ANALYSIS OF BUILDING 2

(DUAL SYSTEM )

ZEYNEP TUNA

JOHN W. WALLACE

05/07/2010
 OUTLINE
2

Design

Modeling

Non-linear Dynamic Earthquake Analysis Results

Conclusions

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Design - Building Properties
3
20’
11.5’
42 stories above the ground
4 stories below the ground

40 x 10.5’

10.5 ft typical story height
20 ft tall penthouse

Core wall
+
13.67’
10.5’
Special Moment Frames
42’
Three-dimensional building view [EPI, 2009]
North & South sides
Structural and Earthquake Engineering
 Design - Design Summary
4

Three Designs

Code-based Design
Performance-based Design
Enhanced

(IBC 2006) (LATBSDC) Performance-based

Linear Dynamic
Two-level Design Design
Procedure (LDP)
Serviceability (LDP)
Serviceability (NDP)

Collapse Prevention (NDP)
Same as Building 2B

Slightly stiffer than

Building 2A
Structural and Earthquake Engineering
Design - Design of Building 2A (Code Design)
5

Torsional

H1 H2

T1= 4.456 sec T2=4.026 sec T3=2.478 sec

 Design - Design of Building 2A (Code Design)
6

CORE WALLS COLUMNS

36”x36” typ.
18" thick, f'c =5 ksi
f'c =5 ksi
20th floor
14th floor

9th floor f'c =6 ksi (42”x42” interior)

24" thick, f'c =6 ksi
f'c =8 ksi
(46”x46” interior)
f'c =10 ksi
East & West sides Total area of reinforcement
SYM. in each group of diagonal
SECTION bars, Avd

All beams 30”x36”

α

Coupling beams 30” deep, Wall boundary

reinforcement,
typical

reinforcement varies from 15#11 to 4#9,

' '
shear strength Vn varies from 10 f c to 3 f c ELEVATION

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Design - Design of Building 2B (PBD)
7
CORE WALLS
COLUMNS
16" thick, f'c =6 ksi
30th floor 36”x36”, f'c =5 ksi
18" thick, f'c =6 ksi 25th floor
20th floor
14th floor
42”x42”, f'c =5 ksi

9th floor 42”x42”, f'c =6 ksi

24" thick, f'c =8 ksi
46”x46”, f'c =8 ksi
46”x46”, f'c =10 ksi
East & West sides
Coupling Beams

All beams 30”x36”

Coupling beams 30” deep,

reinforcement varies from 6#11 to 4#8,

' '
shear strength Vn varies from 4 f c to 2 f c
Structural and Earthquake Engineering
 OUTLINE
8

Design

Modeling

Non-linear Dynamic Earthquake Analysis Results

Conclusions

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Modeling
9

Building 2A Building 2B and 2C

Uniform
Element modeling procedure
MCE
Code-Level Analysis Serviceability Design
Level
3-Dof Elasticity

Modulus nonlinear model
A
in Perform
Specified concrete Expected3D
concrete Expected concrete
strength strengthB strength
Lateral

Walls
Core force resisting
Flexural –system
0.6 EIg
Shear – 1.0 GAg
only
Flexural – 0.9 EIg
Shear – 1.0 GA
Flexural – N/A
Shear – 1.0 GAg
g

Flexural – 0.8 EIg Flexural – 1.0 EIg Flexural – 0.8 EIg

Soil-structure
Basement Walls interaction

P-Delta
Coupling Beams effects
Ground Level and Basement

Stiffness modifiers
slabs
Moment Frame Beams
Moment Frame Columns
Shear – 0.8 GAgis neglected.
Shear – 1.0 GAg Shear – 0.8 GAg
Flexural – 0.2 EIg Flexural – 0.5 EIg Flexural – 0.2 EIg
are included.
Shear – 1.0 GAg Shear – 1.0 GAg Shear – 1.0 GAg
Flexural – 0.25 EIg Flexural – 0.5 EIg Flexural – 0.25 EIg
Shear – 0.5 GAg Shear – 0.8 GAg Shear – 0.25 GAg
Flexural – 0.35 EIg Flexural – 0.7 EIg Flexural – 0.35 EIg
Shear – 1.0 GAg Shear – 1.0 GAg Shear – 1.0 GAg
Flexural – 0.7 EIg Flexural – 0.9 EIg Flexural – 0.7 EIg
Shear – 1.0 GAg Shear – 1.0 GAg Shear – 1.0 GAg

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Modeling – Core Wall Modeling
10

Concrete stress-strain relationship (Mander et al.)

