Oral Abstracts Presentation

Poster/Oral Mode of
Presenter Co-Presenter Supervisor Abstracts
Number Presentation

Sharifah Nur Izzati Syed

O01 Nur Afiqah A/P Dr Thomas George Oral view
Othman
O02 Loh Eng Hong Ooi Zee Ean Dr Kathreena Binti Kadir Oral view
O03 Koh Khai Kent Tan Jing Shyuan Prof Dr Phrabhakaran Oral view
O04 Ong Kai Ying Chen Ka Yaw Prof Dr Nasruddin bin Jaafar Oral view
Dr Saravanan Pushparajan,
O05 Chen Swit Ching Neo Sin Dee Oral view
Prof Dasan Swaminathan
O06 Adeline Ng Kah Yee Yong Ming Xiao Dr Shani Ann Mani Oral view
O07 Edward Tay Chu Ern Lai Qi Yi Dr Aied Oral view
O08 Tan See Yee Ong Pei Ting Dr Muralithran Oral view
O09 Sylvia Lim Sze Fen Tee Yi Ting Dr Lily Azura Oral view
Wan Fatimah Binti Wan
O10 Siti Maisarah binti Ramli Dr Ros Anita Omar Oral view
Osman
O11 Amira Hanim bt Norizan Elisya Farha Mohd Akbar Dr Fathilah Abdul Razak Oral view
Nur Diyana Mohamed
O12 'Aishah 'Afifah Binti A Aziz Dr Aung Lwin Oo Oral view
Radzi
Ahmad Shukrey Bin Mohd Aiman Najhan Abu
O13 Dr Nor Azlin Yahya Oral view
Said Saamah
O14 Aida Hernita Mohd Zulkiflee Nur Atika Arbi Dr Maria Angela Oral view
O15 Nurabidah Mohamed Shukri Nurbaya Abdul Wahab Dr Mohammad Zakir Hossain Oral view
O16 Chan Huai Ying Lee Geok Hoon Dr Nor Malina Oral view
O17 Terrence Chanlai Wooi Lim Keng Siang Dr Wey Mang Chek Oral view
Nur Lailatul Hidayah Abd Prof Dato' Dr Zainal Ariff
O18 Norazreen Shahril Oral view
Rauf Abdul Rahman
Evaluation of Adverse Effects and Pain Outcome in Patients Undergoing Pharmacotherapy with
Carbamazepine for Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia 001
Syed Othman SNI¹, Mazlam NA¹, Kallarakkal TG²
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Objectives: To determine the adverse effects of carbamazepine administered to manage patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia and their pain
outcome.

Methods: The study was carried out on patients at Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya. Medical records of patients diagnosed with trigeminal
neuralgia over a period of 11 years from April, 2003 to April, 2014 were reviewed. Demographic details, clinical features and blood test reports of the
patients were recorded from the patient’s clinical files. Subjects included in the study were administered the Faces Pain Rating scale and Numeric Pain
Rating scale to measure the pain outcome retrospectively as perceived by the patient prior to initiation of therapy and at the latest follow up. Analysis
and interpretation of results was carried out using SPSS.
Results: Hepatic adverse effects were more commonly seen in our patients (n=39) followed by haematological (n=27), renal (n=23) and non-specific
adverse effects (n=22). The analysis showed no significant correlation between gender, ethnicity and age of the patients with the adverse effects. Pain
perception after treatment was significantly decreased (p-0.007) in comparison to pain perception before commencement of therapy with carbamazepine.

