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TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT V – Z - TRANSFORM
PART – A

1. Define Z – transform of the sequence {f(n)}.

Sol. If f(n) is a causal sequence (i.e.) f(n) = 0 for n < 0, then the Z – transform is called
one sided (or) unilateral Z – transform of {f(n)} and is defined as

Z{ f (n)}  f ( z )   f (n) z  n
n0

2. Find the Z – transform of an.



Sol. Z{a }   a n z  n
n

n0

 n  n
z a
     
n0 a n0  z 
2 3
a a a
 1           .............
z z z
1 1
 a za (1  x) 1  1  x  x 2  x 3  .......... ..
 1     
 z  z 
z

za
3. Find the value of Z{f(n)} where f(n) = nan.
Sol. Z{n a n }   z
d
dz

Z (a n ) 
d  z 
 z 
dz  z  a 
 ( z  a)(1)  z (1) 
 z 
 ( z  a) 2 
 a 
 z 2
 ( z  a) 
az

( z  a) 2
4. Find Z{f(n)} where f(n) = n for n = 0, 1, 2, ………


Sol. Z{n}   n z  n
n0

 n
1
n 
n0 z
2 3
a a a
 0     2    3    .............
z z z
a 
2
a a
 1  2    3    .............
z  z z  (1  x) 2  1  2 x  3x 2  4 x 3  .......... ..
2 2
a a a za
 1     
z z z z 
a z2 az
 
z ( z  a) 2
( z  a) 2

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5. Find the Z – transform of (n + 2)

Sol. Z{n + 2} = Z(n) + Z(2)
z 2z z  2 z ( z  1) 2 z 2  z
=   
( z  1) 2 z  1 ( z  1) 2 ( z  1) 2
6. Find Z(1/n)
 1   1 n
Sol. Z n   n z
  n 1
1 1 1
  2  3  .............. x2 x3
z 2z 3z  log(1  x)  x    ..........
2 3
 1 
  log 1  
 z
 z 1
  log  
 z 
 z 
 log  
 z 1
7. Find the Z – transform of 3n.


Sol. Z{3n }   3n z  n
n0

 n  n
z 3
     
n0 3 n0  z 
2 3
3 3 3
 1           .............
z z z
1 1
 3  z 3
 1     
 z  z 
z

z 3
8. Find the Z – transform of (n + 1)(n + 2)
Sol. Z{(n + 1)(n + 2)} = Z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= Z(n2) + 3Z(n) + Z(2)
z ( z  1) 3z 2z
  
( z  1) 3 ( z  1) 2 z  1
z 2  z  3z ( z  1)  2 z ( z  1) 2

( z  1) 3
z 2  z  3z 2  3z  2 z 3  4 z 2  2 z

( z  1) 3
2z 3

( z  1) 3
n
9. Find the Z – transform of sin
2
z r sin 
Sol. We have Z{r sin n }  2
n

z  2 zr cos  r 2
 n  z
 Z sin   2
 2  z 1

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at
10. If Z { f (t )}  f ( z ), then Z {e f (t )}  f ( z e )
aT

Sol. Z{e at

f (t )}   e  a nT f (n T ) z  n
n0

  f (n T ) ( ze a T )  n
n0

 f ( ze a T )
11. Find Z[e –iat] using Z – transform.
z
Sol. We have Z {1} 
z 1

Z e 
i at
 i at
 Z e (1)  i a T
z e 1

z ei a T

z
12. If Z { f (n)}  f ( z ), then Z {a f (n)}  f  
n

a


Sol. Z{a f (n)}   a n f (n) z  n

n

n 0

 n
z
  f ( n)  
n0 a
z
 f 
a
an
 for n  0
13. Find the Z – transform of f (n)   n!
0 otherwise

 
an n
Sol. Z{ f (n)}   f (n) z  n   z
n0 n 0 n!
 n
1 z
  
n0 n!  a 
x x 2 x3

1 a
n
ex  1    ..........
   1! 2! 3!
n0 n!  z 
2 3
1a 1 a 1 a
 1           ...............
1!  z  2 !  z  3!  z 
e a/ z

14. Define the unit step sequence. Write its Z – transform.

Sol. U(n) is the unit step sequence defined by
1 for n  0
U ( n)  
0 for n  0
z
Z {U (n)}  Z (1) 
z 1
15. State convolution theorem of Z – transform.
Sol. If Z { f (n)}  f ( z ) and Z {g (n)}  g ( z ) then
Z { f (n)  g (n)}  f ( z ). g ( z )

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16. State and prove initial value theorem in Z – transform.

lim f (z )
Statement: If Z { f (n)}  f ( z ), then f (0) 
z 


Proof. f ( z )   f (n) z  n
n0

f (1) f (2) f (3)

 f (0)   2  3  ..............
z z z
lim f (z )
 f (0)
z 
17. State final value theorem in Z – transform.
lim lim
Sol. If Z{ f (n)}  f ( z ) then [ f (n)] = {( z  1) f ( z )}
n  z 1

z2
18. If F ( z )  , find f (0)
 1  1  3
 z   z   z  
 2  4  4
Sol. f (0)  lim f (z ) [ f (z ) = F(z)]
z 
lim z2
=
z    z  1  z  1  z  3 
   
 2  4  4
lim z2
=
z   z 3 1  1 1  1 1  3 
   
 2 z  4 z  4 z 
lim 1
=
z   z 1  1 1  1 1  3 
   
 2 z  4 z  4 z 
1
= 0

19. Express Z{f(n + 1)} in terms of f (z )


We have Z{ f (n)}   f (n) z  f ( z )

n
Sol.
n 0

 Z { f (n  1)}   f (n  1) z  n
n0

  f ( m) z
m 1 0
 ( m 1) Put n + 1 = m
n=m–1

 z  f ( m) z  m
m 1

  
 z   f ( m ) z  m  f ( 0) 
m  0 
(i.e.) Z { f (n  1)}  z [ f ( z )  f (0)]

20. Form a difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant A from yn = A.3n
Sol. y n  A.3n
yn1  A.3n1
 3 A.3n  3 yn
(i.e.) yn1  3 yn  0

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21. Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from U n  a.2 n1
Sol. U n  a.2 n1
U n1  a.2 n2
 2a.2 n1  2U n
(i.e.) U n1  2U n  0

