1

2 3

A
four
hundred
years
old
tree
4 5
6 7
8 9
10 11
12 13
 14 15

A
four
hundred
years
old
tree
16 17
18 19
20 21
22 23
24 25
26 27
28 29
30 31
 32 33

A
four
hundred
years
old
tree
34 35

INCREMENT CORES
United States
Department
of Agriculture

How to Collect,
FOREST SERVICE
Forest
Products
Laboratory
General
Technical
Report Handle,
and Use Them
FPL 25
1979

INCREMENT CORES
United States
Department
of Agriculture

How to Collect,
FOREST SERVICE
Forest
Products
Laboratory
General
Technical
Report Handle,
and Use Them
FPL 25
1979
 Technologist

INCREMENT3 6 CORES
d States
rtment.
griculture
37
How to Collect,
EST SERVICE
st
ucts

Handle,
ratory1
ral
nical
rt

and Use Them

25

By
ROBERT R. MAEGLIN, cores (they get rough and broken An increment
An increment borer borer needsneeds the stone the stone
parallel parallel
to thetobeveled
the beveled A problem A problem with with the above
the above
Technologist
Introduction The Increment Borer cores and then only with sharpening
sharpening whenwhen it does it does
not not edge.edge. Continue Continueuntil until
sharp. sharp. methodmethod of sharpening
of sharpening is theis the
Increment cores (a useful tool Increment borers, also known difficulty) don’t properly easilyeasily
engage engage
the wood, the wood, cuts acuts a difficulty
difficulty of maintaining
of maintaining a a
in forestry and wood technology) as Pressler borers or Swedish- maintain their borers. roughroughcore,core,
or if theor ifedgethe edge feels feels uniform
uniform outside outsidebeveledbeveled cuttingcuttin
are pencil-like pieces of wood increment borers, are available Basically two things are dull when
dull when the bit theis bit is touched
touched edge.edge. To overcome
To overcome this proble
this problem
usually extracted perpendicular commercially in various lengths necessary for proper care of lightlylightly
to thetofinger.
the finger. Don’tDon’t Goodchild
Goodchild (1962) (1962) developed
developed a a
to the long axis of a tree. They from 57 mm (2.25 in.) to 508 mm borers: (1) keep them sharp, and assume assumea newa borernew borer is sharp. is sharp. metalmetal
framed framed sharpening
sharpening tool, tool,
are used to determine the ages (20 in.) and in various diameters (2) keep them clean. Techniques
Techniques are available forare available for figurefigure 1. Heinrichs
1. Heinrichs (1964) (1964)

CREMENT CORES
and growth rates of trees, for from 3.8 mm (0.150 in.) to 12 mm hand-sharpening
hand-sharpening dull borers,
dull borers, as as modified
modified the tool the totooluse to ause wooda woo
evaluation of wood properties, well aswell as professional
professional sharpeningsharpening frame,frame,
figurefigure2. The 2. The
fixed fixed
angleangle
(0.472 in.). Increment borers are Sharpening
services
services through throughdealers. dealers. of theofIndia
the Indiastones stones
assures assuresa a
decay detection, to determine available through forestry and A well-sharpened borer will, if

ow to Collect,
A simpleA simple
techniquetechnique developed developed properproper
bevelbevel edge.edge. The borer
The borer is is
preservative penetration in poles agricultural supply houses.* properly used, cut numerous by Bauck
by Bauck and Brown
and Brown (1955)(1955) and and 3. Hone
3. Hone the inside
the inside edge edgeof theof theinserted
insertedthrough through the bottom
the bottom of o
and ties, and many other uses. The collection of good cores before resharpening is modified
modified here,here,
requires requires two two bit using
bit using the conical
the conical tapered tapered the sharpener
the sharpener frame frame
until until
the the
Cores are cut and removed using increment cores from trees, required. The number of cores

andle,
sharpening
sharpening stones, stones,somesome stone.stone. Lubricate
Lubricate with with
oil. oil. borerborer
bevelbevel edgeedge engages engages the the
an increment borer which is an poles, or ties depends mainly on depends on the density of the lightweight
lightweight oil, and oil, aand cork. a cork.
The The Keeping Keeping the straight
the straight edgeedge of theof thestones stones
evenly, evenly,
figurefigure
3. The 3. The
essential tool in obtaining cores. the condition of the increment wood being bored. High-density stones stones
requiredrequired
are aare 102a mm 102 (4mm (4 stonestoneparallelparallel withlong
with the the long
axis axisborer,borer, or sharpener,
the sharpener, is then
or the is then