Conclusion: The results showed that there were no significant haematological, hepatic, renal, and non-specific adverse effects associated with the use of
carbamazepine. The efficacy of this drug in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia was proven to be satisfactory. In conclusion, carbamazepine could be
considered as the drug of choice for patient with trigeminal neuralgia.
Keywords: trigeminal neuralgia, haematological, hepatic, renal, non-specific
Patients Compliance to Instructions after Oral Surgical Procedures
Ooi ZE1, Loh EH1, Kadir K2 002
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Objectives: To analyse patients’ comprehension and compliance to post-surgical instructions and medication prescriptions from oral surgeons.
Methods: This study consisted of 67 patients (42 females and 25 males) who underwent minor oral surgery for the removal of impacted third molar in
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Clinic, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups, which was Group
A, who received only verbal post-surgical instructions, Group B, who received only written instructions and Group C, who received both verbal and
written instructions. Patients were then asked to come back after one week for review and answered a questionnaire anonymously to evaluate their
compliance and understanding towards post-surgical instructions.
Results: 28.4% had experience of previous minor oral surgery. 42 patients did some research before undergoing the surgery. There was only one patient
(1.5%) from Group A did not understand the instructions given. 8 patients (12%) did not comply with soft and cold drinks post-operatively. 53.7% of
them did not rinse their mouth post-operatively. 43.3% did not swallow their saliva as instructed. 3 patients smoked after the surgery. 12% did not take
analgesics as instructed and 4.5% did not comply with antibiotics prescription.
Conclusion: Patients who received both verbal and written instructions showed better compliance to post-surgical instructions and better satisfaction.
Patients with previous experience of minor oral surgery complied with the instructions better. Interestingly, patients who did some research before the
minor oral surgery showed poorer compliance towards post-surgical instructions.
Key words: Patients’ Compliance; Post-surgical Instructions; Post-operative Instructions; Minor Oral Surgery, Impacted Third Molar, Wisdom Tooth
Removal
Age Estimation from Structural Changes of Teeth and Buccal Alveolar Bone Level

Koh KK1, Tan JS1, Nambiar P2

003
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Diagnostic & Integrated Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Objectives: To estimate the chronological age from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images by measuring the buccal alveolar bone level
(ABL) to the cemento-enamel junction and to investigate the possibility of employing the age-related structural changes of teeth as studied by Gustafson.
In addition, this study will determine the forensic reliability of employing CBCT images as a technique for dental age estimation.

Methods: A total of 284 CBCT images of Malays and Chinese patients (150 females and 134 males), aged from 20 years and above were selected,
measured and stages of age-related changes were recorded using the i-CATVision software. Lower first premolars of both left and right side of the jaw
were chosen and the characteristics described by Gustafson, namely attrition, secondary dentine formation and periodontal recession were evaluated.
Linear regression analysis was performed for the buccal bone level. Gustafson’s characteristics were analysed using multiple regression analysis with
chronological age as the dependent variable.

Results: The R values obtained from linear regression analysis for buccal bone level were 0.85 and 0.82 for left and right side respectively. The results
of the multiple regression analysis for Gustafson’s characteristics showed R values ranged from 0.44 to 0.62. It was also observed that the CBCT slice
images were not suitable for age estimation.

Conclusion: It can be safely concluded that the buccal bone level highly correlated with the chronological age and is consequently the most suitable age-
related characteristic for forensic age estimation.

Keywords: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), Age estimation, Gustafson’s criteria, Attrition, Secondary dentin, Periodontal recession, Buccal
bone level
Pattern of Caries Attack in 12-year-old Schoolchildren
004
Jaafar N2, 3, Ong KY1, Chen KY1
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
2
Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

3Community Oral Health Research Group (COHRG-UM).

Objectives: To assess the pattern of caries attack in 12-year-old schoolchildren in Seberang Jaya District Penang. To describe patterns of caries attack
by tooth types (molars, premolars, anteriors); surfaces (occlusal/others); type (pits & fissures/smooth surfaces); cavity class (simple/compound) and
treatment methods and restorative materials used (amalgam/composite/fissure sealant/GIC etc).

Methods: Multi-stage cluster random sampling was used. Seventeen schools in Seberang Jaya District, Penang were selected which included 112 school
children from urban and 535 from rural area. They were sampled from 6 National, 4 Chinese and 7 Tamil schools. The final sample was 647
schoolchildren. Secondary data from oral examination forms (LP8) for dental caries were transcribed and transferred to SPSS format for analysis.

