Ma6351 Unit Iii Applns - of P.D.E - PDF

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TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT IV – APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART – A
1. What is the general form of second order partial differential equations? How will you
classify it?
Sol. The second order partial differential equation in the function u of the two independent
 2u  2u  2u  u u 
variables is A( x, y )  B ( x, y )  C ( x, y )  f 
 x, y , u , ,   0
x 2 xy y 2  x y 
It is classified as (i) Elliptic if B 2  4 AC  0
(ii) Parabolic if B 2  4 AC  0
(iii) Hyperbolic if B 2  4 AC  0
2. Classify the following partial differential equations

 2u  2u  2u  u   u 
(a)  (b )        xy
x 2 y 2 xy  x   y 
Sol. (a) A  1, B  0, C  1 (b) A  0, B  1, C  0
B 2  4 AC  0  4  4  0 B 2  4 AC  1  0  0
 Equation is hyperbolic  Equation is hyperbolic
3. Classify the following second order partial differential equations

2
 2 u  2 u  u   u 
2
 2u  2u  2u u u
(a) 4 2  4  2  4  8  16u  0 (b)     
x xy y x y x 2 y 2  x   y 
Sol.
(a) A  4, B  4, C  1 (b) A  1, B  0, C  1
B 2  4 AC  16  16  0 B 2  4 AC  4  0
 Equation is Parabolic  Equation is Elliptic
4. Classify the following second order partial differential equations

x 2 f xx  (1  y 2 ) f yy  0 for 1  y  1,    x  
Sol. A  x 2 , B  0, C  1  y 2
B 2  4 AC  4 x 2 (1  y 2 )
 4 x 2 ( y 2  1)
x 2 is always +ve in   x  
In  1  y  1 , y  1 is –ve
2
B 2  4 AC = –ve ( x  0 )
 Equation is Elliptic
If x  0, B 2  4 AC  0, the equation is Parabolic
When y  1 (or ) y  1then B 2  4 AC  0, the equation is hyperbolic.
5. What are the assumptions to be made while deriving one dimensional wave equation
or equation of vibration of strings?
Sol. (i) The mass of the string per unit length is constant.
(ii) The string is perfectly elastic and does not offer any resistance to bending.
(iii) The tension caused by stretching the string before fixing it at end points is so large
that the action of the gravitational force on the string can be neglected.
(iv) The string performs a small transverse motion in a vertical plane that is every particle
of the string moves strictly vertically and so that the deflection and the slope at every
point of the string remain small in absolute value.
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6. What is the one dimensional wave equation or equation of vibration of string?

Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is
2 y 2  y
2
tension
 where a 
2
a
t 2
x 2
mass
7. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation is
(i ) y ( x, t )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 e p a t  c4 e  p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat  c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
8. What is the constant a2 in wave equation yt t  a yxx ?

2
Tension
Sol. a2 
Mass per unit length of the string
9. What is the correct solution of one dimensional wave equation?

Sol. y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat )
10. A tightly stretched string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the
string is displaced to a distance ‘b’ and released from rest in this position. Write the
initial conditions.
2 y 2  y
2
Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a

t  x2
The equation of OA is
y0 x0

0b 0l A(l, b)
y x
 
b l
b
bx
 y , 0 xl
l
The equation of AB is O(0,0) B(2l, 0)
y b xl

b  0 l  2l
y b xl
 
b l
b( x  l )
 y b
l
bl  bx  bl b
y  (2l  x) , l  x  2l
l l
The initial boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0
 bx
 l , 0 xl
 y ( x, 0)
(iii) 0 (iv) y ( x, 0)  
t  b (2l  x), l  x  2l
 l
11. A string is stretched and fastened to two points x = 0 and x = l apart. Motion is
started by displacing the string into the form y = k(lx – x2) from which it is released at
time t = 0. Write the most general solution to this problem.
Sol. The most general solution is

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos
n 1 l l
12. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity  x (l  x),
Write the most general solution to this problem.
Sol. The most general solution is

n x n a t
y ( x, t )   c n sin sin
n 1 l l
13. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. (i) Heat flows from higher to lower temperature
(ii) The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body is
proportionality is known as the specific heat (s) of the conducting material.
14. State the Fourier law of heat conduction.
Sol. The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the area and to the
temperature gradient normal to the curve. This constant of proportionality is known as
thermal conductivity (k) of the material. It is known as Fourier law of heat conduction.
15. Define temperature gradient
Sol. The rate of change of temperature with respect to the distance is called as temperature
gradient.
16. What is one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is
u  2u k
2 where  2
 is diffusivity of the material of the bar.
t  x2 c
u 2  u
2
17. In one dimensional heat equation   2 what does 
2
refer to?
t x
k
Sol. In one dimensional heat equation  2  is diffusivity of the material of the bar.
c
Here k is thermal conductivity, c is specific heat and  is the density.
18. What are possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation are
(i) u ( x, t )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) c3 e p t
2 2
(ii) u ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e  

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
19. What is the correct solution of one dimensional heat equation?

Sol. The correct solution for one dimensional heat equation is
u( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px) e  p t
2 2
20. Define steady state and derive the steady state solution of one dimensional heat
equation.
Sol. Steady state is the state in which the temperature does not vary with respect to the time.
u 2  u
2
The one dimensional heat equation is  .

t  x2
u
In steady state, we have u(x, t) = u(x)  0
t
 2u  2u
 2
 0 (i.e.) 0
 x2  x2
d 2u
 0
dx 2
Solving we get u ( x)  ax  b
21. The bar of length 50cm has its ends kept at 20 C and 100 C until steady state
condition prevails. Find the steady state temperature of the rod.
Sol. The steady state equation of the one dimensional heat equation is
d2y
0
dx 2
 u ( x)  ax  b      (1)
The boundary conditions are (i) u(0)  20 (ii) u(50)  100
Applying condition (i) in equation (1), we get
20  a(0)  b  b  20
Substitute b = 20 in equation (1) we get
u( x)  ax  20        (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
100  a (50)  20
8
a
5
Substitute this value in (2) we get
8x
u ( x)   20
5
22. What is two dimensional heat equation or Laplace equation?
u 2  u  2u 
2
   2  
 y 2 
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation is
t x
But in steady state, u(x,t) = u(x)
u
 0
t
  2u  2u 
  2  2  2   0
 x y 
 2u  2u
  2  0,  2  0
x 2
y
(i.e)  2 u  0
which is the Laplace equation in two dimensions.
23. What are the possible solutions of two dimensional heat equation or Laplace equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of two dimensional heat equation are
(i ) u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 cos py  c4 sin py)
(ii) u ( x, y )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 e p y  c8 e  p y )
(iii) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
24. Write any two solutions of the Laplace equation u xx  u yy  0 involving exponential
terms in x or y.
Sol. (i ) u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 cos py  c4 sin py)
(ii) u ( x, y )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 e p y  c8 e  p y )
25. How will you choose the correct solution for one dimensional wave equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation is
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
Here y( x, t ) means, the displacement of the string at any point x at any time t.
Therefore the Solution (ii) which consists of periodic function in ‘t’ is correct solution.
26. Write down the appropriate solution of one dimensional heat flow equation. How is
it chosen?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation are
2 2

