DISK/FILE

CRT PRINTER
SCADA
D P
E MODEM RTU O
GRAPHIC M W
DISPLAY MASTER U E
L MODEM RTU R
UNIT T
ALARM I S
P MODEM RTU Y
L S
E T
X MODEM RTU E
E M
R
S
OPERATOR
CONSOLE CONTROL
CONSOLE
Fig: Simplified Block Diagram of a SCADA System

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 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEM
SCADA system is an arrangement which consists of many equipment
which performs controlling and monitoring of a power system or a
power.
SCADA equipments are located in Master Control Centre MCC
or National Grid Control Centre (NGCC), Zonal (Regional) Control
Centre (ZCC r RCC), District or State Electricity Board Control Centre
(DCC or SEBC) in addition to all the control rooms of Generating
Stations and Large Substations.
SCADA requires two-way communication channels between
the MCC and RCC through
i) Microwave
ii) Cables (separate) iii) Carrier Communication (PLC)

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 Functions of SCADA systems
1. Monitoring
2. Alarm
3. Control and Indication of AGC
4. Data logging
5. Data acquisition
6. Control ON/Off; RAISE/LOWER
7. Display
The following additional functions are provided with SCADA
systems for national load Control Centers
i. Interactive studies
ii. Security assessment calculations contingency
iii. Training Simulator
iv. Network modeling
v. Energy Management Systems (EMS)
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• Computer receives data from RTUs via the
communication interface.
• Operators control base one or more CRT terminals for
displays with this terminal it is possible to execute
supervisory control commands and request the
display of data in alpha numerical formats arranged by
geographical location and / or type.
• The programming input/output is used for modifying
the supervisory software. In the basic SCADA systems,
all the programs and the data is stored in the main
memory. The more sophisticated version of SCADA has
additional auxiliary memories in the form of magnetic
disc units.

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Features of SCADA systems

1. Data collection (Data Acquisition)

2. Data Transmission (Telemetry)

3. Scanning, Indication, Monitoring, Logging

4. Execution of operating commands: ON/OFF: RAISE / LOWER

5. Network, supervision, alarms and report any uncommon

change of state.

6. Control and Indication

7. Ensure Sequential events

8. Data presentation, display, reporting

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 Special Functions of S C A D A System
There are special programs available to perform special
functions. If these programs are executed by the computer
in the SCADA system, Special functions can be achieved
such as,
1. AGC
2. Contingency
3. On line load flow analysis
4. Economic Dispatch
5. Relaying
6. Load shedding
7. Unit commitment

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Sub-Station Control functions using SCADA systems
1. Alarm Functions
2. Control and Indication
3. Data Collection, recording and display
4. Sequential operation of devices with predetermined time and
conditions for operation of various devices.
By means of SCADA system, the operator in control centre can
cause operations in a remote SS. The possible romote operations
include:
- Opening and closing of switching devices.
- Tap-changing of Transformers (Voltage Control)
- Switching of Capacitor Banks (Voltage Control)
- Load Shedding (Load frequency control)

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 Automatic Functions in Transmission Sub
Station with SCADA system
(i) Protective Function
1. Sequential events
2. Auto reclosing
3. Bus protection
4. Fault distance reporting
5. Back up protection
6. Line protection
7. Transformer
8. Reactor protection
9. Synchronizing checks

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(ii) Control and Monitoring Functions
1. Voltage control VAR flow control
2. Automatic bus sectionalizing
3. Synchronizing checks
4. SS Transformer load monitoring
5. Data Collection, monitoring Alarm, display, logging
6. Load frequency control, load shedding, islanding
7. Sequential events Monitoring
8. Power flow monitoring

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 Energy Management System (EMS)
Energy Management System is the process of
monitoring, coordinating and controlling the
generation, transmission and distribution of
electrical energy. The physical plant to be managed
includes generating plants that produce energy fed
through transformers to the HV transmission
network(grid), interconnecting generating plants, and
load centers.

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12
 Energy Management System (EMS) Functions

To achieve high power system security the control

room should have data collection system and
computerized power system security analysis
program software. Such system are called Energy
Management Systems (EMS).
An EMS generally has a centralized digital
computer system connected to Remote Terminal
Units (RTU) via communication channels.

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 Action by operator Variables to be adjusted

Generation commitment Generation on/off status

Generation dispatch Generation MW output schedule

Generation bus voltage Unit exciter setting

Network configuration Substation circuit breaker open/close

Load shedding Distribution feeder CB

On-load tap changing Tap position

Phase shift transformer Tap position

Tie line system interchange Interchange schedule

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