7
soil change slightly compared with before im­
p r o v e m e n t ( K a w a s a k i , e t al., 1 9 7 8 ) . Consequent­ Kanagawa 2 (P ) ® 8 97.1 8 5 .0 5 1 .7 0 .2 8 7 .3
ly, in c a s e t h e s o i l s t o o e s t a b i l i z e d a r e Aichi 1 (P) A 5 9 9 .3 8 3 .4 6 0 .0 0 .6 0 7 .4
clayey compared wit h naturally deposited soils
p o s s essing identical strengths, the features are Aichi 2 (P) A 22 5 4 .4 4 6 .0 2 0 .6 0 .3 6 7 .2
that the water c ontent of the improved soil will Mie (P) A 29 5 6 .7 4 6 .9 19.8 0 .3 9 7 .3
b e h i g h w h i l e t h e u n i t w e i g h t w i l l b e small.
Osaka (L) B 2 5 5 .8 6 1 .2 3 6 .9 0 .3 3 7 .3
T h e coefficient of p e r m e a b i l i t y of improved soil
is l o w e r e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d c e m e n t c o n t e n t Osaka (P) m 5 1 13.5 9 5 .0 65.1 0 .3 7 7 .5
( K a w a s a k i , e t al., 1 9 7 8 ) . Hiroshima (P) a 3 136.3 121.0 8 4 .9 0 .5 4 7 .3

The properties of improved soil seen from the Fukuoka 1 (P) O 24 5 5 .8 4 1 .5 16.0 0 .1 4 7.1
a s p e c t o f m e c h a n i c s r e s u l t s in e x t r e m e i n c r e a s e s Fukuoka 2 (P) ♦ 2 149.2 93.1 6 7 .9 0 .3 6 7 .2
in strength and mod u l u s of d e f o r m a t i o n compared
w i t h b e f o r e improvement, but on the other hand, Note: (P) Soils be l o w sea b ottom
a t t e n t i o n m u s t b e p a i d to t h e fact t h a t t h e soil (L) O r i g i n a l l y m a r i n e soils n o w on land

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Fukuoka 2(P)
(w = 1 4 9 .2 % )
__' Symbols - _
Cement
[~ C ontent
o aw = I 0%
o aw =
ja w =
2000

u0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
Age (days)
Fig. 5. R e l a t i o n s h i p s of q u . C e m e n t C o n t e n t and Age of Improved Soil