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
Here as we are dealing with the heat equation u(x,t) representing the temperature at time t,
u(x,t) must decreases as t increases. (i.e.) u(x,t) cannot be infinite as t  
 Solution (ii) is correct solution.
27. If the ends of a string of length ‘l’ are fixed and the midpoint of the string is drawn
aside through a height ‘h’ and the string is released from rest, state the initial and
boundary conditions.
Sol. The boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
 y ( x , 0)
(iii)  0 for every x in (0, l )
t
2h x l
(iv) y ( x, 0)  , 0x
l 2
2h l
 (l  x) , xl
l 2
28. What are the laws assumed to derive the one dimensional heat equation.
Sol. (i) Heat flows from higher to lower temperature.
(ii) The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body is
proportional to the mass of the body and to the temperature change.
(iii) The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the area and to the
gradient normal to the curve.
29. Write down the two-dimensional steady state heat conduction equation.
 2u  2u
Sol.  0
 x2  y2
30. The ends A and B of a rod l cm long have the temperature 40oC and 90oC until steady
state prevails. Find the temperature in the rod at that state.
d 2u
Sol. When steady state condition prevails, the heat flow equation is 0 .
d x2
Solving we get u(x) = ax + b --------- (1)
Given u(0) = 40 ; u(l) = 90
Applying condition (i) in equation (1), we get
40 = a(0) + b  b = 40
Substitute b = 40 in equation (1), we have
u(x) = ax + 40 ----------- (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2), we get
90 = a(l) + 40
50
a
l
50
Substitute a  in equation (2), we have
l
50 x
u ( x)   40
l
31. What does a2 represent in one dimensional heat flow equation ut  a u x x ?

2
Sol. a2 is known as diffusivity of the material of the bar.

32. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation.
Sol. When steady state conditions exist the heat flow equation is independent of time t.
u
 0
dt
Hence the heat flow equation becomes
 2u d 2u
 0   0  u ( x)  a x  b
 x2 d x2
which is the required solution.
33. State Fourier law of heat conduction.
Sol. The rate at which heat flows across an area A at a distance x from one end of a bar is
 u 
given by Q   K A  
  x x
 u 
K is thermal conductivity and   means the temperature gradient at x.
  x x
34. Write the initial conditions of the wave equation if the string has an initial
displacement but no initial velocity.
Sol. The boundary and initial conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0
(iii) y ( x, 0)  f ( x)
 y ( x, 0)
(iv) 0
t
35. Write the one dimensional wave equation with initial and boundary conditions in
which the initial position of the string is f(x) and the initial velocity imparted at
each point is g(x).
Sol. The boundary and initial conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0
(iii) y ( x, 0)  f ( x )
 y ( x , 0)
(iv)  g ( x)
t
36. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave
equation and one dimensional heat equation.
Sol. Solution of one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature.
But solution of one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.
PART -B
Problems on vibrating on strings with zero initial velocity
1. A string is stretched and fastened to two points x = 0 and x = l apart. Motion is started
by displacing the string into the form y = k(lx – x2) from which it is released at time
t = 0. Find the displacement of any point on the string at a distance of x from one end
at time t.
2 y 2  y
2
Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a ------------ (A)
t  x2
From the given problem, the following boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
(iii) 0 ( initial velocity is zero )
t
(iv) y ( x, 0)  k (lx  x 2 ) , 0  x  l
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)
 c1  0 [ c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat  0]
Substituting c1  0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t )  c2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat ) ------------ (2)
0  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
Substituting p  in equation (2) we get
l
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos  c 4 sin  ------------------ (3)
l  l l 
Differentiate equation (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we have
y ( x, t ) n x  n a t n a n a t n a 
 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
Applying condition (iii) in equation (4) we get
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
Substitute c4  0 in equation (3) we have

n x  n a t 
y ( x, t )  c2 sin  c3 cos 
l  l 
n x n a t
 c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  cn sin cos      (5) where cn  c2 c3
l l
Since the partial differential equation is linear, any linear combination of solutions of the
form (5) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation. (by super position principle)
The most general solution of (5) can be written as


n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in equation (6) we get

n x
k (lx  x 2 )   cn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 l
To find c n expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
From (7) & (8) we get
c n  bn
n x
l
2
  f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
2
l
n x
l 0
 k (lx  x 2
) sin dx
l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2k  l   l   l 
 (lx  x )
2
 (l  2 x)  (2)
l   n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l 3  0

2k  (1) n l 3    l 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 

l  n     n  

 4k l 3
ln 3 3
(1) n  1  
4k l 2
c n  3 3 1  (1) n
n
 
Substitute c n in (5) we get
n x n a t
 

4kl 2
y ( x, t )   3 3 1  (1) n sin cos
n 1 n  l l

8kl 2 n x n a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t )  
n  1, 3, 5...... n 
3 3
sin
l
cos
l
2. A tightly stretched string of length 2L is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the
string is displaced transversely through a small distance ‘b’ and string is released from
the rest in that position. Find an expression for the transverse displacement of the
string at any time during the subsequent motion.
Sol. Let 2L = l (For convenience)
First we have to find the equation of the string in its initial position.
The equation of string OA is

y0 x0
 l 
0b 0l /2 A ,b
y 2x 2 
 
b l
b
2bx
y , 0 x l/2
l
O(0,0) B(l, 0)
The equation of string AB is
y b xl /2

b0 l /2l
y b xl /2
 
b l /2
y  b 2x  l
 
b l
b( 2 x  l )
 y b
l
bl  2bx  bl 2b
y  (l  x) , l / 2  x  l
l l
Hence initially the displacement of the string is in the form
 2bx l
 l , 0 x
2
y ( x , 0)  
 2b (l  x) , l  x  l
 l 2
2 y 2  y
2
The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a ------------ (A)
t  x2
(i) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
(iii)  0 ( initial velocity is zero )
t
 2bx l
 l , 0 x
2
(iv) y ( x, 0)  
 2b (l  x) , l  x  l
 l 2
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
n x  n a t 
y ( x, t )  c2 sin  c3 cos 
l  l 
n x n a t
 c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l

n x
f ( x)   cn sin       (7 )
n 1 l
 2bx l
 , 0 x
 l 2
where f ( x)  
 2b (l  x), l  x  l

l 2

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
c n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0
 f ( x ) sin dx
l
2  2bx n x 2b(l  x) n x 
l/2 l
  sin dx   sin dx
l 0 l l l/2
l l 
l/2 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
           
4b    4b 
cos sin cos sin
 2 ( x) l   (1)  l    2 (l  x) l   (1)  l 
l   n   n2 2
  l   n   n2 2

         
l   l2  0   l   l2  l / 2
4b  l l n l2 n   4b   l l n l2 n 
 2 
 . cos  sin   {0  0}  2 
{0  0}    . cos  sin 
l  2 n 2 n2 2
2   l   2 n 2 n2 2
2 
4b   l 2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
 2  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
8b l 2 n 8b n
cn  2  2 2 sin  2 2 sin
l n 2 n 2
Substitute cn in equation (6) we get

8b n n x n a t
y( x, t )   2 2 sin sin cos
n 1 n  2 l l

8b n n x n a t
(i.e.) y( x, t )   sin sin cos
n 1 n 
2 2
2 2L 2L
3. A string is stretched with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a position given
3  x
by y( x,0)  y0 sin . If it is released from rest from this position, find the displacement
l
y at any distance x from one end at anytime t.
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
t
x
(iv) y ( x, 0)  y 0 sin 3 , 0xl
l
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x n a t n a t 
l  l l 

 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
n x  n a t  n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos   c 2 c3 sin cos
l  l  l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c n sin cos      (5) where c n  c 2 c3
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l
3  x n x

y0 sin   cn sin
l n 1 l
y0  x 3 x  x 2 x 3 x
3 sin  sin  c1 sin  c 2 sin  c3 sin  .......... .......... .
4  l l  l l l
By Equating like coefficients we have
3 y0  y0
c1  , c2  0, c3  , c4  c5  ...........  0
4 4
Substitute these values in (6) we get
3 y0 x  a t y0 3 x 3 a t
y ( x, t )  sin cos  sin cos
4 l l 4 l l
l
4. A taut string of length l has its ends x = 0 and x = l fixed. The point where x = is
3
drawn aside a small distance ‘h’, the displacement y(x, t) satisfies yt t  a y x x .
2
Determine y(x, t) at any time t.