22. Form the difference equation from y n  a  b.3

n

Sol. Given y n  a  b.3 ------------- (1)

n

yn1  a  b.3n1
 a  3b.3n       (2)
yn2  a  b.3n2
 a  9b.3n       (3)
Eliminating a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 1
yn1 1 3  0
yn 2 1 9
yn (6)  yn1 (8)  yn2 (2)  0
(i.e.) yn2  4 yn1  3 yn  0
23. Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants A and B from
y n  A(2) n  B.3n
Sol. Given y n  A(2) n  B.3n ------------- (1)
yn1  A(2) n1  B.3n1
 2 A(2) n  3B.3n       (2)
yn2  A(2) n2  B.3n2
 4 A(2) n  9B.3n       (3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 1
y n1  2 3  0
y n2 4 9
yn (30)  yn1 (5)  yn2 (5)  0
(i.e.) yn2  yn1  6 yn  0

24. Find the difference equation generated by y n  a n  b.2

n

Sol. Given y n  a n  b.2 ------------- (1)

n

yn1  a(n  1)  b.2 n1

 a(n  1)  2b.2 n       (2)
yn2  a(n  2)  b.2 n2
 a(n  2)  4b.2 n       (3)
Eliminating a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn n 1
y n1 n 1 2 0
y n 2 n2 4

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yn [4(n  1)  2(n  2)]  yn1[4n  (n  2)]  yn2 [2n  (n  1)]  0

yn (2n)  yn1 (3n  2)  yn2 (n  1)  0
(i.e.) (n  1) yn2  (3n  2) yn1  2nyn  0

1  z 
25. Evaluate Z  2
 z  7 z  10 
z
Let f ( z ) 
Sol. ( z  2)( z  5)
f ( z) 1 A B
  
z ( z  2)( z  5) z  2 z  5
1  A( z  5)  B( z  2)
Put z  2, we get 1  A(3)  0
1
 A
3
Put z  5, we get 1  0  B(3)
1
 B
3
f ( z) 1/ 3  1/ 3
 
z z 2 z 5
1 z 1 z
f ( z)  
3 z 2 3 z 5
  1
 Z 1 f ( z )  Z 1 
 z  1 1  z 
 Z 
3  z  2  3  z  5 
1 1
 (2) n  (5) n
3 3
26. Does the Z – transform of n! exist? Justify your answer.


Sol. Z{n!}   n! z  n
n0

1! 2! 3!
 1   2  3  ..............
z z z
Thus the Z – transform of n! does not exist.

27. What advantage is gained when Z – transform is used to solve difference equation?
Sol. The role played by the Z – transform in the solution of difference equations corresponds to
that played by the Laplace transform in the solution of differential equations.

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PART – B
1. Find the Z – transform of the sequences fn = (n + 1)(n + 2) and gn = n(n – 1)
Sol. Z{f(n)} = Z{(n + 1)(n + 2)}
= Z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= Z{n2} + 3Z{n} + Z(2)
z ( z  1) 3z 2z
  
( z  1) 3 ( z  1) 2 z  1
z 2  z  3 z ( z  1)  2 z ( z  1) 2

( z  1) 3
z 2  z  3z 2  3z  2 z 3  4 z 2  2 z

( z  1) 3
2z 3

( z  1) 3
Z{g(n)} = Z{n(n – 1)}
= Z{n2 – n}
= Z{n2} – Z{n}
z ( z  1) z
 
( z  1) 3 ( z  1) 2
z 2  z  z ( z  1)

( z  1) 3
2z

( z  1) 3
n n
2. Find the Z – transform (i ) {a } (ii) {n a }


Sol. (i) Z{a }   a z

n n n

n0
 n  n
z a
     
n0 a n0  z 
2 3
a a a
 1           .............
z z z
1 1
 a za
 1     
 z  z 
z

za

(ii) Z{n a }   z
n d
dz

Z (a n )
d  z 
 z 
dz  z  a 
 ( z  a)(1)  z (1) 
 z 
 ( z  a) 2 
 a 
 z 2
 ( z  a) 
az

( z  a) 2

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1   n   n   n n 
3. Find the Z – transform   , cos  , sin  , {a cos n } and
n
a cos 
n  2   2   2 

1 1 n
Sol. (i) Z     z
 n  n 1 n
1 1 1
  2  3  ..............
z 2z 3z
 1 
  log 1  
 z
 z 1
  log  
 z 
 z 
 log  
 z 1
(ii) We know that
z
Z {a n } 
za
i
put a  r e , we get
z
Z {(r e i  ) n } 
z  r ei
z
Z {r n e i n  } 
z  r ei
z
Z {r n (cosn  i sin n )} 
z  r (cos  i sin  )
z
Z {r n cos n  i r n sin n } 
( z  r cos )  i r sin 
z[( z  r cos )  i r sin  ]

[(z  r cos )  i r sin  ][(z  r cos )  i r sin  ]
z ( z  r cos )  i z r sin 

( z  r cos ) 2  r 2 sin 2 
z ( z  r cos )  i z r sin 

z 2  2 zr cos  r 2
Equating R.P and I .P, we get
z ( z  r cos ) z r sin 
Z {r n cos n }  2 and Z {r n sin n }  2
z  2 zr cos  r 2
z  2 zr cos  r 2
 n n  z2
 Z a cos   2
 2  z  a2
 n  z2  n  z
Z cos   2 and Z sin  2
 2  z 1  2  z 1
z
Now, Z{a cos n }  Z{a (1) }  Z{(a) } 
n n n n

za

4. Find the Z – transform (i ) n cos n (ii) n a sin n

n

Sol. Z{n cos n }   z Z (cosn )

d
dz
d  z 2  z cos 
 z  2 
dz  z  2 z cos  1

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 ( z 2  2 z cos  1)(2 z  cos )  ( z 2  z cos )(2 z  2 cos ) 

 z 
 ( z 2  2 z cos  1) 2 
 (2 z  5 z cos  2 z cos   2 z  cos )  (2 z  4 z cos  2 z cos2  ) 
3 2 2 3 2
 z 
 ( z 2  2 z cos  1) 2 
  z cos  2 z  cos 
2
 z 2 
 ( z  2 z cos  1) 
2

 z 2 cos  2 z  cos 
 z 2 2 
 ( z  2 z cos  1) 

Z{n a n sin n }   z
d
dz
Z (a n sin n ) 
d  z a sin  
 z  2 2
dz  z  2 z a cos  a 
 ( z 2  2 z a cos  a 2 )( a sin  )  z a sin  (2 z  2 a cos ) 
 z 
 ( z 2  2 z a cos  a 2 ) 2 
 z 2 a sin   2 z a 2 sin  cos  a 3 sin   2 z 2 a sin   2 z a 2 sin  cos 
 z 
 ( z 2  2 z a cos  a 2 ) 2 
  z a sin   a sin  
2 3
 z 2 2 2
 ( z  2 z a cos  a ) 
( z 2  a 2 ) z a sin 
 2
( z  2 z a cos  a 2 ) 2