a n d age: it m a y b e s e e n f r o m t h e f i g u r e t h a t X I06
the p r o c e s s of i n c r e a s e in q u a c c o r d i n g to age
o r t h e r a t i o o f i n c r e a s e in q u a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
c e m e n t c o n t e n t d i f f e r s d e p e n d i n q o n t h e s oil.
Fig. 6 shows t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n q u of
i m p r o v e d s o i l a n d m o d u l u s o f d e f o r m a t i o n E 5(P
The level of confined stress of ground improved
b y t h e D C M M e t h o d is n o t h i g h e r t h a n s e v e r a l
h u n d r e d kPa. In o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e
undrained shear strength of improved soil w i thin
this range, a c o n s t a n t - l o a d r a pi d shear b o x test
at h o r i z o n t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t v e l o c i t y of 0.625
mm/min was performed. Fig. 7 shows the r e ­
lationship between normal stress aN and shear
s t r e n g t h Tf, a n d a l s o r e s u l t s o f u n c o n f i n e d c o m ­
p r e s s i o n tests and simple t e n s i o n tests. In
t h i s f i g u r e , i t m a y b e s e e n t h a t t h e r e is r e ­
d u c t i o n i n if w i t h a N c l o s e t o z e r o ( e s p e c i a l l y , qu (kN /m 2)
t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f r e d u c t i o n is g r e a t e r , t h e
h i g h e r t h e <Ju o f t h e i m p r o v e d soil) , if a p ­ Fig. 6. R e l a t i o n s h i p o f q u a n d Eso
p r o a c h e s a m o r e o r l e s s c o n s t a n t v a l u e as aN
b e c o m e s larger, and w h e n aN b e c o me s larger than
Based on the above shear and consol i d a t i o n c h a r ­
a b o u t t h e v a l u e o f qu, t h e r e is a t e n d e n c y for
a c t e r i s t i c s o f i m p r o v e d s o i l , it m a y b e s a i d
Tf t o b e i n c r e a s e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a b o v e is that due to the chemical s o l i d i fication action
substantiated by the results of the equal-volume
o f c e m e n t a n d s o il, t h e i m p r o v e d s o i l w i l l p o s ­
s h e a r b o x t e s t i n d i c a t e d in F i g . 8 a n d o f t r i ­ sess yield stress corres p o n d i n g to p r e c o n s o l i ­
a x i a l c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s (Endo, 1 9 7 6 ) . To be
dat io n p r e s s u r e of n a t u r a l l y d e p o s i t e d soil, and
conservative, the authors adopted a shear
in t h e s t r e s s e d c o n d i t i o n of l o a d i n g ( b e l o w
s t r e n g t h T f o c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a N = 0 as t h e
y i e l d stress) at a c t u a l l y i m p r o v e d g r ound, b e ­
design undrained shear strentth of imoroved
h a v i o r c l o s e to a n o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d c o n d i t i o n of
soil. Fig. 9 shows v a l u e s of T fo a g a i n s t q u for
n a t u r a l l y d e p o s i t e d s o i l is i n d i c a t e d .
v a r i o u s i m p r o v e d s o ils.
With respect to the c o n solidation c h a r a c t e r ­
Finally, c o n c e r n i n g i n - si t u i mp r ov e d soil, b e c a ­
i s t i c s o f i m p r o v e d s oil, it h a s b e e n c l a r i f i e d
use of the n o n u n i f o r m i t y , a l t h o u g h p r o p e r t i e s
t h a t c o n s o l i d a t i o n y i e l d s t r e s s is i n c r e a s e d as
s i m i l a r t o t h o s e in l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s m a y b e
t h e c e m e n t c o n t e n t is i n c r e a s e d ( c o n s o l i d a t i o n
yi e l d stress Py indicates a value close to u n ­
con f i n e d c o m p r e s s i v e strength) and the c o m ­ 2500
p r e s s i o n i n d e x is v e r y s m a l l w h e n t h e c o n s o l i ­ Clay at Yokohama Port
d a t i o n p r e s s u r e is l o w e r t h a n P y (Endo, 1976) . (w = 13 0 % )
2000
Clay at Tokyo Port
(w = 130% )
1500
1500

; I000< 1000

Symbols
__Cement C ontent—
o aw = I 0%
» aw = I 5%

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000


(T, (kN/m2) f f N (kN /m 2)
Fig. 7. R e l a t i o n s h i p o f T f a n d N o r m a l S t r e s s Ojg F ig . 8. R e l a t i o n s h i p o f T f a n d N o r m a l S t r e s s 0{j
( Co n so l id a te d -R a pi d S h ea r B o x Test) ( C o n s ol i da t ed - Eq u al V o l u m e S h e a r B o x Test)

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indi c a t e d each portion, the p r o p erties of the EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTION


i n - s i t u i m p r o v e s o i l as a m a s s h a v e n o t b e e n
t h o r o u g h l y c l a r i f i e d b e c a u s e of the d i f f i c u l t y A s o f J u l y 1 9 80, 7 c a s e s , 9 3 0 , 0 0 0 m 3 o f s t a b i ­
of collecting and testing large-sized specimens. l i z a t i o n b y D C M M e t h o d h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d in
H o w e v e r , it has b e e n m a d e k n o w n that r e g a r d i n g Japan.
s c a t t e r o f i n - s i t u i m p r o v e d s oil, t h e c o e f ­ F i g . 10 s h o w s a c a s e o f s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f f o u n ­
fi c i e n t s of v a r i a t i o n of s t r e n g t h fall w i t h i n a d a t i o n for s e a w a l l u s i n g b l o c k t y p e DCM. The
r a n g e o f 0 . 2 5 t o 0 .35. s c o p e of w o r k w a s s e a w a l l l e n g t h 1 5 0 m, w i d t h
o f i m p r o v e m e n t 2 8 m, d e p t h o f i m p r o v e m e n t 17 -
2000 21 m a n d t h e c e m e n t c o n t e n t w a s 150 k g p e r
1 rf o f i m p r o v e m e n t .
Fig. 11 s h o w s a c a s e o f l a t t i c e t y p e D C M f o r i m ­
p r o v e m e n t of the f o u n da t io n for b r ea k water. The
1500 s c o p e o f t h e w o r k w a s l e n g t h o f b r e a k w a t e r 79 m,
w i d t h of i m p r o v e m e n t 20 - 27 m, d e p t h o f i m p r o ­
v e m e n t 13 m, a n d t h e c e m e n t c o n t e n t w a s 150 k g
per 1 m 3 of improvement.

