Grammar 30 07 2017

14.
1 Grammar in discourse:
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14.2 Meaning and use
Indefinite Articles:
 Use a/an before a singular count noun

 Use an when the next word start with a vowel
 Use a when the next word start with a consonant
 Use no article before plural count noun.

Definite Articles:
 The definite article is the.

 Use the definite article before singular and plural count nouns.
 Use the to refer to people or objects.
14.3 Form:
 Indefinite article:
Indefinite Article
A/AN Singular count Noun
A Dog
An Hour
A Salad
An Ice cream
A Cat
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 Definitive article:
Definitive Article
The Singular count noun
The museum
The City
The Plural Count Noun

The Museums
The cities
The Noncount Noun

The milk
14.4 Examples
 Definite articles:
I have a notebook and a book.
She has an apple.
The park has a restaurant.
We have an exam of math.
Mariah has a pen and an eraser.
 Indefinite Articles:
We are going to visit the museum.
I will go to the park.
She went to the restroom.
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Marian goes to the mall.
Amanda buy the pink lemonade of Starbucks.
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15.1 Grammar in discourse:
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15.2 Meaning and use:
 Quantity expressions can come before plural count nouns and

Noncount Nouns.
 Some quantity expressions are used with plural count noun and
Noncount Noun.
 Use no to affirmative statements and any to negative statements.
 Much, many, a lot of and any are common in yes/no questions, but we
sometimes use a few, a Little and some, but they are less common.
 It is not necessary to repeat the noun in the answer to the questions

with quantity phrases.
 A lot of shortens to a lot when we use it without a noun.
15.3 Form:
 Affirmative Statements:
Quantity Expressions Plural Count NOun

My garden has A lot of Flowers.
The city has Many Bicycles.
The school has Some Swings.
The park has A few Trees.
The town has no Cars.
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Quantity Expressions Noncount Noun
The town has A lot of Traffic.
The city has Some Work.
The pizza has A little Cheese.
The park has No Grass.
My house has A lot of Furniture.
 Negative Statements:
Quantity Expressions Plural Count Noun

He doesn’t have A lot of Dogs.
She doesn’t have A lot of Cars.
I don’t have many Chairs.
He doesn’t have many Animals.
I don’t have Any Homework’s.

He doesn’t have A lot of Problems.
The coffee doesn’t Much Sugar.
have
The bread doesn’t Any Butter.
have
She doesn’t have A lot of Love.
I don’t have Much Work.
 Yes/No Questions
Quantity Expressions Plural count noun

Does the house have a lot of Bottles?
Does the town have Many Cars?
Does the colony have Any Trees?
Does the parking have A lot of Bicycles?
Does the park have many Swings?
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Does the mall have A lot of T-shirts?
Does the door have Much Wood?
Does the people have Any Coffee?
Doe s the car have A lot of Oil?
Does the city have much People?
 Information Questions with How many and How Much
How many Plural noun count

How many Dogs Does the city have?
How many Bottles Does the house have?
How many Cars Does the parking
have?
How many Swings Does the park have?
How many bicycles Does the town have?
How much Noncount noun

How much Oil Does the car have?
How much T-shirts Does the mall have?
How much People Does the town have?
How much Sugar Does the coffee have?
How much Work Does my dad have?
15.4 Examples
Small towns no have much traffic.

Big cities have a lot of service.
The town has many cars.
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My house has some flowers.
My school has a few computers.
The city has a lot of work.
Las Vegas has a Little traffic.
I need a Little help with my homework.
The town has no work.
My colony has some people.
The city doesn’t have a lot of residents.
My class doesn’t have many desks.
The computer laboratory doesn’t have any chairs.
He doesn’t have many pets.
She doesn’t have any animals.
 Yes/No questions:
Does the door have much Wood?
Does the mal have a lot of blouses?
Does the car have a lot of oil?
Does the kids have any milk?
Does the city have much people?
 Information Questions:
How many rooms does the house have?
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How many dogs does the city have?
How many bottles does the store have?
How much cloud does the sky have?
How much traffic does the city have?
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16.1 Grammar in Discourse:
The Smiths' House

Mr. Smith's house has got four bedrooms, a living-room, a dining-room, a
kitchen, a bathroom and a separate toilet. There is a toilet in the bathroom
too. The bedrooms and the bathroom are upstairs, and the living-room, the
dining-room, the kitchen and the toilet are downstairs.
The first bedroom is Mr. and Mrs. Smith's, the second one is John's, the third
one is Mary's, and the fourth one is Anne's. Catherine's baby bed is in Anne's
bedroom too.
When you enter Mr. Smith's house, the room on your left is the living-room,
and the room on your right is the dining-room. Where is the kitchen? It is
behind the dining-room. And where is the toilet? It is straight on, in front of
you. There is a garden behind the house, but it is not big. Is there a garden in
front of the house too? Yes, there is, but it is very small.
When you go upstairs, Mr. and Mrs. Smith's bedroom is on your left. The
bedroom on your right is John's, and the bathroom is between his bedroom
and Mary's. Anne's bedroom is behind Mary's.
There is a big bed and two big wardrobes in Mr. and Mrs. Smith's bedroom,
and there is a small bed and a wardrobe in John's room. John and Mary's
beds are big, and Anne's bed is small. The wardrobe in Mary's room is very
big, and the wardrobe in John's room is small.
Anne's room has got blue walls, and there are white ships and green islands
on them, because it is a child's bedroom. John's bedroom has got white walls,
and Mary's has got grey walls. John has got pictures of horses on his walls,
and Mary has got pictures of beautiful clothes.
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 Use there is with a singular count noun.