nd Use Them
borer.(they
cores As with
get other
rough cutting
and broken woods such as oak, hickory, and in.)tapered,
in.) flat, flat, tapered, fine, India
fine, India of theofborer,
the borer,insertinsert
the tip theoftip
theof therotated
rotated
usingusing lightweight
lightweight oil oroil o
Introduction The Increment Borer tools, and
cores the increment borer must
then only with Pacific yew will dull the borer stone;stone;
and aand 76 amm 76 (3 mm in.)(3 in.)
1
Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the stonestone
till it till it occupies
occupies three- three- kerosene
kerosene as a as a cutting
cutting fluid.fluid.
ncrement cores (a useful tool Increment borers, also known
University of Wisconsin.
2
A list of supply sources can be found in the appen-
be well sharpened
difficulty) to perform
don’t properly sooner than will lower-density conicalconical
tapered,tapered,
engraver’sengraver’s pointpoint fourths
fourths
of theofbit theopening.
bit opening. Pressure
Pressure on the onborer
the borershaftshaft
is is
orestry and wood technology) as Pressler borers or Swedish-
dix Trade names and company names are included for
the benefit of the reader and do not imply any endorse- suitably. their
maintain The people
borers.who have woods such as spruce, fir, and stone.stone. RotateRotate the stone
the stone lightlylightly against maintained
against maintained by tightening
by tightening the the
pencil-like pieces of wood ment or preferential treatment of the product by the U.S
increment borers, are available
Department of Agriculture. trouble getting
Basically two good
thingsincrement
are aspen. the cutting
the cutting edge.edge. bottombottomframing framingplate.plate.
Honing Honing
of
allyR.extracted
RT MAEGLIN, perpendicular commercially in various lengths necessary for proper care of The fourThe steps
four stepsusedused in borer in borer the inside
the inside cutting cutting
edgeedge is is
he long axis of a tree. They
ologist from 57 mm (2.25 in.) to 508 mm borers: (1) keep them sharp, and sharpening
sharpening are inare theinfollowing
the following accomplished
accomplished usingusinga conicala conical
used to determine the ages (20 in.) and in various diameters (2) keep them clean. order.order. engraver’s
engraver’s pointpoint stonestone as inas stepin ste
d growth rates of trees, for from 3.8 mm (0.150 in.) to 12 mm 1. True 1. True
(or make(or make threethree
of theof hand the hand method methodabove. abov
luation of wood properties, (0.472 in.). Increment borers are Sharpening perpendicular)
perpendicular) the cutting
the cutting edgeedge KeepKeep the extractor
the extractor sharpsharp also. als
ay detection, to determine available through forestry and A well-sharpened borer will, if withlong
with the the long
axis of axis theofborerthe borer Use Use the conical
the conical stonestone to sharp
to sharpen
servative penetration in poles agricultural supply houses.* usingusingthe flattheIndia
flat India
stone. stone.
PassPass the leading
the leading edge,edge, maintaining
maintaining
properly used, cut numerous
ties, and many other uses. the stone
the stone over over the cutting
the cutting edgeedge the original
the original bevelbevel angle. angle.
The collection of good cores before resharpening is
es are cut and removed using lightly,
lightly, rotatingrotating
the bit theslightly
bit slightly
at at
increment cores from trees, required. The number of cores
each eachpass.pass.
Use the Usecork the as corka as a Cleaning
Cleaning
ncrement borer which is an poles, or ties depends mainly on depends on the density of the
work workrest. rest. Tools and materials needed
ential tool in obtaining cores. the condition of the increment wood being bored. High-density 4. Hone4. Hone the outside
the outside beveledbeveled Tools and materials needed
for cleaning
for cleaning increment
increment borers borers
borer. As with other cutting woods such as oak, hickory, and cutting
cutting edgeedge usingusing
the tip theoftip
theof the
conical are aare a cleaning
cleaning rod, cloth
rod, cloth patches patch
tools, the increment borer must Pacific yew will dull the borer conical stonestone and theandcorkthe cork
rest rest or cotton twine, solvent,
aintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the
as illustrated. Use very or cotton twine, solvent,
sity of Wisconsin. be well sharpened to perform sooner than will lower-density as illustrated. Use very light light lightweight oil, a
and a cloth.
soft clot
list of supply sources can be found in the appen-
strokes lightweight oil, and soft
ade names and company names are included for
suitably. The people who have woods such as spruce, fir, and strokes over overa small a small
arc ofarc theof the For increment borers
nefit of the reader and do not imply any endorse-
beveled For increment borers with witha a
or preferential treatment of the product by the U.S
trouble getting good increment aspen. beveled edge,edge, rotating
rotating the bitthe bit
diameter
ment of Agriculture. diameter of 4.7ofmm 4.7 (0.185
mm (0.185 in.) orin.)
cores (they get rough and broken until until completely
completely sharpened.
sharpened. greater,
greater, a .22acaliber.22 caliber
rifle rifle
The Increment Borer cores and then only with cleaning
cleaning rod will rod work
will worknicely nicely
(do (
ncrement borers, also known difficulty) don’t properly not ause
not use wire a wire
brushbrushto cleanto clean
the
Pressler borers or Swedish- maintain their borers. borer).
borer). For smaller-diameter
For smaller-diameter
ement borers, are available Basically two things are borersborers
a smaller a smallerrod willrodbe will be
mmercially in various lengths necessary for proper care of required.
required. SuchSuch a cleaning
a cleaning rod rod
m 57 mm (2.25 in.) to 508 mm 2. Sharpen
2. Sharpen beveled beveled cutting cutting may may be constructed
be constructed from from a larg
a large-
borers: (1) keep them sharp, and
in.) and in various diameters (2) keep them clean. edgeedge by holding
by holding the blt theinblt onein one diameter,
diameter, soft iron,soft iron,
coat coathanger hange
m 3.8 mm (0.150 in.) to 12 mm handhand and the andIndia
the Indiastonestone in thein the or heavy
or heavy wire wire (either(either soft or
soft iron iron
72 in.). Increment borers are Sharpening other.other.
Rotate Rotate
the bit the awaybit awayfrom from aluminum),
aluminum), figurefigure
4. The 4. The
hanger hang
you andyouagainst
and against the stone.the stone. KeepKeep is straightened
is straightened to the to desired
the desired
ilable through forestry and A well-sharpened borer will, if
cultural supply houses.* properly used, cut numerous 2 2
he collection of good cores before resharpening is
ement cores from trees, required. The number of cores
es, or ties depends mainly on depends on the density of the
condition of the increment wood being bored. High-density
er. As with other cutting woods such as oak, hickory, and
s, the increment borer must Pacific yew will dull the borer
well sharpened to perform sooner than will lower-density
ably. The people who have woods such as spruce, fir, and
uble getting good increment aspen.
 38 39