Sol. First we have to find the equation of the string in its initial position.
y0 x0
 l 
0  h 0 l /3 A , h
y 3x 3 
 
h l
h
3h x
y , 0  x  l /3
l
O(0,0) B(l, 0)
y  h x l /3

h 0 l /3l
y  h x l /3
 
h  2l / 3
y  h 3x  l
 
h  2l
h(3 x  l ) 2hl  3hx  hl 3h
 y h   (l  x) , l / 3  x  l
2l 2l 2l
Hence initially the displacement of the string is in the form

3 h x l
 , 0 x
 l 3
y ( x, 0)  
 3 h (l  x) , l  x  l

 2l 3
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
(i) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
t
3 h x l
 , 0 x
 l 3
(iv) y ( x, 0)  
 3 h (l  x) , l  x  l

 2l 3
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0

n x  n a t 
y ( x, t )  c2 sin  c3 cos 
l  l 
n x n a t
 c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l

n x
f ( x)   c n sin       (7)
n 1 l
 3h x l
 , 0 x
 l 3
 3h (l  x), l  x  l

2l 3

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
c n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
2  3hx n x 3h(l  x) n x 
l /3 l
  sin dx   sin dx
l 0 l l l /3
2l l 
l /3 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
6h  l   l  3h  l   l 

 2 ( x)  (1)  
 2 (l  x)  (1)
l   n   n 2 2   l   n   n 2 2  
  l



 l2

 0  
 l



 l2

 l / 3
6h   l l n l2 n   3h   2l l n l2 n 
 2  . cos  2 2 sin   {0  0}  2 {0  0}   . cos  2 2 sin 
l  3 n 3 n 3   l   3 n 3 n 3 
3h   2l 2 n 2l 2 n 2 l 2 n l2 n 
 2  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  3n 3 n 3 3n 3 n 3 
3h 3 l 2 n
c n  2  2 2 sin
l n  3
9h n
(i.e.) c n  2 2 sin
n  3

9h n n x n a t
y( x, t )   2 2 sin sin cos
n 1 n  3 l l
5. The points of trisection of a tightly stretched string of length l with fixed ends are
parallel aside through a distance ‘d’ on opposite sides of the position of equilibrium,
and the string is released from rest. Obtain an expression for the displacement of the
string at any subsequent time and show that the midpoint of the string always remains
at rest.
Sol.
l 
A ,d 
3 
O(0,0) C (l, 0)
d
 2l 
B ,d 
 3 
First we have to find the equation of the string in its initial position.
y0 x0

0 d 0 l /3
y 3x
 
d l
3d x
y , 0  x  l /3
l
yd x l /3

d  d l / 3  2l / 3
y  d x l /3
 
2d l /3
y  d 3x  l
 
2d l
2d (3 x  l ) d l  6d x  2d l 3d
 yd   (l  2 x) , l / 3  x  2l / 3
l l l
The equation of string BC is
yd x  2l / 3

 d  0 2l / 3  l
y  d x  2l / 3
 
d l /3
y  d 3x  2l
 
d l
d (3 x  2l )  d l  3d x  2d l 3d
 y  d    (x  l) , 2l / 3  x  l
l l l
2 y 2  y
2

t  x2
(i) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
(iii) 0 ( initial velocity is zero )
t
3 d x l
 l , 0 x
3

3 d l 2l
(iv) y ( x, 0)   (l  2 x) , x
 l 3 3
3 d 2l
 l ( x  l ) ,  xl
 3
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
n x  n a t 
y ( x, t )  c2 sin  c3 cos 
l  l 
n x n a t
 c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l


n x
f ( x)   cn sin       (7)
n 1 l
3 d x l
 l , 0  x 
3

3 d l 2l
where f ( x)   (l  2 x) , x
 l 3 3
3 d 2l
 l (x  l) , 3  x  l


n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
c n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
2  3dx n x 3d (l  2 x) n x 3d ( x  l ) n x 
l /3 2l / 3 l
  sin dx   sin dx   sin dx
l 0 l l l /3
l l 2l / 3
l l 
l /3 2l / 3
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
6d   (1)    6 d   (2)  
 2 ( x) l l (l  2 x) l l
l   n   n 2 2   l2   n   n 2 2  
  l

 
 l2

 0  
 l

 
 l2

 l / 3
l
  nx   nx 
   cos    sin 
6d  
 2 ( x  l ) l   (1) l
l   n   n2 2

    
 l   l2  2l / 3
6d   l l n l2 n  
 2   . cos  2 2 sin   {0  0}
l  3 n 3 n 3  
6d   l l 2n 2l 2 2n   l l n 2l 2 n 
 2  . cos  2 2 sin 
   . cos  sin 
l  3 n 3 n 3   3 n 3 n2 2
3 
6d  l l 2n l2 2n 
 2 {0  0}   . cos  2 2 sin 
l   3 n 3 n 3 
6d  3 l 2 n 3l 2 2n 
 2  2 2 sin  2 2 sin 
l n  3 n 3 
18d  n 2n 
 2 2 
sin  sin 
n  3 3 
18d  n  n 
 2 2 sin  sin n  
n  3  3 
18d n  n n 
cn  sin   sin n cos  cosn sin 
n 2 2
 3  3 3 
n
18d

(i.e.) cn  2 2 1  (1) n sin
n 3



18d n n x n a t
y ( x, t )   2 2 [1  (1) n ] sin sin cos
n 1 n  3 l l

36d n n x n a t
y ( x, t )  
n  2 , 4 , 6..... n 
2 2
sin
3
sin
l
cos
l

9d 2n 2n x 2n a t
y ( x, t )   sin sin cos
n 1 n 2 2 3 l l
l
By putting x  , we get the displacement of the midpoint.
2
l  2n x
 y , t   0 , sin ce  sin n  0
2  l
(i.e.) there is no displacement at x=l/2. Hence the midpoint of the string is at rest.
6. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a position
3 x 2 x
given by y( x, 0)  k sin cos . If it is released from rest from this position,
l l
determine the displacement y(x, t).
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
t
3 x 2 x
(iv) y ( x, 0)  k sin cos , 0xl
l l
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x n a t n a t 
l  l l 

 c 2 sin   c3 sin   c 4 cos   ------------- (4)
t l  l l l l 
n x  n a 
0  c2 sin  c4 
l  l 
 c4  0
n x  n a t  n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos   c 2 c3 sin cos
l  l  l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c n sin cos      (5) where c n  c 2 c3
l l

n x n a t
y( x, t )   cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l
3 x 2 x  n x
k sin cos   cn sin
l l n 1 l
k  5 x  x x 2 x 3 x
sin  sin  c1 sin  c2 sin  c3 sin  .......... .......... .
2  l l  l l l
k k
c1  , c5  , c2  c3  c4  c6  ...........  0
2 2
Substitute these values in (6) we get
k x  at 5 x 5 a t 
y ( x, t )   sin cos  sin cos 
2 l l l l 
Problems on vibrating on strings with non-zero initial velocity

7. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity kx(l – x).
Find the displacement of the string at any time.
2 y 2  y
2

t  x2
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
(iii) y ( x, 0)  0
y ( x, 0)
(iv)  kx(l  x) , 0  x  l
t
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )

 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
n x
0  c 2 sin (c3  0)
l
 c3  0
Substitute c3  0 in equation (3) we get
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 4 sin sin
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c n sin sin         (4) where c n  c 2 c 4
l l
form (4) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation.

n x n a t
y( x, t )   c n sin sin ------------------- (5)
n 1 l l
Diff. (5) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we get
y( x, t )  n x n a t n a
  cn sin cos  ---------------- (6)
t n 1 l l l

n x n a
k x(l  x)   cn sin  ------------ (7)
n 1 l l

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
n a
cn  bn
l
n x
l
2
l 0 l
n x
l
2
  k x(l  x) sin dx
l 0 l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2k  l   l   l 
  (lx  x )
2
 (l  2 x)  (2)
l   n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2k    (1) n l 3    l 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
 
l   n     n  
n a  4k l 3
cn
l

ln
3 3

(1) n  1 
(i.e.) c n 
4k l 3
n a
4 4

1  (1) n 
n x n a t
 

4kl3
y ( x, t )   4 4 1  (1) n sin sin
n 1 n  a l l

8kl3 n x n a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t )   sin sin
n 1, 3, 5...... n  a
4 4
l l
8. Find the displacement of a tightly stretched string of length 7cms vibrating between
 3 x   9 x 
fixed end points if initial displacement is 10sin   and initial velocity is 15sin  
 7   7 
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
Let l = 7 cm
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
 3 x 
(iii) y ( x, 0)  10 sin  
 l 
y ( x, 0)  9 x 
(iv) 15 sin  
t  l 
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos  c 4 sin 
l  l l 
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  sin  c2 c3 cos  c2 c4 sin 
l  l l 
n x  n a t n a t 
 sin  cn cos  d n sin         (3)
l  l l 

n x  n a t n a t 
y( x, t )   sin  cn cos  d n sin  ------------------- (4)
n 1 l  l l 
3 x  n x
10 sin   cn sin
l n 1 l
3 x x 2 x 3 x
10 sin  c1 sin  c2 sin  c3 sin  .....................
l l l l
c3  10 , c1  c2  c4  c5  .......... .  0
y( x, t )  n x  n a t n a n a t n a 
  sin   cn sin .  d n cos   ---------------- (5)
t n 1 l  l l l l 
9 x  n x n a
15 sin   d n sin .
l n 1 l l
9 x x a 2 x 2 a 3 x 3 a
15 sin  d1 sin .  d 2 sin .  d 3 sin .  .....................
l l l l l l l
9 a 15 l
 d9  15 (i.e.) d 9  and the remaining d n ' s are zero.
l 9 a
Substitute the values of cn and dn in equation (4), we have
3 x 3 a t 15 l 9 x 9 a t
y ( x, t )  10 sin cos  sin sin
l l 9 a l l
3 x 3 a t 105 9 x 9 a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t )  10 sin cos  sin sin
7 7 9 a 7 7
9. If a string l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is given a
 l
 k x , 0  x 
2
velocity v such that v   Find the displacement function y(x, t).
k (l  x) , l  x  l
 2
2 y 2  y
2

t  x2
(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
(iii) y ( x, 0)  0
y ( x, 0)  k x , 0  x  l/2
(iv) 
t k (l  x) , l / 2  x  l
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
l  l l 
n x
0  c 2 sin (c3  0)
l
 c3  0
Substitute c3  0 in equation (3) we get
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 4 sin sin
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t )  c n sin sin         (4) where c n  c 2 c 4
l l
form (4) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation.

n x n a t
y( x, t )   c n sin sin ------------------- (5)
n 1 l l
y( x, t )  n x n a t n a
  cn sin cos  ---------------- (6)
t n 1 l l l

n x n a
f ( x)   cn sin  ------------ (7)
n 1 l l
 kx, 0  x  l/2
k (l  x) , l / 2  x  l

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l

n a
cn  bn
l
n x
l
2
l 0 l
2 n x n x 
l/2 l
  k x sin dx   k (l  x) sin dx
l0 l l/2
l 
l/2 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
2k   2 k  
 ( x) l   (1) l   (l  x) l   (1) l
l   n    n 2 2
 l   n   n 2 2

  l



 l 2  
 0 


 l



 l 2 
 l / 2
2k   l l n l2 n   2k   l l n l2 n 
   . cos  sin   {0  0}  {0  0}   . cos  sin 
l  2 n 2 n2 2
2   l   2 n 2 n2 2
2 
2k   l 2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
2k 2 l 2 n
  2 2 sin
l n 2
n a 4 k l n
cn  2 2 sin
l n 2
4k l 2
n
(i.e.) cn  3 3 sin
n a 2

4k l2 n n x n a t
y( x, t )   3 3 sin sin sin
n 1 n  a 2 l l
10. Solve the following boundary value problem of vibration of string:

(i ) y (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0 for all t  0
y ( x, 0)
(iii)  x (x  l) , 0  x  l
t
 x, 0  x  l/2
(iv) y ( x, 0)  
 lx, l/2  x  l
2 y 2  y
2
t  x2
solutions as
(iii) y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11t  c12 )

 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin  c3 cos  c 4 sin 
l  l l 
n x  n a t n a t 
y ( x, t )  sin  c2 c3 cos  c2 c4 sin 
l  l l 
n x  n a t n a t 
 sin  cn cos  d n sin         (3)
l  l l 

n x  n a t n a t 
y( x, t )   sin  cn cos  d n sin  ------------------- (4)
n 1 l  l l 
y( x, t )  n x  n a t n a n a t n a 
  sin   cn sin .  d n cos   ---------------- (5)
t n 1 l  l l l l 

n x n a
x( x  l )   d n sin . ---------------- (6)
n 1 l l
To find d n expand x(x – l) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 l
n a
dn  bn
l
n x
l
2
l 0 l
n x
l
2
l 0
 x ( x  l ) sin dx
l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2  l   l   l 
 ( x  l x )
2
 (2 x  l )  (2)
l  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2   (1) n l 3    l 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
l   n     n  
n a
dn
l