Results: The majority of the samples were caries-free (61.8%). The mean DMFT was very low (0.76, SD+1.28) in which the largest component was
contributed by filled teeth (FT 0.75). The most common type of tooth attacked by caries was molars. Majority caries were on occlusal surfaces and in pit
and fissures. Most of them were simple cavities. Amalgam was most commonly used.

Conclusion: To reduce the DMFT index in this population, amalgam restorations should be discouraged and replaced with conservative non-invasive
treatment procedures such as sealants, GIC and composite.

Keywords: caries, pattern of attack, schoolchildren, treatment.

Antiplaque and antigingivitis effect of a dentifrice containing sodium bicarbonate- a comparative clinical pilot study

Chen SC1, Neo SD1, Saravanan Pushparajan2, Dasan Swaminathan2

005
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Objective: To compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis effect of a dentifrice containing sodium bicarbonate (test group) and dentifrice without sodium
bicarbonate (control group) using standardised toothbrush in six weeks.
Methods: The study design was a randomized, double-blinded clinical study. 42 subjects were selected to participate in this study. Baseline examination
was performed for each subject. Subjects were assessed for plaque using O’Leary Plaque index(PI) and gingival inflammation using Gingival Bleeding
Index(GBI). Following baseline examination, all subjects received a thorough supragingival prophylaxis. At 6 weeks, subjects were reviewed. PI and
GBI were evaluated.
Results: A total of 40 subjects completed the study. The results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant differences in PI from baseline
(M=42.423, SD=10.172) to 6th week (M=31.539, SD=10.080) and statistically significant differences in GBI from baseline (M=21.536, SD=8.026) to
6th week (M=10.953, SD=4.790) for test group. For control group , there was a statistically significant differences in PI from baseline (M=41.844,
SD=5.956) to 6th week (M=35.150, SD=8.028) and statistically significant differences in GBI from baseline (M=21.225, SD=4.474) to 6th week
(M=16.313, SD=3.799). For mean reduction in PI, there was significance difference in test (M=10.8840, SD=7.4395) and control group (M=6.6945,
SD=4.56226). For mean reduction in GBI, there was significance difference in test (M=10.5825, SD=6.26876) and control group (M=4.9120,
SD=2.90299). Thus, these improvement were statistically significant greater in test group as compared to control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that dentrifice containing sodium bicarbonate significantly improves gingival health as measured by reduction in
PI and GBI compared to control dentrifice over 6-weeks.
Keywords: Antiplaque; Antigingivitis; Sodium Bicarbonate; toothpaste; plaque biofilm
Shear bond strength of resin modified glass ionomer cements to primary dentin using different
dentin treatment conditions. 006
Yong MX¹, Ng KY.A¹, Mani, S.A.²

¹Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

²Department of Children’s Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Objectives: To investigate the shear bond strength of RMGIC to primary dentin using either polyacrylic acid or total etch technique to treat the dentin
surface.

Methods: Sixty extracted human deciduous molars were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (n=15); comprising of Group A: Fuji II LC (polyacrylic
acid), group B: Fuji II LC (total etch), group C: Riva LC (polyacrylic acid), and group D: Riva LC (total etch). The teeth were mounted in self-cure
acrylic and the occlusal surfaces of the crowns were abraded to expose a flat dentin surface. The RMGIC was then bonded to the dentin surface using a
teflon mould. The specimens were subjected to shear bond strength testing using a universal testing machine. Data obtained were submitted to 2 way-
ANOVA and post hoc Dunnett T3 test.

Results: Fuji II LC (total etch) had the highest SBS value (11.30±1.83) MPa while Riva LC (polyacrylic acid) had the lowest value (5.90±1.18) MPa .
Comparison made using 2-way ANOVA showed that different types of RMGIC and dentin treatment conditions yielded statistically significant different
results (p<0.05).

Conclusion: It was concluded that the SBS values of RMGIC to primary dentin were higher when using Fuji II LC and total etch system.