tools utilize mechanical

tools utilize mechanical ratchets, because
because of the bulk of the power
such as used withof thesource bulk or ofof
the the
boring power
device

ratchets, such as used with source or

socket wrenches, to hold and
turn the increment borer. They of the boring device
itself. Greig (1971), however,
reports on two chain saw power
socket wrenches, to hold and permit itself. Greig
the returning of the borer
handle to the horizontal position (1971), however,
heads (Jonsered and McCulloch)
that are adapted for use with
turn the increment borer. They maximizing reports
for each power stroke,
on two both
the work effort.
chain saw power
increment borers. He notes that
units are easy to use and
permit the returning of the borerdevelopedheads Stonecypher and (Jonsered
Cech
an electrically
(1960) well and McCulloch)
balanced, but only the
McCulloch unit was reversible.
handle to the horizontal positiontrailer-mounted powered that
borer thatare adapted
required
generator for
a forpower
Other use unitswith
have been
reported in the literature but the
for each power stroke, increment
power. Echols (1969) developed borers.
preceding Hearenotes that
typical of what
a hydraulic powered borer that has been developed.
maximizing the work effort. requires both units are easy
a trailer-mounted 5. Whentoinserting
use and the
hydraulic pump and gas engine. extractor be careful not to jam it
Stonecypher and Cech (1960) An electricwell balanced,
drill operating off a but
into theonly
wood, butthe rotate it if
12-volt auto battery is described necessary until it slips easily
developed an electrically McCulloch
by Prestemon (1965) for use withunit into
was reversible.
the borer. Turn the borer

powered borer that required a developed a Other a special borer bit. Yelf (1962)
(M 148 064)
power
gasoline powered units have
is up (at least one-half been
until the groove of the extractor
turn) and
trailer-mounted generator for
Figure 5–Technique for hand-
reported in
special borer for cutting ¾-inch
starting an increment borer without diameter cores. All of these the literature but
remove the extractor and core.
Remove carefully so the core the
corkscrewing.
power. Echols (1969) developed preceding are typical of what
units require special conditions isn’t dropped.

a hydraulic powered borer that has been developed.

requires a trailer-mounted 5. When inserting the
hydraulic pump and gas engine. extractor be careful not to jam it
An electric drill operating off a into the wood, but rotate it if
12-volt auto battery is described necessary until it slips easily
by Prestemon (1965) for use with into the borer. Turn the borer
a special borer bit. Yelf (1962) until the groove of the extractor
developed a gasoline powered is up (at least one-half turn) and
(M 148 064)
Figure 5–Technique for hand- special borer for cutting ¾-inch remove the extractor and core.
starting an increment borer without diameter cores. All of these Remove carefully so the core
corkscrewing.
units require special conditions isn’t dropped.
(M 145 978)
Figure 6.–Mechanical increment borer starter to help ease the borer into the
tree, and to prevent corkscrewing.

