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TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT II – FOURIER TRANSFORM
PART – A
1. State Fourier integral theorem.
Sol. If f(x) is piecewise continuous derivative and absolutely integrable in (– ∞, ∞) then
   
1 1
   
i s ( x t )
f ( x)  f (t ) e dt ds (or ) f ( x)  f (t ) cos[s ( x  t )] dt ds
2  
 0 

2. Define Fourier transform pair.

Sol. Fourier transform of f(x) is

1
F ( s)  F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx

Its Inverse Fourier transform is


1
 F[ f ( x)] e
 isx
f ( x)  ds  F 1[ F ( s)]
2 

3. Define Fourier cosine transform pair.

Sol. Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is

2
 0
Fc ( s)  Fc [ f ( x)]  f ( x) cos sx dx

Its Inverse Fourier cosine transform is


2
 0 c
f ( x)  F [ f ( x)] cos sx ds

4. Define Fourier sine transform pair.

Sol. Fourier sine transform of f(x) is

2
 0
Fs ( s)  Fs [ f ( x)]  f ( x) sin sx dx

Its Inverse Fourier sine transform is


2
 0 s
f ( x)  F [ f ( x)] sin sx ds

5. State Parseval’s identity for Fourier transform.

Sol. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then
 

 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) |
2 2
dx
 

6. State Parseval’s identity for Fourier sine and cosine transform.

Sol. If Fs(s) and Fc(s) are the Fourier sine and Fourier cosine transform of f(x) respectively then
   

 [ F (s)] ds   [ f ( x)] dx  [ F (s)] ds   [ f ( x)] 2 dx

2 2 2
s and c
0 0 0 0

7. Define the convolution of two functions for Fourier transform.

Sol. The convolution of two functions f(x) and g(x) is defined by

1
( f  g )(x)  f ( x)  g ( x) 
2


f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt

8. State convolution theorem

Sol. If F[f(x)] = F(s) and F[g(x)] = G(s) then F[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  F (s).G(s)

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9. Solve the integral equation 

0
f ( x) cos x dx  e  

Sol. Given 
0
f ( x) cos x dx  e  

2 2
 
f ( x) cos x dx  e
0

2
Fc [ f ( x)]  e

1  2 
f ( x)  Fc  e 
  

2 2 
  e cos x d
 0


2


 e cos x d
0

2  e  
  (  cos  x   sin  x ) 
 1  x 2 0
2  1 
 
{0}   (1  0)
 1  x
2

2 1
(i.e.) f ( x) 
 1 x2
as
10. Find f(x) if its sine transform is e
Sol. The inverse Fourier sine transform is given by

2
 0
f ( x)  Fs [ f ( x)] sin sx ds


2

a s
 e sin sx ds
0

2  e a s 
  
  a 2  x 2 
( a sin sx x cos sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   ( 0  x ) 
  a  x
2 2

2 x

 x2  a2
11. State the Fourier transform of the derivatives of a function.
Sol. F[ f ( x)]  (is) F (s)
F [ f ( x)]  (is) 2 F ( s)
F [ f ( x)]  (is) 3 F ( s)

Ingeneral, F [ f ( n ) ( x)]  (is) n F ( s)

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 1  s
  a  , s  2a
12. Find f(x) if its cosine transform is f c ( p)   2  2
 s  2a
 0,
Sol. The inverse Fourier cosine transform is given by

2
 0
f ( x)  Fc [ f ( x)] cos sx ds

2 1  

s
2a

  0 2   
   a   cos sxds  0 ds
2 2a
2a
1  s  sin sx   1   cos sx 
  a        
  2  x   2  x 2  0
1  cos 2ax   1 
  0    0  2 
  2 x   2 x 
2

1 1  cos 2ax

 x2 2
sin 2 ax

 x2
1
13. Find the sine transform of
x

2
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) sin sx dx

1 2 1
Fs   
x   x sin sx dx
0
 Put sx = t
2 s dt

 
0
t
sin t
s
s dx = dt


2 sin t
 
 dt 
sin t 
0
t 
0
t
dt 
2
2

 2


2
14. Prove that F[af(x) + bg(x)] = aF(s) + bG(s) [ Linearity property on Fourier transform]

1
Sol. We have F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)


1
F [a f ( x)  b g ( x)]   [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] e
isx
dx
2 
 
1 1
a  dx  b  g ( x) e
isx isx
f ( x) e dx
2  2 

 a F ( s)  b G ( s)

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15.Prove (i)Fc[af(x) + bg(x)] = aFc(s) + bGc(s)[Linear property on Fourier cosine transform]

(ii)Fs[af(x) + bg(x)] = aFs(s) + bGs(s)[Linear property on Fourier sine transform]

2
 0
Sol. (i) Fc [ f ( x)]  f ( x) cos sx dx  Fc ( s)

2
Fc [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] 
  [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] cos sx dx
0
 
2 2
a
 0
f ( x) cos sx dx  b
  g ( x) cos sx dx
0

 a Fc ( s )  b Gc ( s )

2
(ii) Fs [ f ( x)] 
  0
f ( x) sin sx dx  Fs ( s)

2
Fs [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] 
  [a f ( x)  b g ( x)] sin sx dx
0
 
2 2
a
 0
f ( x) sin sx dx  b
  g ( x) sin sx dx
0

 a Fs ( s )  b Gs ( s )