Keywords: Polyacrylic acid; dentin-bonding agent; primary teeth; glass ionomer cements; acid etching, dental; shear strength
Anticancer Activity of Dracaena Cinnabari on Oral Cancer Cell Line H413 in vitro
Tay ECE1, Lai QY1, Alabsi AM2 007
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya.

Objectives: To determine the anticancer and antiproliferation activities of Dracaena cinnabari on H413 (squamous cell carcinoma cells from buccal
mucosa, human) in vitro and also to study the morphological changes of oral cancer cells after treatment with D. Cinnabari.

Methods: The study on the cell viability and cell proliferation was conducted using Microculture Tetrazolium Test (MTT) assay. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50), which is the concentration required to reduce cell viability by 50% as compared to the control cells, was determined. Furthermore,
morphological assessment was carried out by conducting phase contrast microscopy. H413 cells at concentration of 1 × 105 cell/mL were seeded into 6
wells plate overnight and treated with D. cinnabari at IC50 concentration for 48 hours. The morphological changes were observed using a phase contrast
microscope. Another morphological assessment was carried out through fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI)
dye. Viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells were then identified.

Results: D. cinnabari induced marked cytotoxicity in H413 cells with IC50 values of 19.20 ± 1.47µg/mL. Besides, the cell viability decreased when
treated with D. cinnabari. Phase contrast microscopy and fluorescence microscopy showed that D. cinnabari was able to induce apoptosis in H413 cells
in a time-dependent manner.

Conclusion: D. cinnabari demonstrated cytotoxicity and inhibited H413 oral cancer cells’ growth rate and the cell death mode of H413 cells induced by
D. cinnabari was via apoptosis. Hence, D. cinnabari has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent for oral cancer treatment.

Keywords: Medicinal plant, Dracaena cinnabari, oral cancer, cytotoxic, apoptosis, necrosis
Influence of Biomimetic Coating on Surface Characteristics of Titanium Dental Implants

Ong PT1, Tan SY1, Kutty MG2

008
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
2
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

Objectives: To look at the viability of coating a commercial pure titanium and titanium alloy with a thin hydroxyapatite coating using the biomimetic
method employing simulated body fluid (SBF).
Methods: Pure titanium and titanium alloy discs were first sandblasted and acid etched to simulate the morphology and roughness of a commercial
implant, followed by coating biomimetic hydroxyapatite via SBF. Analysis was carried out to study the effect of coating period (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days) on
the morphology and chemistry of the coating, by using Alicona, Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy.
Results: The sandblasting and acid etching were able to achieve the morphology and roughness of a commercial implant with a roughness (Sa) of 1.684
± 0.101 um for the pure titanium and 1.309 ± 0.061um for the titanium alloy. The SBF coating was able to achieve a crystalline hydroxyapatite coating
on the samples. The coating was also uniform and had roughness values higher than the underlying substrate. The highest roughness values for the coating
on the pure titanium substrate was obtained for the 7 days coating at a Sa value of 2.880 ± 0.248 um while the titanium alloy substrate was achieved for
the 5 days coating at a Sa of 2.696 ± 0.619 um.
Conclusion: Biomimetic method (using SBF) produced a thin hydroxyapatite coating on a pure titanium and titanium alloy substrate with roughness
values that are desirable for osseointegration.

Keywords: Dental Implants, Titanium, Biocompatible, Osseointegration, Biomimetics, Coated materials

Unmet Dental Needs and Barriers to Care Among Children With and Without Learning Difficulties

Lim SSF1, Tee YT1, Shoaib LA2

009
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Objectives: To investigate the caregiver’s perceived unmet dental needs and barriers to care among children with learning difficulties compared to
normal children in Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Maluri, Kuala Lumpur.

Methods: Pilot-tested questionnaires were distributed to all the students studying in SKTM. Analysis of unmet dental needs and barriers between children
case and control groups were carried out using Chi-square. Barriers with significant Chi-square results were further tested with multivariate logistic
regression to investigate for possible confounders.