4l 3
ln
3 3

(1) n  1 
4l 3

(i.e.) d n  4 4 (1) n  1
n a



n x
f ( x)   cn sin ------------ (8)
n 1 l
 x, 0  x  l/2
 lx, l/2  x  l

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (9)
n 1 l
c n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
2 n x n x 
l/2 l
   x sin dx   (l  x) sin dx
l0 l l/2
l 
l/2 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
2   2  
 ( x) l   (1) l   (l  x) l   (1) l
l  n   n 2 2
 l  n   n 2 2

  l

 
 l 2  
 0 


 l

 
 l 2 
 l / 2
2  l l n l2 n   2  l l n l2 n 
  . cos  sin   {0  0}  {0  0}   . cos  sin 
l  2 n 2 n 2 2 2   l  2 n 2 n 2 2 2 
2  l2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
2 2l 2 n
  2 2 sin
l n 2
4l n
c n  2 2 sin
n 2
Substitute the values of cn and dn in equation (4) we get

n x  4l n n a t 4l 3 [(1) n  1] n a t 
y ( x, t )   sin  2 2 sin cos  sin 
n 1 l n  2 l n a
4 4
l 

n x  4l n n a t 8l 3 n a t 
(i.e.) y ( x, t )   sin  2 2 sin cos  4 4 sin 
n  1, 3, 5.... l n  2 l n a l 
Problems on heat and temperature with zero boundary values
11. A uniform bar of length l through which heat flows is insulated at its sides. The ends
are kept at zero temperature. If the initial temperature at the interior points of the bar
is given by k (lx  x ), 0  x  l . Find the temperature distribution in the bar after
2
time t.
u 2  u
2
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is  ------------ (A)

t  x2
(i ) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u (l , t )  0 for all t  0
(iii) u ( x, 0)  k (lx  x 2 ), 0  x  l
solutions as
2 2

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
u( x, t )  ( Acos px  B sin px) e p t ------------ (1)
2 2

0  ( A  0) e   p t
2 2
 A  0 [ e   p t  0]
2 2
Substituting A  0 in equation (1) we get

u( x, t )  B sin px. e p t ------------ (2)
2 2

0  B sin pl . e  p t
2 2
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
l
n 2 2
n x  2 t
u( x, t )  B sin e l2
l
The most general solution is
n 2 2 2

n x 
u ( x, t )   Bn sin
t
l2
e ------------------ (3)
n 1 l

n x
k (lx  x )   Bn sin
2
----------------- (4)
n 1 l
To find Bn expand k(lx – x2) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (5)
n 1 l

Bn  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
n x
l
2
  k (lx  x 2 ) sin dx
l 0 l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2k    
 (lx  x )
2 l   (l  2 x) l  (2) l
l   n   n2 2
  n  
3 3
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2k   (1) n l 3    l 3  
  0  0  ( 2)
 n 3 3    0  0  ( 2) 3 3 
l      n  

 4k l 3
ln3 3

(1) n  1 
(i.e.) Bn 
4k l 2
n 3 3

1  (1) n 
Substitute Bn in equation (3) we get
n 2 2 2

4k l2 n x 
u ( x, t )   3 3 [1  (1) n ] sin
t
l2
e
n 1 n  l
n 2 2 2

8k l 2 n x 
(i.e.) u ( x, t )  
t
l2
sin e
n 1, 3, 5..... n 
3 3
l
12. Find the temperature distribution in a homogeneous bar of length π which is insulated
laterally, if the ends are kept at zero temperature and if initially the temperature is k at
the centre of the bar and falls uniformly to zero at its ends.
Sol. The equation of line OA is
u0 x0
  
0  k 0  / 2 A ,k 
u 2x 2 
 
 k 
k
2k x
u , 0  x  /2

O(0,0) B(π, 0)
The equation of line AB is
u  k x  / 2

k  0  / 2 
u  k x  / 2
 
k  / 2
u  k 2x  
 
k 
k (2 x   )
u k

k  2kx  k 2k
u  (  x) ,  / 2  x  
 
Hence initially the temperature function is in the form
2k x 
  , 0 x
2
u ( x , 0)  
 2k (  x) ,   x  
  2
u 2  u
2
The one dimensional heat equation is   ------------ (A)

t  x2
(i ) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u ( , t )  0 for all t  0
2 k x 
  , 0 x
2
(iii) u ( x, 0)  
 2k (  x) ,   x  
  2
solutions as
2 2

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
2 2

0  ( A  0) e   p t
2 2
 A  0 [ e   p t  0]
2 2

u( x, t )  B sin px. e p t ------------ (2)
2 2

0  B sin p . e  p t
2 2
 sin p  0
 p  n
 pn
Substituting p  n in equation (2) we get
u( x, t )  B sin nx e 
2 2
n t


u( x, t )   Bn sin nx e  n  t ------------------ (3)
2 2
n 1


f ( x)   Bn sin nx ----------------- (4)
n 1
2k x 
  , 0 x
2
 2k (  x) ,   x  
  2
To find Bn expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, π)

f ( x)   bn sin nx ----------------- (5)
n 1

Bn  bn

2

  f ( x) sin nx dx
0
 /2 
4k  
 2   x sin nx dx   (  x) sin nx dx
 0  /2 
 /2 
4k    cos nx    sin nx  4k    cos nx    sin nx 
 2 ( x)   (1)    2 (  x)   (1)  
   n   n
2
 0    n   n
2
  / 2
4k   1 n 1 n   4k    1 n 1 n 
 2 
 . cos  2 sin   {0  0}  2 {0  0}   . cos  2 sin 
  2 n 2 n 2      2 n 2 n 2 
4k    n 1 n  n 1 n 
 2 cos  2 sin  cos  2 sin 
  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
4k 2 n
 2  2 sin
 n 2
8k n
Bn  2 2 sin
n 2
Substitute the values of Bn in equation (3) we get

8k n
u( x, t )   sin nx e  n  t
2 2
sin
n 1 n 
2 2
2
Problems on steady state with zero boundary conditions

13. A rod of 30cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20 C and 80 C respectively until
steady state condition prevails. The temperature at each end is then suddenly reduced
to 0  and kept so. Find the resulting temperature function u(x, t) taking x = 0 at A.
u 2  u
2
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is   ------------ (A)

t  x2
In steady state, this equation reduces to
d 2u
0
dx 2
Solving we get u( x)  a x  b ---------- (1)
In steady state, the initial conditions are
(i ) u (0)  20
(ii) u (30 )  80
20  a(0)  b
 b  20
u( x)  a x  20 -------------- (2)
80  a(30)  20
 30 a  60
a2
Substitute a = 2 in equation (2) we get
u( x)  2 x  20

Now both the ends A and B are reduced to 0 . At this stage, the steady state is changed
into unsteady state (transient state). For this transient state, the boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u (30, t )  0 for all t  0
(iii) u ( x, 0)  2 x  20 , 0  x  30
[since the initial temperature of this transient state is the temperature in the previous
steady state].
solutions as
2 2

2
p2 t
(iii) u ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
2 2

0  ( A  0) e   p t
2 2
 A  0 [ e   p t  0]
2 2

u( x, t )  B sin px. e p t ------------ (2)
2 2

0  B sin 30 p . e  p t
2 2
 sin 30 p  0
 30 p  n
n
 p
30
n
30
n 2 2
n x   2 t
u ( x, t )  B sin e 900
30
n 2 2 2

n x  900 t
u ( x, t )   Bn sin e ------------------ (3)
n 1 30

n x
2 x  20   Bn sin ----------------- (4)
n 1 30
To find Bn expand 2x + 20 in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 30)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (5)
n 1 30
Bn  bn
n x
30
2
 
30 0
f ( x) sin
30
dx
n x
30
1
  (2 x  20) sin dx
15 0 30
30
  nx   nx 
   cos    sin 
1  30   30 
 (2 x  20)  (2)
15   n   n2 2

    
 30   900  0
1   (1) n 30     30  
 ( 80)   0  (20)   0 
15   n     n  

30(20)
15(n )