16. Prove that F [ f ( x  a)]  e i a s F ( s) [ Time shifting property]


1
Sol. We have F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)


1
F [ f ( x  a)] 
2 
 f ( x  a) e i s x dx

 Put x – a = t
1

2


f (t ) e i s (t  a ) dt dx = dt


1
e 
ias
f (t ) e i s t dt
2 

1
e 
ias
f ( x) e i s x dx
2 

e ias
F (s)

17. Prove that F [ e i a x f ( x)]  F ( s  a) [ Frequency shifting property]


1
Sol. We have F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)


1
F [ e i a x f ( x)]  e
iax
f ( x) e i s x dx
2 

1

2


f ( x) e i ( s  a ) x dx

 F ( s  a)

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1 s
18. Prove that (i ) F [ f (a x)]  F   , a  0 [ Change of scale property]
a a
1 s
(ii) Fs [ f (a x)]  Fs  
a a
1 s
(iii) Fc [ f (a x)]  Fc  
a a

1
Sol. (i) We have F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)


1
F [ f (a x)] 
2 
 f (a x) e i s x dx

 t Put a x = t
1 is dt

2 
 f (t ) e a
a
a dx = dt

 s
1 1 i t

a 2 
 f (t ) e a
dt

1 s
 F 
a a

2
F
(ii) We have s [ f ( x )]   f ( x) sin sx dx  Fs (s)
 0

2
Fs [ f (a x)] 
 
0
f (a x) sin sx dx


2  s t  dt Put a x = t
 
 f (t ) sin   a dx = dt
0 a a

1 2 s

a  
0
f (t ) sin   t dt
a
1 s
 Fs  
a a

2
(iii) We have Fc [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx  Fc ( s)


2
Fc [ f (a x)] 
  0
f (a x) cos sx dx


2  s t  dt Put a x = t
 
 f (t ) cos  a dx = dt
0 a a

1 2 s

a  
0
f (t ) cos  t dt
a
1 s
 Fc  
a a

19. If f ( ) is the Fourier transform of f (x), find the Fourier transform of f (x – a) and
f (ax).
Sol. F [ f ( x  a )]  e i a  f ( ) [ see the solution in problem 16 & 18(i) ]
1 
and F [ f (a x)]  f  
a a

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20. Prove that [ Modulation property]

1 1
(i) F[ f ( x) cosa x]  [ F ( s  a)  F ( s  a)] (ii) Fs [ f ( x) cosa x]  [ Fs ( s  a)  Fs ( s  a)]
2 2
1 1
(iii) Fs [ f ( x) sin a x]  [ Fc ( s  a)  Fc ( s  a)] (iv) Fc [ f ( x) cosa x]  [ Fc ( s  a)  Fc ( s  a)]
2 2
1
(v) Fc [ f ( x) sin a x]  [ Fs (a  s)  Fs (a  s)]
2

1
Sol. (i) We have F [ f ( x)] 
2  
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)


1
F [ f ( x) cos a x] 
2


f ( x) cos a x e i s x dx


1  ei a x  e  i a x  isx

2


f ( x) 
 2
 e dx

1  1 
1
 
  
i (s  a) x i (s  a) x
  f ( x) e dx  f ( x ) e dx 
2  2  2 
1
 [ F ( s  a)  F ( s  a)]
2

2
(ii) We have Fs [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) sin sx dx  Fs ( s)

2 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
Fs [ f ( x) cos a x] 
 
0
f ( x) cos a x sin sx dx


2 1

 
0
f ( x) [ sin( s  a) x  sin( s  a) x] dx
2
1 2 
 
2
2   0  
  f ( x) sin( s  a) x dx  f ( x) sin( s  a) x dx
0 
1
 [ Fs ( s  a )  Fs ( s  a)]
2

2
(iii) We have Fs [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) sin sx dx  Fs ( s)

2 2sinAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
Fs [ f ( x) sin a x] 
 
0
f ( x) sin a x sin sx dx


2 1

  0
f ( x)
2
[ cos(s  a ) x  cos(s  a ) x] dx

1  2 
 
2
2   0 
  f ( x) cos(s  a ) x dx  f ( x) cos(s  a ) x dx
 0 
1
 [ Fc ( s  a )  Fc ( s  a )]
2

2
(iv) We have Fc [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx  Fc ( s)


2
Fc [ f ( x) cosa x] 
 
0
f ( x) cosa x cos sx dx 2cosAcosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)

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
2 1

 
0
f ( x)
2
[ cos(s  a ) x  cos(s  a ) x] dx

1  2 
 
2
2   0 
  f ( x) cos(s  a ) x dx  f ( x) cos(s  a ) x dx
 0 
1
 [ Fc ( s  a )  Fc ( s  a )]
2

2
(v) We have Fc [ f ( x)] 
  0
f ( x) cos sx dx  Fc ( s)


2
Fc [ f ( x) sin a x] 
 
0
f ( x) sin a x cos sx dx 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)


2 1

 
0
f ( x) [ sin(a  s) x  sin(a  s ) x] dx
2
1 2 
 
2
2   0  
  f ( x) sin(a  s ) x dx  f ( x) sin(a  s ) x dx
0 
1
 [ Fs (a  s )  Fs (a  s )]
2

21. Prove that (i) F[ f ( x)]  F (s) (ii) F [ f ( x)]  F ( s ) (iii) F [ f ( x)]  F (  s )

1
Sol. (i) We have F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx  F ( s)


1
F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx


1 Put – x = t

2


f (t ) e  i s t (dt ) – dx = dt


1

2 
 f (t ) e  i s t dt


1

2 
 f (t ) e i (  s ) t dt

 F ( s )