Results: From the total of 225 distributed questionnaires, only 41 caregivers of learning-disabled children (case study) and 50 caregivers of normal
children (control group) responded. 23.1% of learning-disabled children have perceived unmet dental needs, though more than half of them last visited
dentist within one year ago. Almost all caregivers (case group) believed that their child needed dental treatment within the past 12 months (95.1%).
Regular dental check-up (27.1%) presented as the highest perceived need, followed by scaling (19.8%) and extractions (14.6%). Both groups depicted
similar trends in dental visits whereby majority received dental treatment in school. Difference in unmet dental needs was found not statistically
significant. Following comparison with control group, learning-disabled children reported statistically significant barriers related to child behaviour
(fear, anxiety, inability to communicate, difficult in understanding instruction, uncooperative) and unwillingness of dentist to treat the child. Low income
and long working time were confounders identified in this study.

Conclusion: Learning-disabled children have high unmet dental needs despite regular dental visits. Access to dental care is mainly hindered by child’s
behaviour and dentists’ attitude.

Key words: Learning Difficulties; Unmet Needs; Barriers to Care; Disabled Children; Dental Care for Disabled; Control Groups.
Effect of Sugar Intake and Oral Health Status among Special Needs School Children in Taman Maluri Kuala Lumpur

Ramli SM1, Wan Osman WF1, Omar RA2

010
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Restorative, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Objectives: This study focusing on the special needs children in a primary school to assess the relationship between sugar intake and their oral health
status.

Materials and Methods: Respondents aged 6-12 years old of Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Maluri, Kuala Lumpur participated in this study. Only 33 out
of 105 respondents completed the questionnaires given. Questionnaires were used to assess the dietary habits of respondents. Estimated food diary method
was used to record all foods and drinks consumed. The total sugar intake taken by the respondents was calculated based on study by Tee et al (1997).
Oral examination was performed by dentists to record their dft (decayed, filled teeth) and plaque index. The data was analysed by SPSS statistical
software.

Results: Our data showed that the mean sugar intake was 211.56 g. About 69.7% of the respondents experienced dental caries with mean 2.97 and 48.5%
of the respondents presented with plaque accumulation with mean 0.89. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was no statistical significant
relationship between sugar intake and dental caries (p=0.991). There was also no significant relationship between sugar intake and plaque index (p=0.193).

Conclusion: Within limitation of the present study, statistically there was no significant relationship between the sugar intake and dft scores and plaque
index scores among the special needs children in Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Maluri, Kuala Lumpur.

Key words: sugar intake, dental caries, periodontal disease, plaque index, special needs children, oral health status
Alternative Sweeteners Exhibit Antiplaque Activity by Improving Porosity of Biofilm Structure

Mohd Akbar EF1, Norizan AH1, Fathilah AR2

011
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

Objectives: To evaluate the antiplaque effect of selected alternative sweeteners based on their inhibitory activity on the synthesis and production of
plaque matrix.

Methods: Two experimental plaque models representing an early 3 hr-plaque and a more established 24 hr-plaque were prepared. A suspension of plaque
microorganisms consisted of Strep. mutans, Strep. sanguinis and Strep. mitis was introduced and experimental plaque was allowed to form on saliva-
coated glass beads (sGB) under 3-hr and 24-hr incubation at 37 °C. The plaque models were treated with three doses of sweeteners (10%), at 3-hr interval
each. Selected sweeteners consisted of Pal Sweet®, Tropicana Slim®, Equal Stevia® and xylitol, with sucrose included as positive control. Once the
cycle is finished, the adherent plaque mass on the sGB was collected and compared against that produced in the presence of sucrose.

Results: Comparative to the 3 hr-plaque, the 24 hr-plaque was determined to have 40% more of adherent bacteria population and about 70% higher
plaque mass was observed in the presence of sucrose. When sucrose was replaced with alternative sweeteners, the formation of plaque mass in the 3 hr-
plaque was not detected, suggesting absence of matrix-forming activity. In the more established 24 hr-plaque however, the sweeteners seem to have
supported some production of plaque matrix although the level was significantly lower comparative to sucrose (p<0.05), suggesting inhibitory effect on
matrix formation.

