Introduction to chemistry

* One cornerstone of pure science is chemistry .

* Actually , everyday life and our environment , such as food , clothing , exercise , health
care until the environment involves chemistry.

* In general , chemistry is a natural science disciplines that discuss the nature and
structure of an element or compound as well as the alteration of matter. And interaction of
molecules and atoms present in a compound and the reaction becomes principles to the
study of chemistry.

* This field involves the basics of chemistry , including physical chemistry , organic and
inorganic and applied chemistry including analytical chemistry , polymer ,
environmental, pharmaceutical and chemical catalysis.

* Those involved in this area and love to do research called chemists. * Between that can
be pursued is in the area of research , analytical services , management of chemical
industry , pharmacy , supply of equipment and science education as a teacher and lecturer
, health services , consultancy , manufacturing , environment and production .

* Chemistry is a scientific discipline that studies of matter in

macroscopic and microscopic , the production and use of materials.

* Chemistry is often identified as the science center as a basic knowledge of chemistry is

important for students of biology, physics , geology , ecology and other subjects .

Alchemy 'is derived from the Arabic word ' al - kimiya ' ( kimiya = bertukar-
tukar/berubah-ubah art ) .

Here are some examples of chemical interest .

 Medical : to combat the disease and prolong life .
 Fertilizers and pesticides : improving crop yields.
 Preservatives : help extend the storage of food .
 The materials used to make clothing such as cotton ( cotton ) , silk ( silk ) and nylon
(nylon ) .
 Building materials such as cement ( cement ) , concrete ( concrete ) and glass (glass )
.
 Components ( components ) automobiles and computers.
 Consumer products such as soaps ( soap ) and detergent ( detegent )

Chemistry SPM Format

List of Form 4 topics

Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry

 1.1 Chemistry And Its Importance
 1.2 Scientific Method

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom

 2.1 Matter
 2.2 The Atomic Structure
 2.3 Isotopes And Their Importance
 2.4 The Electronic Structure Of An Atom

Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae and Equations

 3.1 Relative Atomic Mass And Relative Molecular Mass
 3.2 The Mole And The Number Of Particles
 3.3 The Mole And Mass Of Substances
 3.4 The Mole And The Volume Of Gas
 3.5 Chemical Formulae
 3.6 Chemical Equations

Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements

 4.1 The Periodic Table Of Elements
 4.2 Group 18 Elements
 4.3 Group 1 Elements
 4.4 Group 17 Elements
 4.5 Elements In A Period
 4.5 Transition Elements

Chapter 5: Chemical Bonds

 5.1 Formation Of Compounds
 5.2 Ionic Bonds
 5.3 Covalent Bonds
 5.4 The Properties Of Ionic And Covalent Compounds

Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
 6.1 Electrolytes And Non-Electrolytes
 6.2 Electrolysis Of Molten Compounds
 6.3 Electrolysis Of Aqueous Solutions
 6.4 Electrolysis In Industries
 6.5 Voltaic Cells
 6.6 The Electrochemical Series
Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
 7.1 Acids And Bases
 7.2 The Strength Of Acids And Bases
 7.3 Concentration Of Acids And Alkalis
 7.4 Neutralisation

Chapter 8: Salts
 8.1- Salts (Introduction)
 8.2- Preparation of Salts - Lesson 1
 8.3- Preparation of Salts - Lesson 2
 8.4- Quantitative Analysis
 8.5- Continuous variation Method
 08.6- Qualitative Analysis
 8.7- Heat Treatment
 8.8- Chemical Test on Anions
 8.9- Chemical Test on Cations

Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry

 9.1 Sulphuric Acid
 9.2 Ammonia And Its Salts
 9.3 Alloys
 9.4 Synthetic Polymers
 9.5 Glass And Ceramics
 9.6 Composite Materials

Steps in the Scientific Method

Making observation
1. An investigation usually begins with an observation on a phenomenon.
2. Observation is to observe and gather the information about the phenomenon.

Making an Inference
1. After gathering sufficient information, we make an inference, or early
conclusion, based on what has been observed.
2. The inference may or may not be true and need to be proven true or false
with further investigation.
3. Making an inference is a process to form an early logical conclusion to
explain the phenomenon.
Identifying problem
Asking question based on the inference made to identify the problem related to the
observation.

Making a hypothesis
1. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
2. Normally, it is a general statement about the relationship between the
manipulated variable and a responding variable in order to explain the question
asked.

Identifying variables
1. A variable is a factor that affects other factors in an experiment.
2. In a scientific investigation, we need to identify all related variables.
3. There are three types of variable, namely
a. Manipulated variable — the factor that is purposely changed in an
experiment
b. Responding variable — the factor that changes with the manipulated
variable
c. Fixed variables — the factors that are kept constant throughout an
experiment. This is to ensure that other factors do not affect the results of the
experiment.

Controlling variables
1. Deciding how to repeat the experiment several times by using different
values of the manipulated variable.
2. This step is to test the consistency in the experiment and also to relate the
manipulated variable to the responding variable..

Designing the experiment

1. Deciding how to carry out the experiment, including determine the material,
apparatus, experiment sets out and the procedure to take.
2. Always keep in mind that the main purpose of the experiment is to o test the
hypothesis.
Carrying Out the Experiment
After the planning of the experiment is done, you will need to carry out the
experiment according to the procedure.

Collecting data
1. Make observations in the experiment by watching and measuring.
2. Measure the quantities accurately using suitable measuring instruments and
units.
3. All data are collected and recorded in a proposed table.

Analysing and interpreting data

1. After collecting the data, you will need to analyse the results of the
experiment.
2. Data analysis is the step to studies information by breaking it down into
smaller parts.
3. The results can be presented in various forms, such as a table, graph or
chart.

Making a conclusion
1. Draw conclusions based on the observations and results.
2. State whether the hypothesis is true or false.

Writing the report

1. A report is written after an experiment is performed.
2. The format of the report is arranged based on the scientific investigation
method which is performed systematically; starting from the problems identified to
the last stage.
3. State any precautions taken to overcome problems in the experiment.
4. A simple diagram of the experiment set-up would sometime be useful.
Exercise

1. A student makes the hypothesis that all salt dissolves in water.

He tested hypothesis with four kinds of salt dissolving in the same amount of water at
room temperature. Here are the results of the experiment:

Salt Observation
Potassium chloride salt dissolves easily and form a clear
solution

Copper sulfate salt dissolves easily and form a blue

colored solution
Calcium sulfate Slightly soluble in water, and form a clear
solution

Aluminum Carbonate Insoluble in water

 State the manipulated variable.

 State the responding variable.
 State controlled variable.
 Based on observations obtained, how do you classify the salts of the above?
 State your inference.
 Predict the solubility of salt when the water temperature increases?
2.

It is difficult to dissolve the sugar in cold juice. This is because the sugar dissolves
easily in hot water.
Based on statement above, design an experiment to compare the solubility of sugar
in hot water and cold water. The experiment is based on the following items:
 The purpose of the experiment
 hypothesis
 Materials and apparatus
 Variables in the
 Procedure of the experiments
 collection of data
 conclusion