1
(ii) We have F ( s) 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx


1
F (s) 
2 
 f ( x) e  i s x dx


1 Put – x = t

2


f (t ) e i s t (dt ) – dx = dt


1

2


f (t ) e i s t dt


1

2


f ( x) e i s x dx

 F [ f (  x )]

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
1
(iii) We have F ( s) 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx


1
F ( s) 
2


f ( x) e  i s x dx


1
F ( s) 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx

 F [ f ( x )]
 

22. Prove that (i)  F (s) G (s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
c c
0
 
(ii)  Fs (s) Gs (s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx
0 0
 
 2


Sol. (i )  Fc ( s) Gc ( s) ds   Fc ( s)   g ( x) cossx dx ds
0 0   0

 2


  g ( x) 
 0
Fc ( s ) cos sx ds  dx
0  

  g ( x) f ( x) dx
0

  f ( x) g ( x) dx
0
 
 2


(ii)  Fs ( s) Gs ( s) ds   Fs ( s) 
 0
g ( x ) sin sx dx  ds
0 0  

 2


  g ( x) 
 0
Fs ( s ) sin sx ds  dx
0  

  g ( x) f ( x) dx
0

  f ( x) g ( x) dx
0

23. Give an example for self-reciprocal under Fourier transform.

x2

2
Sol. e is self-reciprocal under Fourier transform.

24. Give an example for self-reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform.

x2

2
Sol. e is self-reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform.

25. Give an example for self-reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transform.
1
Sol. is self-reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transform.
x

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PART – B
a 2  x 2 , | x |  a
1. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
 0 , | x|  a
 
sin s  s cos s  sin s  s cos s s 3
Hence deduce that (i)  3
ds  (ii)  3
cos ds 
0
s 4 0
s 2 16

 sin s  s cos s  
2

(iii)    ds 
0 
3
s 15

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx

1  a a  
   0. e dx   (a  x ) e dx   0. e i s x dx
isx 2 2 isx

2   a a 
a
1
  (a  x 2 ) (cos sx  i sin sx ) dx
2

2 a
a a
1 1
  (a  x ) cos sx dx  i  (a  x 2 ) sin sx dx
2 2 2

2 a 2 a
a
2
  (a  x 2 ) cos sx dx  0
2

2 0
a
2  2  sin sx    cos sx    sin sx 
  (a  x 2 )    (2 x)    (2)  
   s   s
2
  s
3
 0
2  2a cos as 2 sin as  
  0     {0  0  0}
  s 2
s 3
 
2  sin as  as cosas 
(i.e.) F[ f ( x)]  2
  s3 
2  sin s  s cos s 
When a = 1, we have F[ f ( x)]  2
  s3 
Using inverse Fourier transform, we have

1
 F[ f ( x)] e
i s x
f ( x)  ds
2 

1 2  sin s  s cos s 

2 2


  s3
 (cossx  i sin sx ) ds

 
2  sin s  s cos s  2  sin s  s cos s 

 


 s 3  cos sx ds  i  
    s3
 sin sx ds


4  sin s  s cos s 

   cos sx ds  0
0
s3 

 sin s  s cos s  
0 

s3


cos sx ds 
4
f ( x)        (1)

Put x  0 in equation (1) we get


 sin s  s cos s  
  s 3  ds  f (0)
 4
f (x) = a2 – x2
0 f (x) = 1 – x2
  f (0) = 1 – 0 = 1
 (1)  This proves (i )
4 4

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1
Put x  in equation (1) we get
2

 sin s  s cos s  s  1
0  s 3  cos ds 
 2 4
f 
2
 1    3  3
 1       This proves (ii)
4  4  4  4  16
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
 

 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2

 

1 2

 2  sin s  s cos s   1 

   2   s 3   ds   0. dx   (1  x ) dx   0. dx
 2 2

  1 1


 sin s  s cos s 
2 1
8
   ds   (1  x ) dx
2 2

   s 3
 1


16  sin s  s cos s 
2 1

   ds  2 (1  x ) dx
2 2

 0 s 3
 0
1

 2 (1  x 4  2 x 2 ) dx
0
1
 x5 2x3 
 2 x   
 5 3 0
 1 2  
 2 1     {0  0  0}
 5 3  
8
 2 
15 

16  sin s  s cos s 
2
16

 0

s 3  ds 
 15

 sin s  s cos s  
2

0 

s3


ds 
15
This proves (iii)

 ax
2. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e

2
 0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)]  f ( x) sin sx dx


2
e
 ax  ax
Fs [e ] sin sx dx
 0

2  e a x 
  
  a 2  s 2 
( a sin sx s cos sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   ( 0  s ) 
  a  s
2 2

2 s

 s2  a2

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
2
Fc [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) cossx dx
0

2
e
 ax  ax
Fc [e ] cos sx dx
 0

2  e a x 
  
  a 2  s 2 
( a cos sx s sin sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   (  a  0) 
  a  s
2 2

2 a

 s  a2 2

 1 | x | , | x|  1
3. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
 0 , | x | 1