Conclusion: Alternative sweeteners encouraged the formation of thin and porous dental plaque structure, hence effective as antiplaque agents.

Keywords: Extracellular polysaccharide; plaque mass; aspartame; stevia; acesulfame; xylitol

Patients’ Perception of the Financial Impact of Oral Cancer and the Relationship to Health Related Quality Of Life

A. Aziz AA1, Mohamed Radzi ND1, Aung LO2

012
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Department of Oromaxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Objective: To explore the financial burden and its relation to health related quality of life of patients with oral cancer. It is expected that financial burden
will lower the quality of life which has an adverse effect on health and creates a greater need for healthcare and further lead to greater financial stress.

Method: 50 oral cancer patients treated under Department of Oro-maxillofacial and Medical Sciences, University of Malaya, between 2009 and 2014
who are attending the Oral Cancer Clinic (OCC) have been interviewed using two sets of questionnaire; which are the financial impact questionnaire and
University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire (UWQoL). UWQoL questionnaire covers 12 domains regarding the oral cancer in relation to
their physical function and socio-emotional function. Since there was no specific questionnaire on financial impact, a selection of items was taken from
existing validated measures. A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of the questionnaire.

Results: 30 patients (60%) who suffer financially has a lower mean score for health related quality of life (HRQoL) whereas 20 patients (40%) who do
not suffer financially has a higher score of HRQoL. Among the 30 patients who felt that they suffer financially, 24 patients (80%) experienced a decrease
in their quality of life due to the financial impact of having oral cancer as opposed to 6 patients (20%) who do not.

Conclusion: In conclusion, there is a significant difference in the mean score for HRQoL between patients who suffer financially and patients who do
not.

Key words: Oral cancer; Financial impact; Health related quality of life (HRQoL); Financial benefits; Survey; Oral Cancer Clinic (OCC)
Depth of Cure and Mechanical Properties of Bulk Fill Posterior Dental Composites

Saamah A N1, Said A S1,Yahya N A2

013
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
2
Department Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

Objectives: To compare the mechanical properties of two bulk filled composites [SonicFill™ (Kerr, USA) and Tetric N Ceram (IvoclarVivadent,
Liechtenstein)] to a conventional nanohybrid composite [HerculitePrecis (Kerr, USA)].

Methods: The materials were prepared and tested for microhardness, flexural strength and compressive strength following ISO 4049:2009. The fractured
surfaces of selected specimens from the flexural strength test were viewed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). To determine the depth of cure,
microhardness of the bulk fill composites was measured at three selected depth of materials (0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mm). Data were analyzed by using either
one-way ANOVA or Friedman test.

Results: SonicFill™ gave the highest mean microhardness value (101.8 + 4.6 VHN). The VHN for all groups were found to be significantly different (p
= .000).SonicFill™ also showed the most superior flexural strength (105.6 + 27.2 MPa). However, the compressive strength value was found highest in
Tetric N Ceram (218 + 60.0 MPa). There were no significant differences among all groups in both flexural and compressive strength.The fracture patterns
were found similar in all groups under SEM. For both bulk fill composites, VHN decreased at increasing depth. All pairs of measurement depths in both
groupswere significantly different.The polymerization of the bulk filled composites was found effective only at 2 mm or less.

Conclusions: With the exception of compressive strength, SonicFill™ showed favorable mechanical properties compared to other composites
tested.Microhardness value decreased as the thickness of the composite increased.

Keywords: Bulk fill composite; Depth of Cure; Microhardness; Flexural Strength; Compressive Strength
Dental Students’ Perception on Competency Based Test

Arbi NA1 , Mohd Zulkiflee AH1 , Gonzalez MA2

014
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Objectives: This study was undertaken to explore the perception of Year IV and Year V University of Malaya dental students on different domains
related to the competency based test (CBT).