2  n   n  
5. Find the Z – transform (i ) sin   (ii) cos   
 4   2 4
 2  n  1  2n 
Sol. (i) Z sin    Z  1  cos 
  4  2  4 
1  n  
 Z (1)  Z  cos 
2   2 
1 z z2 
   2 
2  z  1 z  1

  n    n  n 
(ii) Z cos    Z cos cos  sin sin 
  2 4   2 4 2 4
 n 1 n 1 
 Z cos .  sin . 
 2 2 2 2
1   n   n 
  Z  cos 2   Z  sin 2 
2    
1  z 2
z 
  2  2 
2  z  1 z  1
1 z ( z  1)

2 z 1
2

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1  
n n
 5  1   1  5  
f ( n )    
5  2   2 
6. Find Z{f(n)} if
 

  5 1 1 5  
n n

1  
Z { f (n)}  Z      
 5  2   2  
Sol.
  
  1  5  n 
1   5  1  
n

 Z     Z   
5   2    2  
     
1  z z 
   
5  z  {( 5  1) / 2} z  {(1  5 ) / 2} 
1  2z 2z 
   
5  2 z  ( 5  1) 2 z  (1  5 ) 
2  z[2 z  (1  5 )]  z[2 z  ( 5  1)]
  
5  [2 z  ( 5  1)][2 z  (1  5 )] 
2  2z 2  z  z 5  2z 2  z 5  z 
  2 
5  4 z  2 z (1  5 )  2 z ( 5  1)  (1  5 )(1  5 ) 
2  2z 5 
  
5  4 z 2  2 z  2 z 5  2 z 5  2 z  (1  5) 
2  2z 5 
  2 
5  4z  4z  4 
z

z 2  z 1
2n  3 1
7. Find the Z – transform of (i) (ii)
(n  1)( n  2) n (n  1)
2n  3 A B
Sol. (i)  
(n  1)( n  2) n  1 n  2
2n  3  A(n  2)  B(n  1)
Put n  1, we get 1  A(1)  0
 A 1
Put n  2, we get  1  0  B(1)
 B 1
2n  3 1 1
 
(n  1)(n  2) n  1 n  2
 2n  3   1   1 
Z   Z   Z  n  2        (1)
 ( n  1)(n  2)   n  1
 1   1 n
Z   z
 n  1  n0 n  1
1 1 1
 1  2  3  ..............
2 z 3z 4z
1 1 1 1 
 z   2  3  4  .............. x2 x3
 z 2z 3z 4z   log(1  x)  x    ..........
2 3
  1 
 z  log1  
  z 
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 z 1
  z log  
 z 
 z 
 z log  
 z 1
 1   1
Z   z n
 n  2  n0 n  2
1 1 1
   2  ..............
2 3z 4 z
 1 1 1 
 z 2  2  3  4  ..............
 2z 3z 4z 
  1  1
 z 2  log 1    
  z  z
 z 1
  z 2 log   z
 z 
 z 
 z 2 log  z
 z 1
Equation (1) becomes
 2n  3   z  2  z 
Z   z log    z log   z
 ( n  1)(n  2)   z  1   z  1 
 z 
 z (1  z ) log   z
 z 1 
1 A B
(ii)  
n(n  1) n n  1
1  A(n  1)  B(n)
Put n  0, we get 1  A(1)  0
 A  1
Put n  1, we get 1  0  B(1)
 B 1
1 1 1
 
n(n  1) n n  1
 1  1  1 
Z   Z    Z         (1)
 n ( n  1)   n   n  1
1  1
Z     z n
 n  n 1 n
1 1 1
  2  3  ..............
z 2z 3z
 1
  log 1  
 z
 z 1
  log  
 z 
 z 
 log  
 z 1

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 1   1 n
Z  z
 n  1 n  2 n  1
1 1 1
 2  3  4  ..............
z 2z 3z
1 1 1 1 
   2  3  ..............
z  z 2z 3z 
1  1 
  log 1  
z  z 
1  z 1
  log  
z  z 
1  z 
 log  
z  z 1
Equation (1) becomes
 1   z  1  z 
Z    log    log  
 n(n  1)   z 1  z  z 1 
 1  z 
   1   log  
 z   z 1 
1 z   z   z 1   z 1 
  log   (or )   log  
 z   z 1   z   z 

8. State and prove the second shifting theorem in Z – transform.

Statement: If Z{ f (n)}  f ( z ) then Z{ f (n  1)}  z [ f ( z )  f (0)]
Proof. We have

Z { f (n)}   f (n) z  n  f ( z )
n0

 Z { f (n  1)}   f (n  1) z  n
n0


 f ( m) z  ( m 1) Put n + 1 = m
 n=m–1
m 1 0

 z  f ( m) z  m
m 1

  
 z   f ( m ) z  m  f ( 0) 
m  0 
(i.e.) Z { f (n  1)}  z [ f ( z )  f (0)]
Note:
 
Similarly, Z { f (n  2)}   f ( m ) z  ( m  2 )  z 2  f ( m) z  m
m  2 0 m2

 
 z   f (m) z  m  f (0)  f (1) z 1 
2

m  0 
1
 z [ f ( z )  f (0)  f (1) z ]
2

 z 2 f ( z )  z 2 f (0)  zf (1)
Z { f (n  3)}  z 3 f ( z )  z 3 f (0)  z 2 f (1)  zf (2) and so on.
In general,
Z { f (n  k )}  z k [ f ( z )  f (0)  f (1) z 1  f (2) z 2  ............  f (k  1) z ( k 1) ]

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9. State and prove final value theorem in Z – transform.

lim lim
Statement: If Z{ f (n)}  f ( z ) then [ f (n)] = {( z  1) f ( z )}
n  z 1
Proof. By definition,

Z { f (n  1)  f (n)}   [ f (n  1)  f (n)] z  n
n0

[ z f ( z )  z f (0)]  f ( z )   [ f (n  1)  f (n)] z  n
n0

(i.e.) ( z  1) f ( z )  z f (0)   [ f (n  1)  f (n)] z  n
n0

Taking limit as z  1 on both sides, we get


[( z  1) f ( z )]  f (0) [ f (n  1)  f (n)]
lim 
z 1 n0

lim lim
[( z  1) f ( z )]  f (0) = [ f (1)  f (0)
z 1 n 
 f (2)  f (1)
 f (3)  f (2)
 .................
 f (n  1)  f (n)]
lim
= [ f (n  1)  f (0)]
n 
lim
= [ f (n)]  f (0)
n 
lim lim
(i.e.) [( z  1) f ( z )] = [ f (n)]
z 1 n 