4(1) n  1 
(i.e.) Bn 
40
n

1  4(1) n 
n 2 2 2

40 n x 
u ( x, t )  
t
[1  4(1) n ] sin e 900
n 1 n 30
Problems on steady state with non-zero boundary conditions

14. A bar 10cm long with insulated sides has its ends A and B kept at 20  C and 40 C
respectively, until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is then
suddenly raised to 50 C and at the same instant that B is lowered to 10 C . Find the
temperature distribution in the rod at time t. Also show that the temperature at the
midpoint of the rod remains unaltered for all time, regardless of the material of the
rod.
u 2  u
2
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is  ------------ (A)

t  x2
In steady state, this equation reduces to
d 2u
0
dx 2
Solving we get u( x)  a x  b ---------- (1)
In steady state, the initial conditions are
(i ) u (0)  20
(ii) u (10 )  40
20  a(0)  b
 b  20
u( x)  a x  20 -------------- (2)
40  a(10)  20
 10 a  20
a2
Substitute a = 2 in equation (2) we get
u( x)  2 x  20
Now the temperatures at A and B are changed, the state is no longer steady. For this
transient state the boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, t )  50 for all t  0
(ii) u (10, t )  10 for all t  0
(iii) u ( x, 0)  2 x  20 , 0  x  10
Since we have non-zero boundary values, we break up the required function u(x, t) into
two parts. (i.e.) u ( x, t )  u s ( x)  u t ( x, t ) ------------ (3)
where u s (x ) is a steady state solution of equation (A) and u t ( x, t ) is a transient solution.
To find us(x):
u s (x ) satisfies equation (A)
d 2u s
 2  0 where (i ) u s (0)  50 (ii) u s (10 )  10
dx
Solving, we get u s ( x)  a x  b ------------- (4)

50  a(0)  b
 b  50
u s ( x)  a x  50 -------------- (5)
10  a(10)  50
 10 a   40
 a  4
Substitute a = – 4 in equation (5) we get
u s ( x)   4 x  50
To find ut (x, t):
(3)  ut ( x, t )  u ( x, t )  u s ( x)
Consequently,
(i ) ut (0, t )  u (0, t )  u s (0)  50  50  0 for all t  0
(ii) ut (10, t )  u (10, t )  u s (10)  10  10  0 for all t  0
(iii) ut ( x, 0)  u ( x, 0)  u s ( x)  (2 x  20)  ( 4 x  50)  6 x  30 , 0  x  10
solutions as
(i) ut ( x, t )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) c3e p t
2 2
(ii) ut ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e 

2 2
p t
(iii) ut ( x, t )  (c7 x  c8 ) c9
ut ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px) e  p t ------------ (6)
2 2

0  ( A  0) e   p t
2 2
 A  0 [ e   p t  0]
2 2

ut ( x, t )  B sin px. e  p t ------------ (7)
2 2

0  B sin 10 p . e  p t
2 2
 sin 10 p  0
10 p  n
n
 p
10
n
10
n 2 2
n x   2 100 t
u t ( x, t )  B sin e
10
n 2 2 2

n x  100 t
ut ( x, t )   Bn sin e ------------------ (8)
n 1 10

n x
6 x  30   Bn sin ----------------- (9)
n 1 10
To find Bn, expand 6x – 30 in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 10)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (10)
n 1 10
Bn  bn
n x
10
2
10 0
 f ( x ) sin dx
10
n x
10
1
  (6 x  30) sin dx
50 10
10
  n x   n x 
     
1
cos sin
 (6 x  30) 10   (6)  10 
5  n   n 2 2  
    
 10   100  0
1   (1) n 10     10  
 ( 30 )
 n      0  (30)   0 
5       n  

30 (10)
5 (n )
 (1) n  1 
(i.e.) Bn 
 60
n

1  (1) n 
n 2 2 2

 60 n x 
u t ( x, t )  
t
[1  (1) n ] sin e 100
n 1 n 10
n 2 2 2

 120 n x 

t
(i.e.) ut ( x, t )  sin e 100
n  2 , 4 , 6.... n 10
Hence equation (3) 
u ( x, t )  u s ( x )  u t ( x, t )
n 2 2 2

120 n x 

t
(i.e.) u ( x , t )  ( 4 x  50)  sin e 100
n  2 , 4, 6.... n 10
By putting x = 5, we get the temperature at the midpoint of the rod.
 n x n 
u( x, t )  30  sin  sin  0 for n  2,4,6....... 
 10 2 
(i.e.) The temperature at the midpoint of the rod remains unaltered for all time.
Two dimensional heat flow equation
15. A square plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 20 and y = 20. Its faces are
insulated. The temperature along the upper horizontal edge is given by
u(x, 20) = x(20 – x) when 0 < x < 20 while the other three edges are kept at 0  C .
Find the steady state temperature in the plate.
 2u  2u
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation in steady state is 2  2  0 ------------ (A)
x y
Let us take the sides of the plate be l = 20. u(x, 20) = x(20 – x)
y = 20
The boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  l
(ii) u (l , y )  0, 0  y  l
(iii) u ( x, 0)  0 , 0  x  l y=0
(iv) u ( x, l )  x (l  x), 0  x  l
u(x, 0) = 0
solutions as
(a ) u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 cos py  c4 sin py)
(b) u ( x, y )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) (c7 e p y  c8 e  p y )
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
u ( x, y )  (c1 cos px  c2 sin px) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y ) --------------- (1)
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
Substituting c1  0 in equation (1) we have
u ( x, y )  c2 sin px (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y ) ------------ (2)
0  c2 sin pl (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin pl  0
 pl  n
n
 p
l
n
Substituting p  in equation (2) we have
l
n y n y
n x  
l 

u ( x, y )  c2 sin c e l
 c e
l   --------------- (3)
3 4

nx
0  c2 sin (c 3  c 4 )
l
 c3  c 4  0
 c 4   c3
Substitute c4   c3 in equation (3) we have
n y n y
n x   
u ( x, y )  c 2 sin c 3 e
l
 c3 e l 
l  
n y n y
n x  l  
u ( x, y )  c 2 c3 sin e e l 
l  
n x n y
 cn sin . 2 sinh
l l
n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y)  cn sin sinh ---------------- (4)
l l
The most general solution of equation (4) is

n x n y
u ( x, y)   cn sin sinh ------------- (5)
n 1 l l

n x
x (l  x)   cn sin sinh n -------------- (6)
n 1 l
To find cn expand x(l – x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 l
cn sinh n  bn
n x
l
2
l 0 l
n x
l
2
l 0
 x (l  x ) sin dx
l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2  l   l   l 
 (l x  x )
2
 (l  2 x)  (2)
l  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l 3  0
2   (1) n l 3    l 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
l   n     n  
c n sinh n 
 4l 3
ln
3 3