4
 sin t 
Hence deduce that    dt 
0  t  3

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx

1  1 1  
   0. e dx   (1 | x | ) e dx   0. e i s x dx
isx isx

2    1 1 
1
1

2  (1 | x | ) (cossx  i sin sx ) dx
1
1 1
1 1

2  (1 | x | ) cos sx dx  i
1 2  (1 | x | ) sin sx dx
1
1
2

2  (1 | x | ) cos sx dx  0
0
1
2

  (1  x ) cos sx dx
0
1
2   sin sx    cos sx 
  (1  x)    (1)  
   s   s
2
 0
2  cos s   1 
  0  2   0  2 
  s   s 
2 1  cos s 
(i.e.) F[ f ( x)] 
  s 2 
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
 

 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2

 

1 2

 2 1  cos s   1 

     s 2   ds  0. dx  1(1 | x | ) dx  1 0. dx

2


 1  cos s 
2 1
2
   ds   (1 | x | ) dx
2

   s 2
 1

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
4  1  cos s 
2 1

   ds  2  (1  x) dx
2

 0 s 2
 0

 1
4  1  cos 2t   (1  x) 3 
2

 0  4t 2 
  2dt  2   Put s = 2t
 3  0 ds = 2dt

8  1  cos 2t    1 
2

 
16 0  t 2  dt  2 {0}   
   3 
 2
1  2 sin 2 t  2
2 0  t 2  dt  3
 2
4  sin 2 t  2
2 0  t 2 
  dt 
3


4
 sin t 
(i.e.)    dt 
0
t  3
 1, | x |  1
4. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
 0 , | x | 1
 
 
2
sin t  sin t 
Hence deduce that (i )  dt  (ii)    dt 
0
0
t 2 t  2

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx

1  
1 1 
   0. e dx   (1) e i s x dx   0. e i s x dx
isx

2    1 1 
1
1

2  (cossx  i sin sx) dx
1
1 1
1 1

2  cos sx dx  i
1 2  sin sx dx
1
1
2

2  cos sx dx  0
0
1
2  sin sx 

  s  0
2  sin s 
   0
  s 
2 sin s
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)] 
 s
Using inverse Fourier transform, we have

1
f ( x)  
2  
F [ f ( x)] e  i s x ds


1 2  sin s 

2 


  s 
 (cos sx  i sin sx ) ds

 
1  sin s  1  sin s 

 


 s 
 cos sx ds  i 
 

 s 
 sin sx ds

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
2  sin s 
f (x)     cos sx ds  0
0 s 

 sin s  
 
0
s 
 cos sx ds  f ( x)
2
Put x  0 we get

sin s 

0
s
ds  f (0)
2
f (x) = 1

 (1) f (0) = 1
2

sin t 
(i.e.)  0
t
dt 
2
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
 

 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2

 

1 2

 2 sin s  1 

    s  ds  0. dx  1(1) dx  1 0. dx

2

 2 1
2  sin s 
 
  s 
 ds   dx
1
 2
4  sin s 
  ds  x  1
1

 0 s 
 1  (1)
 2
4  sin s 
 0  s 
  ds  2



2
 sin t 
(i.e.)    dt 
0
t  2

4x cos 2 x 
5. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e . Hence deduce that 
0
x  16
2
dx  e  8 and
8

x sin 2 x 

0
x  16
2
dx  e  8
2

2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) cossx dx
0

2
e
 4x  4x
Fc [e ] cos sx dx
 0

2  e 4 x 
  
 16  s 2 
( 4 cos sx s sin sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   ( 4  0)
  16  s
2

2 4

 s  16 2

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Using inverse Fourier cosine transform, we have


2
 0 c
f ( x)  F [ f ( x)] cos sx ds


2 2  4 

 
0
  cos sx ds
  s 2  16 

8 cos sx
f ( x) 
 
0
s 2  16
ds


cos sx 

0
s  16
2
ds  f ( x)
8

cos sx 

0
s  16
2
ds  e  4 x         (1)
8
Put x  2, we get

cos 2s 

0
s  16
2
ds  e  8
8

cos 2 x 
0
x  16
2
dx  e  8
8
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x, we get

d cos sx  d  4x
dx 0 s 2  16
ds  (e )
8 dx

  cos sx   d  4x
0  x  s 2  16 
  ds 
8 dx
(e )


  sin sx . s    4x
0  s 2  16 
  ds 
8
(e )(4)


s sin sx   4x
0 s 2  16 ds 
2
e

Put x  2, we get

s sin 2s  8

0
s 2  16
ds 
2
e


x sin 2 x 

0
x  16
2
dx  e  8
2
 x
6. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e and hence find the Fourier sine
x 1
transform of 2 and Fourier cosine transform of
1 x 1  x2

2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) cossx dx
0

2
Fc [e  x ]  e
 x
cos sx dx
 0

2  e x 
  (  cos sx  s sin sx ) 
 1  s 2 0

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2   1 
     
 
{0} ( 1 0 )
1  s 
2

1 2

 s 1 2


2
 e sin sx dx
 x  x
Fs [e ] 
 0

2  e x 
  
 1  s 2 
( sin sx s cos sx )
0
2   1 
 {0}   ( 0  s ) 
  1  s
2

s 2

 s 1 2


 1  2 1
Now, Fc  2
1  x 
 
 0 1  x2
cos sx dx      (1)