10. State and prove convolution theorem in Z – transform.

Statement: If Z { f (n)}  f ( z ) and Z {g (n)}  g ( z ) then Z { f (n)  g (n)}  f ( z ). g ( z )
Proof. We have
 
f ( z )   f (n) z  n , g ( z )   g (n) z  n
n0 n 0
1 2
f ( z ). g ( z )  [ f (0)  f (1) z  f (2) z  f (3) z 3  .......... .... ] ×
[ g (0)  g (1) z 1  g (2) z 2  g (3) z 3  .......... .... ]

  [ f (0) g (n)  f (1) g (n  1)  f (2) g (n  2)  ..........  f (n) g (0)] z  n
n0
 Z [ f (0) g (n)  f (1) g (n  1)  f (2) g (n  2)  ..........  f (n) g (0)]
 Z { f (n)  g (n)}

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10 z
11. Find the inverse Z – transform of
z  3z  2
2

10 z
Sol. Let f ( z ) 
( z  1)( z  2)
f ( z) 10 A B
  
z ( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2
10  A( z  2)  B( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 10  A(1)  0
 A  10
Put z  2, we get 10  0  B(1)
 B  10
f ( z )  10 10
 
z z 1 z  2
 10 z 10 z
f ( z)  
z 1 z  2
 Z 1  
f ( z )  10Z 1 
 z 

 z 
 10Z 1 
 z  1  z  2 
 10 (1) n  10 (2) n
 10  10.2 n

1  z 
12. Find Z  
 ( z  1)(z  2) 
z A B
Sol.  
( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2
z  A( z  2)  B( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 1  A(1)  0
 A  1
Put z  2, we get 2  0  B(1)
 B2
z 1 2
 
( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2
 z   1   1 
 Z 1     Z 1    2 Z 1 
 ( z  1)( z  2)   z  1  z  2 
 (1) n 1  2(2) n 1
2n
 1  2
2
 1  2 n

1  z3 
13. Find Z   using partial fraction method.
 ( z  1) ( z  2) 
2

z3
Sol. Let f ( z ) 
( z  1) 2 ( z  2)
f ( z) z2 A B C
   
z ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) z  1 ( z  1) 2 z  2
z 2  A( z  1)( z  2)  B( z  2)  C ( z  1) 2

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Put z  1, we get 1  0  B(1)  0

 B  1
Put z  2, we get 4  0  0  C (1)
 C4
Coeff . of z 2 , 1 AC
1 A 4
 A  3
f ( z)  3 1 4
  
z z  1 ( z  1) 2
z2
3z z 4z
f ( z)    
z  1 ( z  1) 2
z2
 z  1  z  1  z 
 Z 1{ f ( z )}  3Z 1   Z    4 Z
 z  1  ( z  1) 
 z  2 
2

 3  n  4.2 n

1  z2 
14. Find Z   by the method of partial fractions.
 ( z  2)(z  4) 
2

z2
Sol. Let f ( z ) 
( z  2)( z 2  4)
f ( z) z A Bz C
   2
z ( z  2)( z  4) z  2 z  4
2

z  A( z 2  4)  ( B z  C )( z  2)
Put z  2, we get  2  A(4  4)  0
 2  8A
1
 A
4
Coeff . of z , 2
0  A B
1
0 B
4
1 (Bz + C)(z + 2)
B  Bz2 + 2Bz +Cz + 2C
4
Coeff . of z, 1  2 B  C
2
1 C
4
1 1
C  1 
2 2
f ( z)  1/ 4 1/ 4 z  1/ 2
 
z z2 z2  4
1 z 1 z2 1 z
f ( z)    
4 z  2 4 z  4 2 z2  4
2

1 1 1  z  1 1  z 2  1 1  2 z 
 Z { f ( z )}   Z   Z  2  Z  2
4  z  2  4  z  4 4  z  4 
1 1 n 1 n n
  (2) n  2 n cos  2 sin
4 4 2 4 2

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z 3  3z
15. Find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  1) 2 ( z 2  1)
z 3  3z
Sol. Let f ( z ) 
( z  1) 2 ( z 2  1)
f ( z) z2  3 A B CzD
    2
z ( z  1) ( z  1) z  1 ( z  1)
2 2 2
z 1
z 2  3  A( z  1)( z 2  1)  B( z 2  1)  (C z  D)( z  1) 2
Put z  1, we get 4  0  B(2)  0
 B2
A(z – 1)(z2 + 1)
Coeff . of z , 3
0  A  C      (1) A(z3 – z2 + z – 1)
Coeff . of z 2 ,1   A  B  2C  D
1   A  2  2C  D (Cz + D)(z – 1)2
(Cz + D)(z2 – 2z + 1)
A  2C  D  1      (2) Cz3 – 2Cz2 + Dz2 + Cz – 2Dz + D
Coeff . of z, 0  A  C  2D
0  0  2 D [ using (1)]
D0
(2)  A + 2C = 1 ---------- (3)
(3) – (1)  C = 1
(1)  A = –1
f ( z) 1 2 z0
   2
z z  1 ( z  1) 2
z 1
z 2z z2
f ( z)   
z  1 ( z  1) 2 z 2  1
1  z  1  z  1  z 
2
1
 Z { f ( z )}   Z   2 Z  ( z  1) 2   Z  2 
 z  1    z  1
n
 1  2n  cos
2
z 3  20 z
16. Find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  2) 3 ( z  4)
1
 z 3  20 z n 1 
Sol. Let Z { f ( z )}  f (n) = sum of the residues of  . z  at its poles.
 ( z  2) ( z  4)
3

 z n  2  20 z n 
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of   at its poles.
 ( z  2) ( z  4) 
3

Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z  2) 3 ( z  4)  0
 z  2, 4
z = 2 is the pole of order 3
and z = 4 is the simple pole.
1 lim  d 2  3 z
n2
 20 z n 
Re s ( z  2)   ( z  2) 
2! z  2  d z 2  ( z  2) 3 ( z  4) 
1 lim  d 2  z n  2  20 z n 
   