(1) n  1 
(i.e.) c n 
4l 2
n  sinh n
3 3
1  (1) n  
n x n y
 

4l 2
u ( x, y )   1  (1) n sin sinh
n 1 n  sinh n
3 3
l l

3200 n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y )  
n 1, 3, 5...... n  sinh n
3 3
sin
20
sinh
20
16. The boundary value problem governing the steady state temperature distribution in a
 2u  2u
flat, thin square plate is given by   0, 0  x  a, 0  y  a
 x2  y2
3  x 
u ( x, 0)  0, u ( x, a)  4 sin  , 0  x  a ; u (0, y )  0, u (a, y )  0 , 0  y  a
 a 
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
 2u  2u
x y
u(x, a) = f(x)
The boundary conditions are y=a
(i ) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  a
(ii) u (a, y )  0, 0  y  a
(iii) u ( x, 0)  0 , 0  x  a
x y=0
(iv) u ( x, a)  4 sin 3 , 0xa u(x, 0) = 0
a
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
0  c2 sin pa (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin pa  0
 pa  n
n
 p
a
n
a
n y n y
n x  
a 

u ( x, y )  c2 sin c e a
 c e
a   --------------- (3)
3 4

nx
0  c2 sin ( c3  c 4 )
a
 c3  c 4  0
 c 4   c3
Substitute c4   c3 in equation (3) we have
n y n y
n x   
u ( x, y )  c2 sin c 3 e
a
 c3 e a 
a  
n y n y
n x   
u ( x, y )  c 2 c3 sin e
a
e a

a  
n x n y
 c n sin . 2 sinh
a a
n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y)  cn sin sinh ---------------- (4)
a a

n x n y
u ( x, y)   cn sin sinh ------------- (5)
n 1 a a

3  x n x

4 sin   cn sin sinh n
a n 1 a
x 3 x x 2 x 3 x
3 sin  sin  c1 sinh  sin  c1 sinh 2 sin  c1 sinh 3 sin  ..........
a a a a a
By equating the like coefficients, we have
c1 sinh   3, c2  0, c3 sinh 3  1, c4  c5  ............  0
c1  3 cosech , c2  0, c3   cosech3
Substitute these values of cn’s in equation (5) we get
x y 3 x 3 y
u ( x, y)  3 cosech sin sinh  cosech3 sin sinh
a a a a
17. Find the steady state temperature distribution in a rectangular plate of sides ‘a’and
‘b’ insulated at the lateral surface and satisfying the boundary conditions
u (0, y)  0  u (a, y) for 0  y  b, u( x, b)  0 and u( x, 0)  x(a  x), 0  x  a
 2u  2u
x y
(i) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  b
(ii) u (a, y )  0, 0  y  b
(iii) u ( x, b)  0 , 0  x  a
(iv) u ( x, 0)  x (a  x), 0  x  a
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
0  c2 sin pa (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin pa  0
 pa  n
n
 p
a
n
a
n y n y
n x  
a 

 c e
a   --------------- (3)
3 4

n b n b
n x  
a 

0  c2 sin c e a
 c e
a  
3 4

n b n b

 c3 e a
 c4 e a
0
2 n b
 c 4   c3 e a
        (4)
Substitute (4) in equation (3) we have
n y 2 n b n y
n x  
a 

 c e a
e
a  
3 3

2 n y 2 n b
n x  a a 
  n a y
u ( x, y )  cn sin e e e       (5)
a  
2 n y 2 n b

n x  a   n a y
u ( x, y )   cn sin  e e a 
 e ------------- (6)
n 1 a  
2 n b

n x  
x (a  x)   cn sin  1  e a  -------------- (7)

n 1 a  
To find cn expand x(a – x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, a)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 a
2 n b
 
cn 1  e a   bn
 
n x
a
2
a0 a
n x
a
2
  x(a  x) sin dx
a0 a
a
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
2    
 (a x  x )
2 a   (a  2 x) a  (2) a
a  n   n2 2
  n  
3 3
      
 a   a2   a 3  0
2   (1) n a 3    a 3  
 0  0  (2) 3 3   0  0  (2) 3 3 
 
a   n     n  
2 n b
 

c n 1  e a 
 4 a3
  a n 3 3 (1)  1
n
 
 
(i.e.) c n 

4 a 2 1  (1) n 
2 n b
 
n  1  e a 
3 3
 
2 n y 2 n b

4 a 2 [1  (1) n ] n x  a   n a y
u ( x, y)   2 n b
sin e e a 
e
n 1 3 3   a  
n  1  e a 
 
18. A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and y = b and the edge
4 x 3 x
temperatures are u (0, y)  u (a, y)  u ( x, b)  0 and u ( x, 0)  5 sin  3 sin
a a
Find the temperature distribution.
 2u  2u
x y
(i ) u (0, y )  0, 0  y  b
(ii) u (a, y )  0, 0  y  b
(iii) u ( x, b)  0 , 0  x  a
4 x 3 x
(iv) u ( x, 0)  5 sin  3 sin , 0xa
a a
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]
0  c2 sin pa (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin pa  0
 pa  n
n
 p
a
n
a
n y n y
n x  
a 

 c e
a   --------------- (3)
3 4

n b n b
n x  
a 

0  c2 sin c e a
 c e
a  
3 4

n b n b

 c3 e a
 c4 e a
0
2 n b
 c 4   c3 e a
        (4)
Substitute (4) in equation (3) we have
n y 2 n b n y
n x  
a 

 c e a
e
a  
3 3

n x  2 na y 2 n b
  n a y
u ( x, y )  cn sin e e a 
      (5)
a  e
 

2 n y 2 n b

n x  a   n a y
u ( x, y )   cn sin e e a 
e
a 
------------- (6)
n 1 
2 n b
4 x 3 x  n x  
5 sin  3 sin   cn sin  1 e
a 
a a n 1 a  

2 b 4 b
3 x 4 x  x  
  c2 sin 2 x 
1  e a 

3 sin  5 sin  c1 sin 1 e a
a a a  
 a  

6 b
3 x  
 c3 sin 1  e a   ..................
a  

By equating the like coefficients, we have
6 b 8 b
   
c3 1  e a   3 , c 4 1  e a
 
  5 , c1  c2  c5  c6  ............  0

   
Substitute these values of cn’s in equation (6) we get
6 y 6 b
3 3 x  a a 
  3a y 5 4 x  8a y 8 b
  4a y
u ( x, y)  sin e  e e  sin e  e  e
a
 6 b
 a  
  8 b
 a 
 
1  e 
a 1  e a 
   
   
Temperature distribution in infinite plates
19. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm width and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable
error . If the temperature along are short edge y = 0 is u(x, y) = 4(10x – x2)
for 0 < x < 10 while the two long edges as well as the short edge are kept at 0  C , find
the steady state temperature function u(x, y).
 2u  2u
x y
(i ) u (0, y )  0, for all y
(ii) u (10, y )  0, for all y
(iii) u ( x, )  0
(iv) u ( x, 0)  4(10 x  x 2 ), 0  x  10
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
0  (c1 .1  0) (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 c1  0 [ c3 e p y  c4 e  p y  0]

0  c2 sin 10 p (c3 e p y  c4 e  p y )
 sin 10 p  0
 10 p  n
n
 p
10
n
10
n y n y
n x  
10 

u ( x, y )  c2 sin c e 10
 c e
10   --------------- (3)
3 4

n x
0  c2 sin (c3e   c4 e   )
10
This is possible only when c3 = 0 [ since if c4 = 0, u   ]
n y
n x   
u ( x, y )  c2 sin  0  c4 e 10 
10  
 
n y
n x  10
u ( x, y )  cn sin e        (4)
10
n y

n x  10
u ( x, y)   cn sin e -------------------- (5)
n 1 10
Applying condition (iv) in equation(5) we get

n x
4 (10 x  x 2 )   cn sin ----------------- (6)
n 1 10
To find cn expand 4(10x – x2) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 10)

n x
f ( x)   bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 10
c n  bn
n x
10
2
10 0 10
n x
10
1
  4 (10 x  x 2 ) sin dx
50 10
10
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
4  10   10   10 