16

f’c,exp =1.3*f’c

A: (0.6fcc/Ec, 0.6fcc) B C
12 (NOWAK & SZERSZEN)

B: (0.75εcc, fcc)

Concrete Stress (ksi)

D

C: (1.25εcc, fcc) 8 A

D: (0.024, 0.6fcc)
4

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Concrete Strain (in/in)

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Modeling – Core Wall Modeling
11

Steel stress-strain relationship

A706 steel fy,exp=1.17*fy 100

Fy= 70 ksi (expected) (MIRZA et al.)

50

Fu= 105 ksi

Steel Stress (ksi)

Post-yield stiffness 0
-0.12 -0.08 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0.12
and cyclic degradation
-50

by Orakcal et al. (2006)

-100

Steel Strain (in/in)

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Modeling – Core Wall Modeling
12

Shear stress-strain relationship

vn = (α c f 'c + ρt f y ) psi (ACI 318-08 §21.9.4.1)

1.5

G=0.2Ec

Shear Stress (Vult/Vn)

1

E = 57000 f ' f ' ≤6000 psi

c c c 0.5

E =40000 f ' + 1x106 f ' >6000 psi

c c c 0

0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016

Shear Strain (in/in)

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Modeling – Core Wall Modeling
13

Test results
3
PCA
HSC - SP1 Wallace test data
Wallace, Massone, Orakcal - 2006

2
Vtest/Vn,ACI

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Displacement Ductility
Curvature Ductility
 Modeling – Coupling Beam Modeling
14
Vyexp=Expected yield shear strength (2*As*fyexp*sin(α)

Elastic beam elements + Nonlinear displacement shear hinge
Vu =Expected ultimate shear strength (1.33*Vy
exp exp)

VrexpRelative
= Expected residual strength
Displacement [in] (0.25*Vuexp)
-4.32 -2.16 0 2.16 4.32
200
Shear displacement hinge
ln/h = 2.4
V/Vy Test
Shear hinge model
100

Lateral Load [k]

0
θ
Beam Effective Stiffness

Elastic beam -100

M
EIeff=0.2*EIg
-200
θ -0.12 -0.06 0 0.06 0.12
Rotation [radians]

(Naish et al.)

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

Modeling – Moment Frame Beam Modeling
15

Nonlinear
Rotation Hinges
Rigid end Rigid end

Column
zone zone
Column

M
M

EIeff=0.35*EI g
Myexp=Expected nominal moment capacity
θ Muexp= Expected nominal ultimate capacity (1.18*Myexp
θ )
θy=Maximum elastic rotation
θu=Ultimate rotation observed in test (0.048 rad)

Beam Effective Stiffness

Moment Strength

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Modeling – Moment Frame Column Modeling
16

Rigid end Beam

zone
P

Nonlinear EIeff=0.7*EIg
Rotation Hinges
M
θ Moment Strength

Column Effective
Stiffness Axial Force

Rigid end Beam

zone

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Modeling – Damping
17

2.5% damping

T1= 4.456 seconds (2A)

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Modeling – Masses
18

Lumped at the
center of mass
above the ground
level

Distributed below
the ground level

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 OUTLINE
19

Design

Modeling

Non-linear Dynamic Earthquake Analysis Results

Conclusions

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Analyses Results – Overall Behavior
20

Building 2A – Inter-story drifts in H1 direction

SLE25 SLE43
SLE43 DBE OVE MCE OVE
40 40 40 40 40 40

30 30 Mean
30 30 30 30 30
Maximum limit
Individual GM
Floor Level

20 20 %13th and %86th

20 20 20 20 20

10 10
10 10 10 10 10

0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0.02 0.04 0 0.02 0.04

0 0.02 0.04 0 0.02 Drift
Inter-story 0.04 0 0.02 Inter-story
0.04 Drift0 0.02 0.04 0 0.02 0.04
Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Analyses Results – Overall Behavior
21

Building 2B – Inter-story drifts in H1 direction

SLE25 SLE43 DBE MCE OVE
40 40 40 40 40

30 30 30 30 30
Floor Level

20 20 20 20 20

10 10 10 10 10

0 0 0 0 0

0 0.02 0.04 0 0.02 0.04 0 0.02 0.04 0 0.02 0.04 0 0.02 0.04
Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Analyses Results – Comparison of two buildings
22