2 z  2 d z2  z4 

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1 lim  d  ( z  4)[(n  2) z n 1  20 n z n 1 ]  ( z n  2  20 z n )(1) 

   
2 z  2 d z  ( z  4) 2 
1 lim  d  z n  2 (n  1)  z n (20n  20)  4(n  2) z n 1  80 n z n 1 
   
2 z  2 d z  ( z  4) 2 
 ( z  4) 2 {(n  1)(n  2) z n 1  (20n  20) n z n 1  4(n  2)(n  1) z n  80 n (n  1) z n  2 } 
  {z n  2 (n  1)  z n (20n  20)  4(n  2) z n 1  80 n z n 1}.2( z  4) 
1 lim 

2 z 2  ( z  4) 4 
 
 
 (2) {(n  1)(n  2)2 .2  (10n  10) n 2  4(n  2)(n  1)2  20 n (n  1) 2 } 
2 n n n n

  {2 n.4(n  1)  2 n (20n  20)  4(n  2) 2 n.2  40 n 2 n }.2(2) 

1 

2 (2) 4 
 
 
4.2 n   2(n 2  3n  2)  10n 2  10n  4n  4  20n  20  8n  16  40n 
  
2  16 
4.2 n  8n 2  4 
  
2  16 
2n
 (2n 2  1)
2
lim z n  2  20 z n
Re s( z  4)  ( z  4)
z 4 ( z  2) 3 ( z  4)
n2
lim z  20 z
n

z  4 ( z  2) 3
4 n  2  20 4 n

(2) 3
4n
 (16  20)
8
4n

2
 f (n)  Re s( z  2)  Re s( z  4)
2n 4n
 (2n  1) 
2

2 2
ALITER
z 3  20 z
16. Find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  2) 3 ( z  4)
z 3  20 z
Sol. Let f ( z ) 
( z  2) 3 ( z  4)
f ( z) z 2  20 A B C D
    
z ( z  2) 3 ( z  4) z  2 ( z  2) 2 ( z  2) 3 z  4
z 2  20  A( z  2) 2 ( z  4)  B( z  2)( z  4)  C ( z  4)  D( z  2) 3
Put z  2, we get  16  0  0  C (2)  0
 C 8
Put z  4, we get  4  0  0  0  D(2) 3
4 1
 D 
8 2

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Coeff . of z 3 ,0  A D
1 A(z – 2)2(z – 4)
0  A A(z2 – 4z + 4)(z – 4)
2
1 A(z3 – 8z2 + 20z – 16)
 A
2 D(z – 2)3
Coeff . of z , 1  8 A  B  6 D
2
D(z3 – 6z2 + 12z – 8)
8 6
1   B 
2 2
1  1  B  B  2
f ( z ) 1/ 2 2 8  1/ 2
   
z z  2 ( z  2) 2
( z  2) 3
z4
1 z 2z 8z 1 z
f ( z)    
2 z  2 ( z  2) 2
( z  2) 2 z  4
3

1 z 2 z ( z  2)  8 z 1 z
  
2 z2 ( z  2) 3 2 z4
1 z 2z 2  4z 1 z
  
2 z  2 ( z  2) 3 2 z  4
1 1  z  1  2 z  4 z  1 1  z 
2
1
Z { f ( z )}  Z   Z  3 
 Z 
2  z  2   ( z  2)  2  z  4  a z2  a2 z 
Z 1  3 
 ann2
2n 4n  ( z  a ) 
 2 n 
n 2

2 2
 z ( z 2  z  2) 
1
17. Find Z  2  using residue method.
 ( z  1)(z  1) 
1
 z ( z 2  z  2) n 1 
Sol. Let Z { f ( z )}  f (n) = sum of the residues of  .z  at its poles.
 ( z  1 )( z  1) 2

 z n ( z 2  z  2) 
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of  2  at its poles.
 ( z  1)(z  1) 
Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z  1)( z  1) 2  0
 z  1, 1
z = –1 is the simple pole
and z = 1 is the pole of order 2.
lim z n ( z 2  z  2)
Re s( z  1)  ( z  1)
z  1 ( z  1)(z  1) 2
lim z n ( z 2  z  2)

z  1 ( z  1) 2
(1) n (1  1  2)

4
 (1) n

1 lim  d  2 z ( z  z  2) 
n 2

Re s ( z  1)   ( z  1) 
1! z  1  d z  ( z  1)(z  1) 2 

lim  d  z n ( z 2  z  2) 
   
z 1  d z  ( z  1) 

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lim  ( z  1){z (2 z  1)  ( z  z  2).n z }  z ( z  z  2)(1) 

n 2 n 1 n 2


z  1  ( z  1) 2


 (2){1  (2).n}  (2)(1) 
 
 (2) 2 
2  4n  2

4
n
 f (n)  Re s( z  1)  Re s( z  1)
 (1) n  n

z ( z  1)
18. Find the inverse Z – transform of by residue method.
( z  1) 3
 z ( z  1) n 1 
Sol. Let Z 1{ f ( z )}  f (n) = sum of the residues of  .z  at its poles.
 ( z  1) 3

 z ( z  1) 
n

(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of  3  at its poles.

 ( z  1) 
Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z  1) 3  0
 z 1
z = 1 is the pole of order 3.
1 lim  d 2  3 z ( z  1) 
n

Re s ( z  1)   ( z  1) 
2! z  1  d z 2  ( z  1) 3 
1 lim  d2 
  2 {z ( z  1)}
n

2 z 1d z 
1 lim  d n 
  {z (1)  ( z  1) n z n 1}
2 z 1 d z 
1 lim
 [n z n 1  n( z  1).( n  1) z n  2  n z n 1 (1)]
2 z 1
1
 [n  2n (n  1)  n ]
2
1
 [ n  2n 2  2n  n]
2
 n2
 f (n)  Re s( z  1)
 n2

19. Solve y(n  2)  4 y(n  1)  4 y(n)  n given that y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1 by using Z - transform.
Sol. Given y(n  2)  4 y(n  1)  4 y(n)  n
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y (n  2)]  4 Z [ y (n  1)]  4 Z [ y (n)]  Z (n)
z
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  4 {z y ( z )  z y (0)}  4 y ( z ) 
( z  1) 2
z
{z 2 y ( z )  0  z (1)}  4{z y ( z )  0}  4 y ( z ) 
( z  1) 2
z
( z 2  4 z  4) y ( z )  z
( z  1) 2

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z  z ( z  1) 2
( z  2) y ( z ) 
2