Using inverse Fourier cosine transform, we have


2
 0 c
f ( x)  F [ f ( x)] cos sx ds


2 2  1 

x
e    cos sx ds
 0
  s2  1

2 cos sx
e x 
 
0
s2  1
ds


cos sx 

0
s 1
2
ds  e  x
2

cos sx  Put x = s

0
x 1
2
dx  e  s
2
and s = x

Equation (1) becomes

 1  2  s
Fc  2
 e
1  x   2

 e s
2
 x  d  1 
Fs  2
  Fc 
1  x  ds 1  x 2 
d   s
  e 
ds  2 

 e  s (1)
2

 e s
2

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a  | x | , | x |  a
7. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x )  
 0 , | x|  a

sin t  
 sin t 
4

Hence deduce that (i ) 
0
t
dt 
2
(ii)  
0
 dt 
t  3

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2


f ( x) e i s x dx

1  a is x a  
   0. e dx   (a  | x | ) e dx  a 
isx isx
0. e dx
2   a 
a
1

2 a
 (a  | x | ) (cossx  i sin sx ) dx
a a
1 1

2 a
 (a  | x | ) cossx dx  i 2
 (a  | x | ) sin sx dx
a
a
2

2
 (a  | x | ) cos sx dx  0
0
a
2

  (a  x ) cossx dx
0
a
2   sin sx    cos sx 
  (a  x)    (1)  
   s   s
2
 0
2  cos sa   1 
  0    0  2 
  s 2
  s 
2 1  cos as
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)] 
 s2
Using inverse Fourier transform, we have

1
f ( x)  
2  
F [ f ( x)] e  i s x ds


1 2  1  cos as 

2 
 
  s2
 (cossx  i sin sx ) ds

 
 1  cos as 
1 1  1  cos as 
    cos sx ds  i    sin sx ds
   s 2
     s2 

2  1  cos as 
   cos sx ds  0
 0  s2 

 1  cos as  
 
0
s 2  cos sx ds  f ( x)
 2
Put x  0 we get

 1  cos a s  

0

 s2


ds 
2
f (0)

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 
  
 1  cos 2t  2 dt   (a)
0  4t 2  a 2 Put as = 2t
ads = 2dt
 
 a2  f (x) = a – | x |

 2 sin 2
t a f (0) = a – 0 = a
2a    dt 
0 
4t 2  2


2
 sin t 
0  t 
  dt 
2
This proves (i)
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
 

 | F ( s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2

 

a 2

 2 1  cosas   a 

     s 2   ds  0. dx  a(a  | x | ) dx  a 0. dx
  2


 1  cosas 
2 a
2
   s 2  (a  | x | )
  ds 
2
dx
 a


4  1  cosas 
2 a

   ds  2  (a  x) dx
2

 0 s 2
 0

 a
4  1  cos2t  2dt  (a  x) 3 
2

 0  4t 2 / a 2  a
   2   Put as = 2t
 3  0 ads = 2dt

8 a 3  1  cos2t 
2
  a 3 
16 0  t 2
  dt  2 {0}   
   3 
 2
a3  2 sin 2 t  2 a3
2 0  t 2  dt  3
 

 2
4  sin 2 t  2
2 0  t 2 
  dt 
3


4
 sin t 
(i.e.)    dt 
0
t  3

x2

2
8. Find the Fourier transform of e

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)]  
2  
f ( x) e i s x dx

 x  
2
x2
1 
F e 2


 2 e

2
e i s x dx

1


1 2

x 2 i s x 

2 

e 2
dx

1


1

( x  i s )2  i 2s 2 

2 

e 2
dx

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1


1

( x  i s )2  
s2

2 e

2
e 2
dx

s2
  1
e 2  ( x  i s )2

2 e

2
dx

s2
   x i s 2
e 2  

2 e  2 
dx
 xis
Put t
s2 2
 
2
e dx

2
 e t 2 dt  dt
2 
2

2
s
 
2
e 


2
 e  t dt
 e dt  
t 2

  
2
s

2
e
 

x2 s2
 
(i.e.) F [e 2
]e 2

 a2 x2 a 2
x2
9. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e and hence find Fs [ x e ]

2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx

 

2

 a2 x2
e a
2
x2
Fc e cos sx dx
 0

2 1
 2 
 a2 x2
 e cos sx dx


1
 R.P.  e  a x e i s x dx
2 2

2 

R.P.  e  a x  i s x  dx
1

2 2

2 

 is 
2
i2s2 
    ax    
1  4 a2 
R.P.  e
2a 
  
dx
2 
2
  is  s2
  ax   
1 2 a 
 R.P.  e 
e 4 a2
dx
2 
s2
  is 
2
4a2    ax  
e a 
 R.P.  e  2
dx
2 

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s2

4 a2 
e dt
R.P.  e  t
2
 Put ax 
is
t
2 
a 2a
a dx  dt
s2
 2
e 4a
 R.P. 
a 2
s2

1
(i.e.) Fc [e  a ]
2
x2 4 a2
e
a 2
d
Fs [ x e  a ] Fc [e  a x ]
2
x2 2 2

ds
d  1  4 a2 
s2

  e 
ds  a 2 
 
s2
1    2s 
 e 4 a2
 2 
a 2  4a 
s2

s
 e 4 a2

2 2 a3

 a| x |
10. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  e , a  0 . Hence deduce that
  
cos x t   a |x | dx  dx 
(i)  2 2 dt  e (ii)   (iii) 0 ( x  1) 4 and also prove

0
a  t 2 a 0
x 1 2
2 2 2

that (iv) F x e 
 a| x |
i  2 2as
 (s 2  a 2 ) 2

1
Sol. F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx


1
e
 a| x |
 (cossx  i sin sx ) dx
2 
 
1 1
 
 a| x |
 e cos sx dx  i e  a | x | sin sx dx
2  2 

2

2

0
e  a x cos sx dx  0


2  e a x 
  2 ( a cos sx  s sin sx )
 a  s 2
0
2   1 
 {0}   2 ( a  0)
  a  s
2

2 a
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)] 
 s  a2 2

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Using inverse Fourier transform, we have