CONCLUSION

W e h a v e i n t r o d u c e d the o u t l i n e of the D e e p
C h e m i c a l M i x i n g M e t h o d (DCM M e t h o d ) u s i n g c e m e n t
Symbols
s l u u r y as a h a r d e n i n g a g e n t . T h i s m e t h o d is
(cf. Table 2)
newly developed and recently put into actual
practice. We b elieve that relating studies and
“0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 r e s e a r c h e s for f u r t h e r i m p r o v e m e n t of the h a r d ­
q u 2 8 (k N /m 2) e n i n g agent and e s t a b l i s h m e n t of m e t h o d s for
designing, execution of the works, a d m i n i s ­
Fig. 9. R e l a t i o n s h i p o f T f 0 a n d q u2s (<3U tration techniques for e xecution e t c . , shall
a t 28 d ays) m a k e p r o g r e s s as t h e r e c o r d s o f a c t u a l p r a c t i c e
Soil Profiles after Improvement is b u i l t up.
Chiba Port
DMUta(X) ”(%) qu (kN/m*) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

12.0m T h e authors w ish to express their sincerest


g r a t i t u d e to e n g i n e e r s of the P o r t a n d H a r b o r
R e s e a r c h Institute, M i n i s t r y of T r a n s p o r t , for
t h e i r v a l u a b l e t e c h n i c a l a d v i c e in d e v e l o p m e n t
of this method.

REFERENCES

B r o m s , B . B . , a n d B o m a n , P . , (1975), " L i m e S t a b i ­
lized C o l u m n s , " Proc. 5th A s i a n R e g i o n a l
C o n f . S M F E , V o l . 1, pp. 2 2 7 - 2 3 4 , Indi a .
m
Improved Area B r o m s , D . B . , a n d B o m a n , P . , (1979), " L i m e C o l u m n s
Wo r k of Chi b a Prefecture --- A N e w F o u n d a t i o n M e t h o d , " J o u r , o f
t h e S t r u c t u r a l D i v i s i o n , A S C E , pp. 5 3 9 -
Fig. 10. Example of Constr u c t i o n (Improvement 556.
in B l o c k Form)
E n d o , M . , (1976), " R e c e n t D e v e l o p m e n t i n D r e d g e d
Hiroshima Port Material Stabilization and Deep Chemical
Soil Profiles after Improvement M i x i n g in J a p a n , " L i f e - L o n g L e a r n i n g
mprc
Improved Area ^ Plan Distribution (%) W(%) q U (kN/m2) Seminar, Soil and Site Improvement, June,
\ University of California, Berkeley.

Kawasaki,T., Niina,A., Saitoh,S., and Babasaki,


R. , (1978) , " S t u d i e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g C h a r a ­
c t e r i s t i c s of C e m e n t - b a s e S t a b i l i z e d Soil,"
LA T A K E N A K A T e c h n i c a l R e s e a r c h R e p o r t , No. 19,
-A —A Section A p r i l , pp. 1 4 4 - 1 6 5 , (in J a p a n e s e ) .
+ 3 .0
O k u m u r a , T . , a n d T e r a s h i , M . , (1975), " D e e p - L i m e -
M i x i n g M e t h o d of S t a b i l i z a t i o n for M a r i n e , "
P r o c . 5 t h A s i a n R e g i o n a l C o n f . S M F E , V o l . 1,
pp. 6 6 - 7 5 , I n d i a .

T e r a s h i , M . , T a n a k a , H . , a n d O k u m u r a , T . , (1979),
"Engineering Properties of Lime-Treated
19.9 m
M a r i n e S o i l s a n d D.M. M e t h o d , " P r o c . 6 t h
W o r k of 3rd District Port Construction Bureau, Ministry A s i a n R e g i o n a l C o n f . S M F E , V o l . 1, pp. 1 9 1 -
of Transport 194, S i n g a p o r e .
Fig. 11. E x a m p l e of C o n s t r u c t i o n (Improvement
in L a t t i c e F o r m )

724

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