( z  1) 2
z  z ( z  1) 2
y( z) 
( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2
y( z) 1  ( z  1) 2 z 2  2z  2
 
z ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2 ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2
z2  2z  2 A B C D
   
( z  1) 2 ( z  2) 2 z  1 ( z  1) 2 z  2 ( z  2) 2
z 2  2 z  2  A( z  1)(z  2) 2  B ( z  2) 2  C ( z  2)(z  1) 2  D ( z  1) 2
Put z  1, we get 1  2  2  0  B(9)  0  0
1
 B
9
Put z  2, we get 4  4  2  0  0  0  D(9)
10
 D
9
Coeff . of z 3 , 0  A  C      (1) A(z – 1)(z+2)2
A(z – 1)(z2 + 4z + 4)
Coeff . of z 2 , 1  3A  B  0  D A(z3 + 4z2 – z2 + 4z – 4z – 4)
1 10 A(z3 + 3z2 – 4)
1  3A  
9 9
11 2 C(z + 2)(z – 1)2
1   3A  A   C(z + 2)(z2 – 2z + 1)
9 27
C(z3 – 2z2 + 2z2 + z – 4z + 2)
2
(1)  0   C C(z3 – 3z + 2)
27
2
 C
27
y ( z )  2 / 27 1/ 9 2 / 27 10 / 9
   
z z 1 ( z  1) 2
z  2 ( z  2) 2
2 z 1 z 2 z 10 z
y( z)     
27 z  1 9 ( z  1) 2 27 z  2 9 ( z  2) 2
2  z  1 1  z  2 1  z  5 1   2 z 
 Z 1{ y ( z )}   Z 1   Z  2
 Z   Z  2
27  z  1 9  ( z  1)  27  z  2  9  ( z  2) 
2 1 2 5
y(n)   (1)  (n)  (2) n  n.(2) n
27 9 27 9
2 n 2 5
(i.e.) y(n)     (2) n  n.(2) n
27 9 27 9

20. Solve un  2  6 un 1  9un  2 with u0  u1  0 using Z - transform.

n

Given un  2  6 un 1  9un  2
n
Sol.
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [un  2 ]  6 Z [un 1 ]  9 Z [un ]  Z (2 n )
z
{z 2u ( z )  z 2u (0)  z u (1)}  6 {z u ( z )  z u (0)}  9 u ( z ) 
z2
z
{z 2u ( z )  0  0}  6 {z u ( z )  0}  9 u ( z ) 
z2

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z
( z 2  6 z  9)u ( z ) 
z2
z
( z  3) 2 u ( z ) 
z2
z
u ( z) 
( z  2)(z  3) 2
u ( z) 1

z ( z  2)(z  3) 2
1 A B C
  
( z  2)( z  3) 2
z  2 z  3 ( z  3) 2
1  A ( z  3) 2  B ( z  2)( z  3)  C ( z  2)
Put z  2, we get 1  A(5) 2  0  0
1
 A
25
Put z  3, we get 1  0  0  C (5)
1
 C
5
Coeff . of z 2 , 0  A B
1
0 B
25
1
 B
25
u ( z ) 1 / 25 1 / 25 1/ 5
  
z z  2 z  3 ( z  3) 2
1 z 1 z 1 z
u ( z)   
25 z  2 25 z  3 5 ( z  3) 2
1 1  z  1 1  z  1 1   3z 
 u n  Z 1{u ( z )}  Z   Z   Z  2
25  z  2  25  z  3  15  ( z  3) 
1 1 1
(i.e.) u n  .2 n  (3) n  .n (3) n
25 25 15
21. Solve un  2  2 un 1  un  2 with u0  2, u1  1 using Z - transform.
n

Given un  2  2 un 1  un  2
n
Sol.
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [un  2 ]  2 Z [un 1 ]  Z [u n ]  Z (2 n )
z
{z 2u ( z )  z 2u (0)  z u (1)}  2 {z u ( z )  z u (0)}  u ( z ) 
z2
z
{z 2u ( z )  2 z 2  z}  2{z u ( z )  2 z}  u ( z ) 
z2
z
( z 2  2 z  1)u ( z )   2 z 2  3z
z2
z  z (2 z  3)(z  2)
( z  1) 2 u ( z ) 
z2
z [1  2 z 2  7 z  6]
u ( z) 
( z  2)(z  1) 2

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u ( z) 2z 2  7z  7

z ( z  2)( z  1) 2
2z 2  7z  7 A B C
2   
( z  2)( z  1) z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
2 z 2  7 z  7  A ( z  1) 2  B ( z  2)( z  1)  C ( z  2)
Put z  2, we get 8  14  7  A(1) 2  0  0
 A 1
Put z  1, we get 2  7  7  0  0  C (1)
 C  2
Coeff . of z 2 , 2  A B
2 1 B
 B 1
u ( z) 1 1 2
  
z z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
z z 2z
u ( z)   
z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
 z  1  z  1  z 
 u n  Z 1{u ( z )}  Z 1   Z  2 Z  ( z  1) 2 
 z  2   z  1
 
(i.e.) u n  2  1  2n
n

22. Solve yn  2  4 yn 1  3 yn  3 with y0  0, y1  1 using Z - transform.

n

Given yn  2  4 yn 1  3 yn  3
n
Sol.
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y n  2 ]  4 Z [ y n 1 ]  3 Z [ y n ]  Z (3n )
z
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  4{z y ( z )  z y (0)}  3 y ( z ) 
z 3
z
{z 2 y ( z )  0  z}  4{z y ( z )  0}  3 y ( z ) 
z 3
z
( z 2  4 z  3) y ( z )  z
z 3
z  z ( z  3)
( z  1)( z  3) y ( z ) 
z 3
z [1  z  3]
y( z) 
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3)
z 2  2z
y( z) 
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3)
z 2  2z A B C
  
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3) z  1 z  3 z  3
z 2  2 z  A ( z  3)( z  3)  B ( z  1)( z  3)  C ( z  1)( z  3)
Put z  3, we get 9  6  0  0  C (4)(6)
3 1
 C 
24 8
Put z  1, we get 1  2  A(2)(4)  0  0
3
 A
8
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Coeff . of z 2 , 1 A B C
3 1
1   B 
8 8
3 1
 B  1 
8 8
8  3  1 10 5
 B  
8 8 4
 3 / 8 5 / 4 1/ 8
y( z)   
z 1 z  3 z  3
3  1  5 1  1  1 1  1 
 y n  Z 1{ y ( z )}   Z 1    Z    Z 
8  z  1  4  z  3  8  z  3 
3 5 1
y n   (1) n 1  (3) n 1  (3) n 1
8 4 8
3 (1) n
5 (3) n
1 (3) n
yn    
8 (1) 4 (3) 8 3
3 5 3n
(i.e.) y n  (1)  (3) 
n n