1
f ( x)  
2  
F [ f ( x)] e  i s x ds


1 2  a 
e a| x | 
2


  (cossx  i sin sx ) ds
  s2  a2 
 
 1 
a a  1 
   2 2 
cos sx ds  i   2  sin sx ds
  s a      s  a2 

2a cos sx

 
0
s2  a2
ds  0

cos sx   a| x |
s
0
2
a 2
ds 
2a
e


cos xt   a| x |
(i.e.) t
0
2
a 2
dt 
2a
e This proves (i )

Put x  0 and a  1, we get


1 
t 0
2
a 2
dt 
2

dx 
(i.e.)
0
 x
1

2 2
This proves (ii)

Using Parseval’s identity, we have

 

 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) | 2 dx
2

 

 2

 2 a 
    s 2  a 2  ds   e
   a| x |
  2
dx

 

 e 
2a 2 1

 a| x | 2
ds  dx
   (s  a 2 ) 2
2

 
4a 2 ds

 0 (s  a )
2 2 2
 2  e  2 a x dx
0

 
2a 2 ds  e2a x 
 0 ( s 2  a 2 ) 2   2a  0


1
 [0  1]
 2a

2a 2 ds 1
 0 ( s 2  a 2 ) 2

2a

ds 
 (s
0
2
a )
2 2
 3
4a
put a  1, we get

ds 
 (s
0
2
 1) 2

4

dx 
(i.e.)  (x
0
2
 1) 2

4
This proves (iii)

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d
By the property, F [ x f ( x)]  (i) F [ f ( x)]
ds
d
F [ x e  a | x | ]  (i ) F [e  a | x | ]
ds
d  2 a 
 (i )  
ds   s 2  a 2 
2  a 
 (i )  (2 s )
  (s  a )
2 2 2

2 2a s
i This proves (iv)
 (s  a 2 ) 2 2

11. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of x n1 , 0  n  1, x  0 and hence prove
1
that is self reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
x
 
2 2
Sol. Consider Fc [ f ( x)]  i Fs [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) cos sx dx  i
0
  f ( x) sin sx dx
0

2
Fc [ f ( x)]  i Fs [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) (cossx  i sin sx) dx
0

2
 f ( x) e
 isx
 dx
 0

2
x
n 1 n 1 n 1
Fc [ x ]  i Fs [ x ] e  i s x dx
 
0
 ( n)
 x e dx 
n 1  a x
2  ( n) an
 0
 (is) n
2  ( n)  
 (i ) n  i  cos  i sin
2 2
 sn
 
n

 n n  2  ( n ) (i )   cos  i sin 
n
  cos  i sin   2 2
 2 2   sn
n n
Equating R.P and I.P, we get  cos  i sin
2 2
2 ( n) n
Fc [ x n1 ]  cos        (1)
 s n
2
2  ( n) n
Fs [ x n1 ]  sin        (2)
 s n
2

1
Put n 
in equation (1), we have
2
1
1 2 (1 / 2) 
Fc [ x 2 ]  cos
 s 1/ 2
4
 1  2  1
Fc   
 x  s 2
1

s

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1
Put n  in equation (1), we have
2
1
1 2 (1 / 2) 
Fs [ x 2 ]  sin
 s 1/ 2
4
 1  2  1
Fs   
 x  s 2
1

s
1
Hence is self reciprocal under Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
x

1
Now, F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx

 1  1

1
F 
 | x |  2 
 | x|
(cossx  i sin sx ) dx

 
1 1 1 1

2 
 | x|
cos sx dx  i
2 
 | x|
sin sx dx


2 1

2  0 x
cos sx dx  0


2 1

 
0 x
cos sx dx

 1 
 Fc  
 x
1

s
e a x
12. Find the Fourier sine transform of
x

2
 0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)]  f ( x) sin sx dx


 e a x  2 e a x
Fs 
 x

  
0
x
sin sx dx

Diff . w.r.t. ' s ' on both sides we get


d  e a x  d 2 e a x
Fs 
ds  x  ds 
 
0
x
sin sx dx


2   e a x 

 
0

s x
sin sx  dx


e a x
2
 0 x
 cos sx . x dx

2
e
 ax
 cos sx dx
 0

2  e a x 
  (a cos sx  s sin sx )
 a  s
2 2
0

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2   1 
 {0}   2 ( a  0)
  a  s
2

d  e a x  2 a
Fs  
ds  x   s  a2
2

Integrating w. r.t. ' s ' we get

 e a x  2 a
Fs 
 x 

 s 2
 a2
ds

2 1  s  dx 1  x
a 
 a
tan 1   x 2
a 2
 tan 1  
a
 a  a

2 s
 tan 1  
 a
e a x
13. Find the Fourier cosine transform of
x

2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)]   f ( x) cos sx dx
 0

e 
 ax
2 e a x
Fc      x cos sx dx
 x  0

Diff . w.r.t. ' s ' on both sides we get


d  e a x  d 2 e a x
ds  x  ds 
Fc  
0
x
cos sx dx


2   e a x 

 
0

s x
cos sx  dx


e a x
2
 0 x
 ( sin sx . x) dx

2
e
 ax
 sin sx dx
 0

2  e a x 
  (  a sin sx  s cos sx ) 
  a2  s2 0
2   1 
    
 
{0} ( 0 s )
a  s 
2 2

d  e a x  2 s
Fc   
ds  x   s  a2
2

Integrating w. r. t. ' s ' we get

 e a x  2 s
Fc 
 x 
 
  s 2  a 2 ds x dx 1
x 2
a 2
 log ( x 2  a 2 )
2
2 1
 log ( s 2  a 2 )
 2
1
 log ( s 2  a 2 )
2