Methodology: A questionnaire was constructed and a survey conducted to explore the students’ perception on four domains related to the competency
test: 1) benefits, 2) readiness to take, 3) timing and 4) lecturers’ supervision.

Results: In general, majority of the students agreed that they benefited from the competency test and felt adequately prepared for each test. . Students’
agreeing on feeling confident to sit for each test is 70.0%-81.4% for Year IV and 45.1%-70.4% for Year V. Majority of Year IV and Year V students
perceived that the timing of each competency test was ‘just right’. There was a high response of ‘Strongly agree/agree’ to availability of patients for
practice and assessment, self-confidence and amount and distribution of clinical session as factors affecting when they take the test. Majority of Year IV
agreed that the assessment of lecturers were consistent for each l tests while Year V had a high percentage of ‘Neutral’ response. Students’ agreeing that
there was feedback after the test was 52.9%-71.4% for Year IV and 31.0%-56.5% for Year V. ‘Strongly agree/agree’ response of 68.6%-75.0% for Year
IV and 36.6%-52.1% for Year V was recorded for the level of supervision being the same after passing the test.

Conclusion: Overall, majority of students gave positive perceptions towards CBT in relation to four main domains explored in this research.

Keywords: Competency based test; dental education; dental curriculum; students’ perception; dental clinicians; University of Malaya
Patterns of Agenesis of Teeth in a Malaysian Sample

Abdul WahabN1 ,Shukri N1, Hossain M Zakir2

015
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
2
Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
Objectives: To evaluate the pattern and prevalence of congenitally missing teeth (CMT) in major races of Malaysian population.
Methods: Digital orthopantomograms of 1407 subjects, age 14-21 years were retrospectively analysed. CMT were evaluated in two categories:
congenitally missing third molars (CMTM) and missing other teeth apart from CMTM (hypodontia and oligodontia). The Chi-square and odd-ratios were
conducted for statistical comparison.
Results: Overall the prevalence of CMT was 23.38%. The prevalence was not significantly different among the races and between the genders, however
the number of CMT was significantly more in females. Overall, 17.34% of the subjects had CMTM and 7.75% had other CMT apart from CMTM (7.18%
had hypodontia and 0.57% had oligodontia). Around half of the subjects had one CMT. CMTM were significantly more in the maxilla compared to
mandible, however CMT apart from CMTM were more in the mandible. Overall, the most common CMT were CMTM. Apart from CMTM, the most
common CMT were mandibular-lateral-incisors followed by maxillary-lateral-incisors; however the order of the frequency of CMT differed among the
races.
Conclusion: The prevalence of CMT was high which is in accordance with the findings of other Asian population. The most common CMT apart from
CMTM were mandibular-lateral-incisors, however, it differed among the races.
Key words: Congenitally missing teeth; Hypodontia; Oligodontia, Racial groups; Asian population
Art Therapy in Paediatric Dentistry: A Preliminary Study
Lee GH1, Chan HY1, Manan NM2
016
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
2
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

Objectives: To reduce paediatric patients’ anxiety in the dental chair, to create child-friendly atmosphere and to deliver dental treatment in the dental
chair for the fear and anxiety pediatric patient.

Methods: Fourteen subjects were taken from Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya pediatric dentistry general anesthesia waiting list. Subjects were
selected among the 5 years old patients. Participation consent obtained from parent. The 5 years old subjects were randomly assigned into two groups.
The first group received no visual art therapy (control group) and the other group received visual art therapy (experimental group). The experimental
group received art therapy before dental treatment. Each subject was given 30 minutes to complete each art therapy session. Both group received
traditional behavior management during each three independent subsequent visits. Whilst the experimental group received different technique of visual
art therapy before sequential dental treatment planning for each subsequent visit. The first visit, the experimental subject was given a drawing block and
non-toxic crayon for ‘free drawing’. The second visit the subject was given play-doh for clay moulding technique. The third visit was art and craft (using
stickers to make dental health story) for the subjects to relate their oral health education and treatment.

Results: The experimental subjects have better adaptability of dental procedures if compared to the control subjects.