8 12 24

23.Using Z-transform solve y(n)  3 y(n  1)  4 y(n  2)  0 , n  2 given that y(0)  3, y(1)  2
Sol. Changing n into n + 2 in the given equation, it becomes
y(n  2)  3 y(n  1)  4 y(n)  0 , n  0
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y (n  2)]  3 Z [ y (n  1)]  4 Z [ y (n)]  Z (0)
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  3{z y ( z )  z y (0)}  4 y ( z )  0
{z 2 y ( z )  3 z 2  2 z}  3{z y ( z )  3 z}  4 y ( z )  0
( z 2  3 z  4) y ( z )  3 z 2  7 z
( z  4)( z  1) y ( z )  z (3 z  7)
y( z) 3z  7

z ( z  1)( z  4)
3z  7 A B
 
( z  1)( z  4) z  1 z  4
3z  7  A( z  4)  B( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 3  7  A(5)  0
10
 A 2
5
Put z  4, we get  12  7  0  B(5)
 5  5B
 B 1
y( z) 2 1
 
z z 1 z  4
2z z
y( z)  
z 1 z  4
 z   z 
 y n  Z 1{ y ( z )}  2 Z 1    Z 1 
 z  1  z  4 
(i.e.) y n  2  (4) n

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24. Using Z-transform method solve y n  2  y n  2 given that y0  y1  0

Sol. Given y n  2  y n  2
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y n  2 ]  Z [ y n ]  Z (2)
2z
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
{z 2 y ( z )  0  0}  y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
( z 2  1) y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
y( z) 
( z  1)(z 2  1)
y( z) 2

z ( z  1)(z 2  1)
2 A Bz  C
  2
( z  1)( z  1) z  1 z  1
2

2  A( z 2  1)  ( Bz  C )( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 2  A(2)  0
 A 1
Coeff . of z 2 , 0  A B
0  1 B
B  1
Coeff . of z, 0  B  C
0  1 C (Bz + C)(z – 1)
Bz2 – Bz +Cz – C
 C  1
y ( z) 1  z 1
  2
z z 1 z 1
z z2 z
y ( z)   2  2
z 1 z 1 z 1
1  z  1  z  1  z 
2
1
 yn  Z { y ( z )}  Z   Z    Z
 z  1  z  1
 z  1
2 2

 n   n 
(i.e.) y n  1  cos    sin  
 2   2 
Problems for practice
1. Solve y(n  2)  5 y(n  1)  6 y(n)  36 given that y(0) = y(1) = 0 by using Z - transform.
2. Using Z-transform method solve y k  2  2 y k 1  y k  k given that y0  y1  0
3. Solve y(k  2)  4 y(k  1)  4 y(k )  0 given that y(0) = 1, y(1) = 0 by using Z - transform.
4. Solve y(n  3)  3 y(n  1)  2 y(n)  0 given that y(0) = 4, y(1) = 0, y(2) = 8.
Answer
1. y (n)  18  36 (2)  18 (3)
n n

1 k 1 1
2. yk     (1)  k (1)
k k

4 4 4 4
3. y (k )  2  k .2
k k

8 4
4. y (n)   (2)
n

3 3

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1
25. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  1)( z  2)
 1   1  1  1 
Z 1    Z 1   Z
Sol.  ( z  1)(z  2)   z  1  z  2 
 1  2 n 1
2n 1 n
1  (2  1)
2 2
1 n r nr
  2 .(1)
2 r 0
1
 [1  2  2 2  2 3  .......... 2 n ]
2
1 2 n 1  1

2 2 1
2 n 1  1

2
z2
26. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  a) 2
 z2 
1  z z 
Z  2
 Z 1  .
Sol.  ( z  a)   z  a z  a 
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  a   z  a 
 (a) n  (a) n
n
  (a) r (a) n  r
r 0
n
  (a) n
r 0

 (n  1)(a ) n
z2
27. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  a )( z  b)
 z2   z z 
Sol. Z 
1
  Z 1  .
 ( z  a)(z  b)   z  a z  b 
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  a   z  b 
 (a) n  (b) n
n
  (a) r (b) n  r
r 0
n
 (b) n
 (a) (b)
r 0
r r

a
n r

 (b)  
n

r 0   b 

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r
n
a
 ( b )   
n

r 0  b 

  a   a 2 a 
n

 (b) 1        .........   
n

  b   b   b  
  a  n 1 
1    
 ( b ) n    
b
 a 
 1   
 b 
n n  (b  a n 1 ) / b n 1 
n 1
 (1) b  
 (b  a ) / b 
b  a 
n 1 n 1
 (1) n  
 ba 
12 z 2
28. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
(3 z  1)( 4 z  1)
   
 2   2 
1 12 z 2  Z 
1 12 z
Z  1 z

Sol. Z  
 (3z  1)(4 z  1)   3 z  1 4 z  1    z  1   z  1  
   
3 

4     
3

4  
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  1 / 3   z  1 / 4 
 (1 / 3) n  (1 / 4) n
 (1 / 4) n  (1 / 3) n
n
  (1 / 4) r (1 / 3) n  r
r 0

 1  n  1
n r

      (3) r
 3  r 0  4 
1 n   3
n r

    
 3  r 0  4 
1    3    3 2
n
  3 
n

  1      .........   
3   4   4   4  
   3  n 1 
n 1    
1   4  
 
 3  1   3 
   
  4  
 1  4    3    3 
n n

   1     
 3  7   4   4 
 1  4 3   3 
n n

      
 3   7 7  4  

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z2
29. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  4)( z  3)
 z2  1  z z 
Sol. Z 1
 ( z  4)(z  3)   Z .
 z  4 z  3 
 
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  4   z  3 
 (4) n  (3) n
n
  (4) r (3) n  r
r 0
n
3 n
 (4) (3)
r 0
r r

r
4n
 3  n

r 0  3 

  4   4 2 4 
n

 3 1        .........   
n

  3   3   3  
n 4 / 3
 n 1
 1
3  
 4 / 3  1 
n  (4  3n 1 ) / 3n 1 
n 1
3  
 1/ 3 
n 1 n 1
 4 3
3
 z 
30. Using convonlution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of  
 z 4
 z 3 
1 
 z 2 
1  1  z 
Sol. Z     Z     Z        (1)
 z  4    z  4    z  4 
 z 2 
1  1  z  1  z 
Z     Z    Z  
 z  4    z  4   z  4 
 4n  4n
n n
  (4) (4) r nr
  (4) n
r 0 r 0