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 ax
14. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of x e
d
Sol. Fs [ x e  a x ]   Fc [e  a x ]
ds

2
e
 ax  ax
Fc [e ] cos sx dx
 0

2  e a x 
  2 (  a cos sx  s sin sx ) 
 a  s2 0
2   1 
 {0}   2 ( a  0)
  a  s
2

2 a

 s2  a2
d  2 a 
Fs [ x e  a x ]    
ds   s 2  a 2 
2  a 

  ( s 2  a 2 ) 2 
( 2 s )

2 2as

 (s  a 2 )22

d
Fc [ x e  a x ]  Fs [e  a x ]
ds

2
e
 ax  ax
Fs [e ] sin sx dx
 0

2  e a x 
  2 ( a sin sx  s cos sx )
 a  s 2
0
2   1 
 {0}   2 ( 0  s ) 
  a  s
2

2 s

 s  a22

d  2 s 
Fc [ x e  a x ]   
ds   s 2  a 2 
2 ( s 2  a 2 )(1)  s (2s )

 (s 2  a 2 ) 2
a2  s2
2

 (s 2  a 2 )2

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0 , x0
15. Verify Parseval’s theorem of Fourier transform for the function f ( x )   x
e , x  0

1
Sol. F ( s)  F [ f ( x)] 
2 
 f ( x) e i s x dx

1  
0 

  0. e dx  0
x
 isx
e . e isx
dx 
2   

1
e
 (1i s ) x
 dx
2 0

1  e  (1i s ) x 
  
2   (1  is)  0
1  1 
 0   (1  is) 
2  
1 1
(i.e.) F ( s ) 
2 1  is
 

 | F ( s) | ds   F ( s ) F ( s ) ds
2

 

1 1 1 1
 
 2 1  is 2 1  is
ds


1 1

2 
 1 s 2
ds


2 ds
 
2 0 1  s 2

1 1  s 
  tan 1  
 1  1  0
1  
   0
 2 
1

2
 0 

 | f ( x) |  0. dx   (e
x 2
2
dx  ) dx
  0

  e  2 x dx
0

 e2x 
 
  2 0
 1 
 0 
  2 
1

2
 
  | F ( s) | ds  2
 | f ( x) |
2
dx
 

Hence Parseval’s theorem is verified.

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 
dx x 2 dx
16. Use transform methods to evaluate i) 0 ( x 2  1)(x 2  4) ii) 0 ( x 2  9)(x 2  25)
Sol. (i) Let f ( x)  e  x and g ( x)  e  2 x
2 1 2 2
Then Fc ( s )  and Gc ( s ) 
 s 1 2
 s 4
2

 

We have  F (s) G (s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
c c
0
 
2 1 2 2

0
 s 1
2
 s 4
2
ds   e  x e  2 x dx
0
 
4 ds
   e  3 x dx
 0 ( s  1)(s  4) 0
2 2


 e3x 
 
 3  0
 1 
 0 
  3 

4 ds 1
  (s

0
2
 1)(s  4) 3
2


dx 
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2  1)(x 2  4) 12


(ii) Let f ( x)  e  3 x and g ( x)  e  5 x

2 s 2 s
Then Fs ( s )  and Gs ( s ) 
 s 9 2
 s  25
2

 

We have  F (s) G (s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx

0
s s
0
 
2 s 2 s

0
 s2  9  s  25
2
ds   e  3 x e  5 x dx
0
 
2 s 2 ds
   e  8 x dx
 0 ( s  9)(s  25) 0
2 2


 e8 x 
 
 8  0
 1 
 0 
  8 

2 s 2 ds 1
 
 0 ( s  9)(s  25) 8
2 2


x 2 dx 
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2  9)(x 2  25)  16

dx
17. Evaluate 0 ( x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 ) using transforms.
Sol. Let f ( x)  e  a x and g ( x)  e  b x
2 a 2 b
Then Fc ( s )  and G ( s ) 
 s2  a2  s2  b2
c

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 

We have  Fc ( s) Gc ( s) ds   f ( x) g ( x) dx
0 0
 
2 a 2 b

0
 s  a2
2
 s b
2 2
ds   e  a x e  b x dx
0
 
2ab ds
 2 2 2 2
  e  ( a b ) x dx
 0 ( s  a )(s  b ) 0

 e  ( a b ) x 
 
  ( a  b)  0
 1 
 0  
  ( a  b) 

2ab ds 1
 0 ( s 2  a 2 )(s 2  b 2 ) a  b



dx 
(i.e.)  (x
0
2 22 2

 a )(x  b ) 2ab(a  b)

 
dx x 2 dx
18. Using Parseval’s identity, calculate i)  2 ii)  2
0
(x  a2 )2 0
( x  4) 2
a 2
Sol. (i) Let f ( x)  e  a x then Fc ( s ) 
 s  a2 2

Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier cosine transform, we have

 

 [ F (s)] ds   [ f ( x)] 2 dx
2
c
0 0
2

 2 a 


0   s 2  a 2  ds  0 (e ) dx
  a x 2

 
2a 2 ds

 0 (s  a ) 0
2 2 2
  e  2 a x dx


e2a x 
 
  2a  0
 1 
 0 
  2a 

2a 2 ds 1
  (s
0
2
a )
2 2

2a

dx 
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2  a 2 ) 2 4a 3


s 2
(ii) Let f ( x)  e  2 x then Fs ( s ) 
 s  a2 2

Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier sine transform, we have

 

 [ F (s)] ds   [ f ( x)] 2 dx
2
s
0 0

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2

 2 s 


0   s 2  4  ds  0 (e ) dx
2x 2

 
2 s 2 ds

 0 ( s  4) 0
2 2
  e  4 x dx


e4 x 
 
 4 0
 1 
 0 
  4 

2 s 2 ds 1
 0 ( s 2  4) 2 4



x 2 dx 
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2  4) 2  8
19. State and prove convolution theorem for Fourier transform.
Statement: If F[f(x)] = F(s) and F[g(x)] = G(s) then F[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  F (s).G(s)

1
F [ f ( x)  g ( x)]   [ f ( x)  g ( x)] e
isx
Proof. dx
2 

1
  1   isx

2
   2   f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt  e dx
 
1
  1  
  f (t )      dt
isx
g ( x t ) e dx
2   2 
1
  1  
  
i s x i st  i st
 f (t )  g ( x  t ) e e e dx  dt
2   2 
1
  1   i st
  
i s ( x t )
 f (t )  g ( x  t ) e d ( x  t )  e dt
2   2 

1
  f (t ) G (s) e
i st
dt
2 

1
 G (s)  f (t ) e
i st
dt
2 

 G (s) F (s)
(i.e.) F[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  F (s).G(s)
20. State and prove Parseval’s identity for Fourier transform.
Statement: If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then
 

 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) |
2 2
dx
 

Proof. By convolution theorem for Fourier transform, we have

F[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  F ( s).G( s)
 F 1[ F ( s) G(s)]  f ( x)  g ( x)
 
1 1
 F ( s) G( s) e 
 isx
 ds  f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt
2  2 
 

 F ( s) G( s) e 
 isx
 ds  f (t ) g ( x  t ) dt
 

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Putting x = 0, we get
 

 F (s) G(s) ds  
 
f (t ) g (t ) dt        (1)

Let g (t )  f (t )        (2)

(i.e.) g (t )  f (t )
G ( s )  F [ g ( x)]  F [ g (t )]
 F [ f (t ) ]
 F [ f ( x) ]
 F (s) (by property)
(i.e.) G ( s )  F ( s )          (3)
Substituting (2) and (3) in equation (1) we have
 


 F (s) F (s) ds   
f (t ) f (t ) dt

 

 | F (s) | ds   | f ( x) |
2 2
(i.e.) dx
 

x , 0  x 1

21. Find the Fourier sine transform of f ( x)  2  x , 1  x  2
0 , x2


2
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) sin sx dx

2  
1 2 

  0  (2  x) sin sx dx  2
  x sin sx dx  0. sin sx dx 
1 
1 2
2    cos sx    sin sx  2    cos sx    sin sx 
  x   (1)    (2  x)   (1) 
   s   s
2
 0    s   s
2
 1
2   cos s sin s   2  sin 2s    cos s sin s 
       0  2     2 
  s  
{0 0}
s2   s   s s 
2  2 sin s sin 2s 
  2 
  s 2 s 
2  2 sin s  2 sin s cos s 

  s2 

2  sin s (1  cos s ) 
2
  s2 
sin x , 0xa
22. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of f ( x)  
 0, xa

2
 0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)]  f ( x) sin sx dx

2  
a 

  0 a
  sin x sin sx dx  0. sin sx dx 

1 2
a 2sinAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
 
 02
[cos(s  1) x  cos(s  1) x] dx

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1  sin( s  1) x sin( s  1) x 
a

 
2  s  1 s  1  0
1  sin( s  1)a sin( s  1)a  
      {0  0}
2  s  1 s 1  
1  sin( s  1)a sin( s  1)a 
 
2  s  1 s  1 

2
Fc [ f ( x)] 
 
0
f ( x) cos sx dx

2  
a 

  0  0. cos sx dx
  sin x cos sx dx 
a 2cosAsinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
a
2 1
 0 2
 [sin(s  1) x  sin( s  1) x] dx

  cos(s  1) x cos(s  1) x 
a
1
 
2  s 1 s  1  0
  cos(s  1)a cos(s  1)a    1
1 1 
     
2  s 1 s  1   s  1 s  1
1  ( s  1)[ cos sa cos a  sin sa sin a ]  ( s  1)[cossa cos a  sin sa sin a ] 
  
2  ( s  1)(s  1) 
  ( s  1)  ( s  1) 
 
 ( s  1)(s  1) 
1  2 s sin sa sin a  2 cos sa cos a 2 
 
2  s2 1 s 2  1
2  s sin sa sin a  cos sa cos a  1

  s2 1 


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