Inter-story drifts in H1 direction

MCE OVE
40 40

30 30
Floor Level

Floor Level
20 20

10 10

0 0

-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Inter-story Drift Inter-story Drift
Structural and Earthquake Engineering
 Analyses Results – Core Wall Behavior
23

Core wall average shear stresses

SLE43 MCE OVE

40 40 40

30 30 30

20 20 20

10 10 10
1.5Vn ≈ 8 f 'c
0 0 0

0 0.4 0.8 0 0.4 0.8 0 0.4 0.8

Stress (ksi) Stress (ksi) Stress (ksi)
 Analyses Results – Core Wall Behavior
24
Building 2A

Core wall strains (OVE) Building 2B

P9 P11 P9 P11
40 40 40 40

30 30 30 30
Floor Level

Floor Level

Floor Level

Floor Level
20 20 20 20

10 10 10 10

0 0 0 0

-0.002 0 -0.002 0 0 0.008 0 0.008

Core strain Core strain Core strain Core strain

Compression Tension

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Analyses Results – Core Wall Behavior
25

Coupling Beam Rotations

2A (OVE) 2B (OVE)
N&W
E S
40 40
E&W
N S Mean±StDev
Mean±StDev
Max Rotation Limit

30 30
Floor Level

Floor Level
20 20

10 10

0 0

-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Rotation (rad) Rotation (rad)

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

Analyses Results – Comparison of two buildings
26

Coupling Beam Rotations

OVE
40

30
Floor Level

20

10
2A (E-W)
2A (N-S)
2B (E-W)
0 2B (N-S)
Max Rotation Limit

-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

Rotation (rad)

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Analyses Results – Core Wall Behavior
27

Building 2A –Failure modes Elevation view

∆z3
(∆ z1 -∆ z3 ) ∆z4
1.5 ε (1-3) =
Hw
Hw

Shear Stress (Vult/Vn)

1 (∆ z2 -∆ z4 )
ε (2-4) =
Hw
∆z1 ∆z2
0.5

Lw
0 ε (1-3) -ε (2-4) 0.0025
curvature φ = yield curvature φ y ≈
0 Lw
0.004 0.008 0.012 Lw0.016
Shear Strain (in/in)
φ
curvature ductility =
φy

Calculations
(OVE#10)
 Analyses Results – Core Wall Behavior
28

Building 2A –Failure modes

(OVE#10) (OVE#2)
 Analyses Results – Core Wall Behavior
29

Building 2B – Failure modes

(OVE#15)
 Analyses Results- Frame Behavior
30

Beam Rotations
40 Building 2A
2A Mean±StDev
Building 2B
30
2B Mean±StDev
Acceptance Limit
Floor Level

20

10

-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

Rotation (rad)
 Analyses Results- Frame Behavior
31

Column Axial Forces
Building 2A Building 2B
40 NE 40 NE
NW NW
SE SE
SW SW
South South
North North
30 30 West
West
East East

Floor Level
Floor Level

20 20

10 10

0 0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

P/A f'
P/Agf'c g c
 Analyses Results- Frame Behavior
32

Building 2A – Column Axial Forces
SW Column (Base floor) SW column (15th floor)
14000 14000
P-M P-M
OVE#1 OVE#1
12000 12000
OVE#11 OVE#11

10000 10000

8000
A x ia l F o rc e (kip s)

8000

A x ia l F o rc e (k ip s )
6000 6000

4000 4000

2000 2000

0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
-2000 Moment (k-ft) -2000 Moment (k-ft)
 Analyses Results- Frame Behavior
33

Column Rotations
2A (OVE) 2B (OVE)
40 Mean 40 Mean
Mean±StDev Mean±StDev
ASCE 41-06 Limit ASCE 41-06 Limit

30 30
Floor Level

Floor Level
20 20

10 10

0 0

-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04

Rotation (rad) Rotation (rad)
 OUTLINE
34

Design

Modeling

Non-linear Dynamic Earthquake Analysis Results

Conclusions

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Conclusions
35

First mode dominant responses

Median inter-story drift ratios (max ≈ 2%)

well-below
Median core wall strains (max ≈ 0.0085 tension)
established
(max ≈ 0.0019 compression)
limits
Median coupling beam rotations (max ≈ 0.02 rad)

Excellent performance

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

 Conclusions
36

Slightly higher shear stresses and strains in Building 2A

Significant difference in axial force demands in columns

6 GMs caused failure in Building 2A vs 1 GM in Building 2B

(assuming ductility is included)

Wall shear design appears conservative

37

Structural and Earthquake Engineering