 (n  1)(4) n
Equation (1) becomes
 z 3 
1 
Z     (n  1) 4  4
n n

 z  4  
n
  (r  1)(4) r (4) n  r
r 0
n
  (r  1)( 4) n
r 0

 4 [1  2  3  .........  (n  1)]
n

(n  1)( n  2)
 4n
2

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31. Form the difference equation whose solution is y n  ( A  Bn )2

n

Sol. Given y n  ( A  Bn )2  A2  Bn 2 ------------- (1)

n n n

yn1  [ A  B(n  1)]2 n1  2[ A  B(n  1)]2 n

 2 A2 n  2B(n  1)2 n       (2)
yn2  [ A  B(n  2)]2 n2  4[ A  B(n  2)]2n
 4 A2 n  4B(n  2)2 n       (3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 n
y n1 2 2(n  1)  0
y n 2 4 4( n  2)
y n [8(n  2)  8(n  1)]  y n1[4(n  2)  4n]  y n 2 [2(n  1)  2n]  0
y n (16  8)  y n1 (8)  y n 2 (2)  0
8 y n  8 y n1  2 y n 2  0
(i.e.) y n 2  4 y n1  4 y n  0

32. Derive the difference equation from y n  ( A  Bn )( 3)

n

Sol. Given y n  ( A  Bn )( 3)  A(3)  Bn (3) ------------- (1)

n n n

yn1  [ A  B(n  1)](3) n1  3[ A  B(n  1)](3) n

 3 A(3) n  3B(n  1)(3) n       (2)
yn2  [ A  B(n  2)](3) n2  9[ A  B(n  2)](3) n
 9 A(3) n  9B(n  2)(3) n       (3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 n
y n1  3  3(n  1)  0
yn2 9 9(n  2)
yn [27(n  2)  27(n  1)]  yn1[9(n  2)  9n]  yn2 [3(n  1)  3n]  0
yn (54  27)  yn1 (18)  yn2 (3)  0
 27 yn  18 yn1  3 yn 2  0
(i.e.) yn2  6 yn1  9 yn  0

1  z 2  3z 
33. Find Z  3  using partial fraction method.
 z  3z  4 
2

z 2  3z z 2  3z
Sol. Let f ( z )  3 
z  3 z 2  4 ( z  1)( z  2) 2 –1 1 –3 0 4
0 –1 4 –4
f ( z) z 3 A B C –4
    1 4 0
z ( z  1)( z  2) 2
z  1 z  2 ( z  2) 2
(z + 1) is a factor.
z  3  A( z  2)  B( z  2)( z  1)  C ( z  1)
2
The other factors are
z2 – 4z + 4
Put z  1, we get  4  A(3) 2  0  0 (z – 2)2
4
 A
9
Put z  2, we get  1  0  0  C (3)
1
 C
3
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Coeff . of z 2 , 0  A B
4 4
0    B B 
9 9
f ( z)  4 / 9 4 / 9  1/ 3
  
z z  1 z  2 ( z  2) 2
4 z 4 z 1 z
f ( z)    
9 z  1 9 z  2 3 ( z  2) 2
4  z  4 1  z  1 1  2 z 
 Z 1{ f ( z )}   Z 1   Z   Z  2
9  z  1 9  z  2  6  ( z  2) 
4 4 1
  (1) n  (2) n  (n.2 n )
9 9 6
z3
34. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  2) 2 ( z  3)
 z3  1  z2 z 
Sol. Z 
1
  Z  . 
 ( z  2) ( z  3)   ( z  2) z  3 
2 2

1  z2   z 
Z  2
 Z 1  
 ( z  2)   z  3
 (n  1)(2) n  (3) n Let S  1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ...........  (n  1) x n
n xS  x  2 x 2  3 x 3  ...........  n x n  (n  1) x n 1
  (r  1)(2) (3)r nr

r 0
S  xS  1  x  x 2  x 3  ...........  x n  (n  1) x n 1
n 1  x n 1
3 n
 (r  1)(2) (3)
r 0
r r (1  x) S 
1 x
 (n  1) x n 1

1  x n 1 (n  1) x n 1
S 
r
n
2
 3  (r  1) 
n
(1  x) 2 1 x
r 0 3
 2 2
2
2
3
2 
n

 3 1  2    3    4    ......... (n  1)   
n

 3 3 3  3  

  2  n 1 2 
n 1

1    (n  1)  
3 n   3
 3 
  2 2
2 
 1   1 
  3 3 
 2 2 n
 2   2 
n

1      (n  1)    
 3n        3   3 
3 3
 1 1 
 9 3 
 
   2  n  2    2   2 
n

 3 91       3(n  1)   

n

   3   3    3   3 
 2
n
2 
n

 3 9  6    2 (n  1)  
n

 3  3  
  2 n 
 3 9    (6  2n  2)
n

  3  
  2 n 
 3 9    (2n  8)
n

  3  
 9.3n  2 n (2n  8)

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z2
35. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z  1) 2 ( z  2)
 z2  1  z z 
Sol. Z 
1
  Z  ( z  1) 2 z  2 
.
 ( z  1) ( z  2) 
2
 
 z   z 
 Z 1  2
 Z 1 
 ( z  1)   z  2 
 n (1) n  (2) n  n  2 n
n
  r (2) n  r
r 0
n
2 n

r 0
r (2)  r

r
n
1
2 n

r 0
r 
2
 1 1
2
1
3
1 
n

 2 0  1   2    3    ......... n   
n

 2 2 2  2  

n 1 
 1 1
2
1 
n 1

 2   1  2    3    ......... n   
 2   2 2  2  
  1 n 1 
n

1    n   Let S  1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ...........  n x n 1
2n   2 
   
2
 xS  x  2 x 2  3 x 3  ...........  (n  1) x n 1  n x n
2  1  2
1 
 1   1  S  xS  1  x  x 2  x 3  ...........  x n 1  n x n
 2  2  1 xn
(1  x) S   n xn
 1 n
1 
n
1 x
 1    n    1 xn n xn
2n   2   2  S 
  (1  x) 2 1  x
2  1 1 
 4 2 

2n    1  n    1  n 
 41      2n   
2    2     2  
2n  1
n
1 
n

 4  4    2 n   
2  2  2  
 2.2 n  2  n

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