Conclusions: This preliminary study showed that art therapy could reduce dental anxiety among the pediatric dental patients.

Keywords: art therapy, pediatric dentistry, dental anxiety, self-confident

Relationship of Types of Malocclusion, Soft and Hard Tissue Cephalometric Parameters of Selected Malaysian Subjects
Lim KS1, Chan T1, Wey MC2, Ngeow WC3 017
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
3
Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Objectives: To determine and compare racial differences of soft and hard tissue facial parameters of selected subjects and to study the relationship
between various dental and skeletal malocclusion indices and their relationship to certain skeletal dimensions.

Methods: 586 radiographs (mean subject age 22.9 (4.2)) were selected and classified using incisor relationship (BSI), overjet and ANB angle. 60 were
further selected to determine the norms.

Results: BSI classification was moderately related to overjet and weakly to ANB angle. Overjet Class I and II had higher probability to be similarly
classified using BSI. 95.8% BSI Class II had similar overjet. 100% overjet Class III had similar BSI. Anterior to posterior lower face height ratio was
unrelated to BSI Class I and II. Upper and lower lip heights were 21.11 (2.71)mm and 14.11 (1.80)mm. Chinese’s upper lip is longer than Indian’s. Soft
tissue thickness at Point A and B were 14.02 (2.31)mm and 14.37 (2.05)mm. Upper and lower lip thickness were 12.05 (2.73)mm and 14.01 (1.87)mm.
Anterior nose depth was 16.82 (3.40)mm, mandible 66.89 (3.58)mm long and 38.29 (3.54)mm tall, ramus length 55.55 (5.46)mm and maxillary height
was 26.82 (3.60)mm. The effective mid facial height was 81.73 (4.92)mm, anterior total facial height 108.15 (7.02)mm and upper and lower anterior face
height were 47.81 (3.57)mm and 60.34 (6.02)mm respectively.

Conclusion: BSI is a good predictor of overjet only in Class II malocclusion but not for skeletal relationship or dimensions. There is ethnic and gender
influence with males having larger facial norms than females.

Key Words: Types of malocclusion, Soft tissue norms, Hard Tissue norms, Lateral Cephalometrics, Malaysian subjects, BSI, Overjet, ANB angle
Residual Problems Following Maxillofacial Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents (RTA)

Rauf NLH1, Shahril N1, Rahman ZA2

018
1
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical & Medical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Objectives: To document the pattern of residual problems in maxillofacial injuries following road traffic accident (RTA) and their
contributing factors.

Methods: A sample of 132 patients’ records out of 150 came for medical reports to settle insurance claim after road traffic accident
(RTA) at Faculty of Dentistry University of Malaya from 2005-2013 were selected. Cause, type, site of injury, gender, age, treatment
done and their complaint during review, all these parameter were tabulated and analysed.

Results: The findings of this study shows that majority of patients are motorcyclist(83.6%), Malay(62.1%) male (75.8%) aged between
12-23 years old (38.6%) .Soft tissue (81.8%) is commonest injury and midface (55.3%) is the most common fractured bone following
the maxillofacial injuries followed by mandibular fracture (50%). Parasymphysis(26.3%) is most affected site in car accident whereas
motorcyclist shows high prevelance in zygomatic complex fracture (29.8%). Maxillofacial treatment rendered from Open reduction
internal fixation (ORIF) 29.5%, combination of Intermaxillary Fixation (IMF) and ORIF (29.5%), and External fixation (8.3%). Dental
problems (68.1%) and neurosensory disturbances (56.1%) are commonest residual problem reported.

Conclusion: This study highlights the pattern of maxillofacial injuries and their residual problems related to types of vehicles involved,
sites of injuries and treatment modalities in RTA. Due to limited time of study and unselective sample size, we could not gather and
drawn more objective and strong conclusion with respect to outcomes following contributing factors of maxillofacial injuries.

Keywords: residual problems, maxillofacial injuries, road traffic accidents, maxillofacial fractures, neurosensory disturbances