5

(M 148 064)
gure 5–Technique for hand-
ing an increment borer without
screwing.
ure 6.–Mechanical increment borer starter to help ease the borer into the
and to prevent corkscrewing.
40
tools utilize mechanical
ratchets, such as used with
socket wrenches, to hold and
turn the increment borer. They
permit the returning of the borer
handle to the horizontal position
for each power stroke,
maximizing the work effort.
Stonecypher and Cech (1960)
developed an electrically
powered borer that required a
trailer-mounted generator for
power. Echols (1969) developed
a hydraulic powered borer that
requires a trailer-mounted
hydraulic pump and gas engine.
An electric drill operating off a
12-volt auto battery is described
by Prestemon (1965) for use with
a special borer bit. Yelf (1962)
developed a gasoline powered
special borer for cutting ¾-inch
diameter cores. All of these
units require special conditions
(M 145 978)
because of the bulk of the power
source or of the boring device
itself. Greig (1971), however,
reports on two chain saw power
heads (Jonsered and McCulloch)
that are adapted for use with
increment borers. He notes that
both units are easy to use and
well balanced, but only the
McCulloch unit was reversible.
Other power units have been
reported in the literature but the
preceding are typical of what
has been developed.
5. When inserting the
extractor be careful not to jam it
into the wood, but rotate it if
necessary until it slips easily
into the borer. Turn the borer
until the groove of the extractor
is up (at least one-half turn) and
remove the extractor and core.
Remove carefully so the core
isn’t dropped.
(M 148 064)
Figure 5–Technique for hand-
starting an increment borer without
corkscrewing.
(M 148 064)
Figure 5–Technique for hand-
starting an increment borer without diameter cores. All of these
corkscrewing.
Figure 6.–Mechanical increment borer starter
tree, and to prevent corkscrewing.
(M 148 064)
Figure 5–Technique for hand-
starting an increment borer without diameter cores. All of these
corkscrewing.
Figure 6.–Mechanical increment borer starter
tree, and to prevent corkscrewing.
Figure 6.–Mechanical increment borer starter to help ease the borer into the
tree, and to prevent corkscrewing.
handle to the horizontal position
for each power stroke,
maximizing the work effort.
Stonecypher and Cech (1960)
developed an electrically
powered borer that required a
41
trailer-mounted generator for
power. Echols (1969) developed
a hydraulic powered borer that
requires a trailer-mounted
hydraulic pump and gas engine.
An electric drill operating off a
12-volt auto battery is described
by Prestemon (1965) for use with
a special borer bit. Yelf (1962)
developed a gasoline powered
special borer for cutting ¾-inch
diameter cores. All of these
units require special conditions
tools utilize mechanical
ratchets, such as used with
socket wrenches, to hold and
turn the increment borer. They
permit the returning of the borer
handle to the horizontal position
for each power stroke,
maximizing the work effort.
Stonecypher and Cech (1960)
developed an electrically
powered borer that required a
trailer-mounted generator for
power. Echols (1969) developed
a hydraulic powered borer that
requires a trailer-mounted
hydraulic pump and gas engine.
An electric drill operating off a
12-volt auto battery is described
by Prestemon (1965) for use with
a special borer bit. Yelf (1962)
developed a gasoline powered
special borer for cutting ¾-inch
units to
require special
help ease the conditions
(M 145 978)
borer into the
tools utilize mechanical
ratchets, such as used with
socket wrenches, to hold and
turn the increment borer. They
permit the returning of the borer
handle to the horizontal position
for each power stroke,
maximizing the work effort.
Stonecypher and Cech (1960)
developed an electrically
powered borer that required a
trailer-mounted generator for
power. Echols (1969) developed
a hydraulic powered borer that
requires a trailer-mounted
hydraulic pump and gas engine.
An electric drill operating off a
12-volt auto battery is described
by Prestemon (1965) for use with
a special borer bit. Yelf (1962)
developed a gasoline powered
special borer for cutting ¾-inch
units to
require special
help ease the conditions
(M 145 978)
borer into the
(M 145 978)
that are adapted for use with
increment borers. He notes that
both units are easy to use and
well balanced, but only the
McCulloch unit was reversible.
Other power units have been
reported in the literature but the
preceding are typical of what
has been developed.
5. When inserting the
extractor be careful not to jam it
into the wood, but rotate it if
necessary until it slips easily
into the borer. Turn the borer
until the groove of the extractor
is up (at least one-half turn) and
remove the extractor and core.
Remove carefully so the core
isn’t dropped.
because of the bulk of the power
source or of the boring device
itself. Greig (1971), however,
reports on two chain saw power
heads (Jonsered and McCulloch)
that are adapted for use with
increment borers. He notes that
both units are easy to use and
well balanced, but only the
McCulloch unit was reversible.
Other power units have been
reported in the literature but the
preceding are typical of what
has been developed.
5. When inserting the
extractor be careful not to jam it
into the wood, but rotate it if
necessary until it slips easily
into the borer. Turn the borer
until the groove of the extractor
is up (at least one-half turn) and
remove the extractor and core.
Remove carefully so the core
isn’t dropped.
because of the bulk of the power
source or of the boring device 5
itself. Greig (1971), however,
reports on two chain saw power
heads (Jonsered and McCulloch)
that are adapted for use with
increment borers. He notes that
both units are easy to use and
well balanced, but only the
McCulloch unit was reversible.
Other power units have been
reported in the literature but the
preceding are typical of what
has been developed.
5. When inserting the
extractor be careful not to jam it
into the wood, but rotate it if
necessary until it slips easily
into the borer. Turn the borer
until the groove of the extractor
is up (at least one-half turn) and
remove the extractor and core.
Remove carefully so the core
isn’t dropped.
5
 42 43