 (10 x  x )
2
 (10  2 x)  (2)
5  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 10   100   1000  0
4   (1) n (1000)    1000 
 0  0  (2) 
   0  0  ( 2) 3 3  
5   n 3 3    n  

 8000
5n 
3 3

(1) n  1 
(i.e.) c n 
1600
n3 3

1  (1) n 

n y

1600 n x  10
u ( x, y )   3 3 [1  (1) ]sin
n
e
n 1 n  10
n y

3200 n x 
(i.e.) u ( x, y )   sin e 10
n 1, 3, 5..... n 
3 3
10
20. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide. The two
long edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge
x = 0 is kept at temperature given by
 20 y for 0  y  5
u
20 (10  y) for 5  y  10
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
 2u  2u
x y
(i ) u ( x, 0)  0, for all x
(ii) u ( x,10)  0, for all x
(iii) u (, y )  0
 20 y, 0 y5
(iv) u (0, y )  
20(10  y ), 0  y  10
solutions as
(c) u ( x, y )  (c9 x  c10 ) (c11 y  c12 )
u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) (c3 cos py  c4 sin py) --------------- (1)
0  (c1 e p x  c2 e  p x )(c3 .1  0)
 c3  0 [c1 e p x  c2 e  p x  0]
u ( x, y )  (c1e p x  c2 e  p x ) c4 sin py ------------ (2)
0  c4 sin 10 p (c3 e p x  c4 e  p x )
 sin 10 p  0
 10 p  n
n
 p
10
n
10
n x n x
n y  
10 

u ( x, y )  c4 sin c e 10
 c e
10   --------------- (3)
1 2

n y
0  c4 sin (c1e   c2 e   )
10
This is possible only when c1 = 0 [ since if c2 = 0, u   ]

n x
n y  
10 

u ( x, y )  c4 sin 0  c e
10  
2

n x
n y  10
u ( x, y )  cn sin e        (4)
10
n x

n y  10
u ( x, y)   cn sin e -------------------- (5)
n 1 10
Applying condition (iv) in equation(5) we get

n y
f ( y)   cn sin ----------------- (6)
n 1 10
 20 y for 0  y  5
where f ( y)  
20 (10  y) for 5  y  10
To find cn expand f (y) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 10)

n y
f ( y)   bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 10
c n  bn
n y
10
2
  f ( y ) sin dy
10 0 10
n y n y
5 10
1 1
  20 y sin dy   20 (10  y) sin dy
50 10 55 10
5 10
  n y   n y    n y   n y 
   cos    sin     cos    sin 
 4 ( y ) 10   (1)  10   4 (10  y ) 10   (1)  10 
  n    n
2 2
   n    n
2 2

          
10   100  0  10   100  5
 50 n 100 n     50 n 100 n 
 4   2 2 sin   {0  0}  4 {0  0}    2 2 sin 
2 
cos cos
 n 2 n  2     n 2 n 
800 n
c n  2 2 sin
n  2
n x

800 n n y  10
u ( x, y)   2 2 sin sin e
n 1 n  2 10
1. Solve the governing equation for one dimensional heat equation and necessary to solve
the problem.
2. Write the boundary conditions for the following problem. A rectangular plate is
bounded by the line x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = b. Its surfaces are insulated. The
temperature along x = 0 and y = 0 are kept at 0o C and the others at 100o C.
3. Write down all possible solutions of the one dimensional wave equation
 2u 1 u
 2 .
x 2
c t
4. The ends A and B of a rod of length 10 cm have their temperature kept at 20o C and
80o C respectively. Find the steady state temperature distribution on the rod.
2 y 2  y
2
c ,
5. In the wave equation  t  x 2 what does c2 stand for ?
2
6. A plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = l and y = l. Its faces are insulated. The
edge coinciding with x-axis is kept at 100o C. The edge coinciding with y-axis is kept at
50o C. The other two edges are kept at 0o C. Write the boundary conditions that are needed
for solving two dimensional heat flow equation.
Sol. (i) u(0, y) = 50
(ii) u(l, 0) = 100
(iii) u(l, y) = 0
(iv) u(x, l) = 0
7. Classify the partial differential equation

( x  1) z x x  2 ( x  y  1) z x y  ( y  1) z y y  y z y  x z y  2 sin x  0
8. A taut string of length L cm fastened at both ends, is disturbed from its position of
equilibrium by imparting to each of its points an initial velocity of magnitude k x(L – x) for
0 < x < L. Formulate the problem mathematically.
9. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation.
10. State any two solutions of the Laplace equation by the variables separable method.
11. A rod of length 20 cm whose one end is kept at 30o C and the other end is kept at 70o C
is maintained so until steady state prevails. Find the steady state temperature.
12. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave
equation and one dimensional heat equation with respect to the time?
Sol. Solution of the one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature. But solution
of the one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.
13. Write down the partial differential equation that represents steady state heat flow
in two dimensions and name the variables involved.
 2u  2u
Sol.  0
 x2  y2
where u is dependent variable and x, y are independent variables.

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TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

2. Classify the following partial differential equations

3. Classify the following second order partial differential equations

4. Classify the following second order partial differential equations

6. What is the one dimensional wave equation or equation of vibration of string?

8. What is the constant a2 in wave equation yt t  a yxx ?

9. What is the correct solution of one dimensional wave equation?

Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a

(ii) u ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e  

19. What is the correct solution of one dimensional heat equation?

The one dimensional heat equation is  .

(ii) u ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e  

31. What does a2 represent in one dimensional heat flow equation ut  a u x x ?

Sol. a2 is known as diffusivity of the material of the bar.

Problems on vibrating on strings with zero initial velocity

Substitute c4  0 in equation (3) we have

The most general solution of (5) can be written as

The equation of string OA is

Differentiate equation (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we have

Determine y(x, t) at any time t.

Hence initially the displacement of the string is in the form

Substitute c4  0 in equation (3) we have

The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a ------------ (A)

Applying condition (iv) in equation (6) we get

Substitute cn in equation (6) we get

Differentiate equation (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we have

Problems on vibrating on strings with non-zero initial velocity

Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a ------------ (A)

Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get

Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2  a ------------ (A)

From (7) & (8) we get

10. Solve the following boundary value problem of vibration of string:

Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get

Applying condition (iv) in equation (4) we get

Problems on heat and temperature with zero boundary values

Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is  ------------ (A)

(ii) u ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e  

Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get

Substituting A  0 in equation (1) we get

Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get

From (4) & (5) we get

The one dimensional heat equation is   ------------ (A)

(ii) u ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e  

Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get

Substituting A  0 in equation (1) we get

Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get

The most general solution is

Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get

From (4) & (5) we get

Problems on steady state with zero boundary conditions

Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is   ------------ (A)

(ii) u ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e  

Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get

Substituting A  0 in equation (1) we get

Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get

Problems on steady state with non-zero boundary conditions

Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is  ------------ (A)

Applying condition (i) in equation (4) we get

(ii) ut ( x, t )  (c4 cos px  c5 sin px) c6 e 

Applying condition (i) in equation (6) we get

Substituting A  0 in equation (6) we get

Applying condition (ii) in equation (7) we get