Owns
itself
and
the
land
44 45
46 47
48 49
50 51
52 53
54 55
56 57
 58 59

Owns
itself
and
the
land
60 61
62 63
64 65
66 67
68 69
70 71
72 73
74 75
76 77
78 79
80 81
82 83
84 85
86 87
88 89
 90 91

Owns
itself
and
the
land
92 93
94 95
96 97
98 99
100 101
102 103
104 105
106 107
 108 109

Gets
into
trouble
11 0 111
112 113
 114 115

Becomes
famous
116 117
118 119
12 0 121
12 2 123
124 125
12 6 127
12 8 129
13 0 131
13 2 133
13 4 135
13 6 137
 13 8 139

Writes
letters
14 0 141
14 2 143
14 4 145
14 6 147
14 8 149
15 0 151
15 2 153
15 4 155
15 6 157
15 8 159
16 0 161
16 2 163
16 4 165
16 6 167
16 8 169
17 0 171
172 173
174 175
176 177
17 8 179
18 0 181
18 2 183
18 4 185
18 6 187
18 8 189
19 0 191
19 2 193
19 4 195
19 6 197
19 8 199
200 201
202 203
204 205
206 207
208 209
 21 0 211

Runs
into
trouble
212 213
214 215
216 217
 218 219

Runs
into
trouble
220 221
222 223
2 24 225
226 227
228 229
230 231
232 233
234 235
236 237
238 239
24 0 241
24 2 243
24 4 245
24 6 247
24 8 249
25 0 251
25 2 253
25 4 255
25 6 257
25 8 259
260 261
 262 263

Competes
for
attention
264 265
266 267
268 269
270 271
 2 72 273

Competes
for
attention
2 74 275
276 277
278 279
 280 281

Perpatuates
itself
282 283
284 285
286 287
288 289
 290 291

Perpatuates
itself
292 293
294 295
296 297
298 299
300 301
302 303
304 305
306 307
308 309
31 0 311
312 313
314 315
 316 317

Index
 318 319

INDEX

68-76 Athens Weekly Banner,

p.3 , 03.04.1980

Jones v. Wagner
76-87 425 Pa. Superior Ct. 102 (1993)

68-76 Athens Weekly Banner,

p.3 , 03.04.1980

Jones v. Wagner
76-87 425 Pa. Superior Ct. 102 (1993)
 320 321

INDEX

68-76 Athens Weekly Banner,

p.3 , 03.04.1980

Jones v. Wagner
76-87 425 Pa. Superior Ct. 102 (1993)

68-76 Athens Weekly Banner,

p.3 , 03.04.1980

Jones v. Wagner
76-87 425 Pa. Superior Ct. 102 (1993)
322 323