 Use there are with a plural noun.
 Use an indefinite article befora a singular count noun.
 We can use some or another quantity expression.
Do not use no and not in the same

sentence.
3.3 Form:
 Singular affirmative statements:
There is Noun phrase Complement

There is A library In the city.
There is A mall In the town.
There is A market In the country.
There is A school In the colony.
There is A car In the parking.
 Singular Negative statements:
There is + not Noun phrase Complement

There is not A museum In the town.
There isn’t A flower In the garden.
There is not A pen In the pencil case.
There isn’t A book In the desk.
There is not A house In the city.
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 Plural affirmative statements:
There are Noun phrase Complement

There are Two libraries In the town.
There are Three houses In the city.
There are Five flowers In the garden.
There are Ten computers In the class.
There are Eleven books In the desk.
 Plural negative statements:
There aren’t Noun phrase Complement

There aren’t Any museums In the city.
There aren’t Many trees In the park.
There aren’t Any clouds In the sky.
There aren’t Many markers In the class.
There aren’t Many babies In the nursery.
Is/Are There Noun phrase Complement

Is There A museum In the town?
Are There Any flowers In the garden?
Is There A market In the mall?
Are There Any books In the desk?
Is There A pencil In the pencil
case?
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 Short answers:
Yes/ no There is/ there are

Yes There is.
Yes There are
No There is.
No There are.
Yes There is.
 Questions about Quantity with How much and How many:
How Noun Is/Are There Complement

much/How
many
How many Schools Are There In the town?
How much Book Is There In the desk?
How many Cars Are There In the
parking?
How much House Is There In the city?
How many museums Are There In Spain?
16.4 Examples:
 Singular affirmative statements:
There is a stoplight in the road.
There is the new painting by Martin Radcliffe.
There is a new library in the city.
There is a new mal in my colony.
There is a new store in the mall.
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 Singular negative statements:
There isn’t a museum in the town.
There isn’t a parking in the road.
There isn’t a flower in the park.
There isn’t a book in the desk.
There isn’t a desk in the class.
 Plural affirmative statements:

There are two libraries in the town.
There are three houses in the city.
There are five flowers in the garden.
There are ten computers in the class.
There are thirteen kids in the school.
 Plural negative statements:

There aren’t any museums in teh town.
There aren’t many houses in the city.
Ther aren’t any flowers in the garden.
There aren’t many computers in the class.
There aren’t any desk in the class.
 Yes/ no questions:
Is there a museum in the town?
Are there any flowers in the garden?
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Is there a market in the mal?
Are there any books in the desk?
Is there a mal in the country?
How many schools are there in the town?
How much book is there in the desk?
How many cars are there in the parking?
How much house is there in the city?
How many museums are there in the city?
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17.2 Meaning and use
 Going to is used to expressing future plans, making predictions and

expressing less certain plan and predictions.
 Do not use contractions with affirmative short answers.
 When we use who or what, do not use subject pronoun, this depends at
the situation.
17.3 Forms:
Subject Be Going to Base form of Complement

verb
I Am Going to run A marathon.
You Are Going to eat Pizza.
She Is Going to jump The rope.
He Is Going to cook Chicken.
We are Going to study To the math
exam.
Subject Be Not Going to Base form of verb Complement

I Am Not Going to Jump The rope.
You Are Not Going to Study To the math exam.
She Is Not Going to cook Chicken.
He Is Not Going to eat Lasagna.
We are Not Going to Make Slime.
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 Yes/No Questions:
Be Subject Going to Base form of Complement

verb
Am I Going to eat Hamburger?
Are You Going to jump The wall?
Is She Going to play soccer?
Is He Going to clean The kitchen?
Are We Going to help At the teachers?
 Yes /No Answers:
Yes/no Subject BE
No I Isn’t
Yes you Are
No she Isn’t
Yes he Is
No we Aren’t
Wh- Word Be Subject Going to Base of verb Complement
How am I Going to Help At the teachers?

What are you Going to cook Tonight?
Why is she Going to drive At the night?
Who is he Going to invite At the people?
How are we Going to study To the math
exam?
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17.4 Examples:
 Affirmative statements:
I’am going to eat mexican food.
You are going to jump the rope.
He is going to play with friends.
She is going to cook tacos.
We are going to sew gloves.
I’am not going to eat mexican food.
You aren’t going to jump the rope.
He isn’t going top lay with friends.
She isn’t going to cook tacos.
We aren’t going to sew gloves.
Am I going to eat pizza?
Are you going to jump the rope?
Is he going to play?
Is she going to cook?
Are we going to sew gloves?
 Information questions:
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What are you going to cook?
Why is she going to drive?
Who is he going to invite?
How am I going to help?
What are you going to play?
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18.1 Grammar in discourse
Things to do before the year 2016

It's October 30th. You can say that it is close to the
end of 2015, so I'll plan a lot of things to do this year.
First, I'll study very hard, especially to improve my
grammar because I always have trouble with it whenever
I speak to people. They don't understand what I'm talking
about. Also, I'll try hard to improve my vocabulary. That
would help me to speak more smoothly. Second, I'll cut
down on playing golf because when you play 18 holes, it
takes five hours. Furthermore, you have to drive to and
from the golf course. It takes too much time. Third, I'm
going to sell my apartment complex because I spend too
much time there. The worst thing about renting
apartments is that when you rent to bad people, they
break things. Then they say they won't pay rent because
you won't make the repairs. When this happens, you
have to take them to court and spend a lot of time.
Whatever happens, I'm going to study very hard this
year. I hope that by the end of the year, I can really speak
English well.
Thomas Wang
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18.2 Meaning and Use:
 Use the same form of will with every subject.
 We usually use the contraction of will.
 When we use who or what, do not use a subject pronoun.
5.3 Form
Subject Will Base form of verb Complement

I W Sew A scarf.
You I Take A photo with her.
She L Understand Algebra and math.
He L Win A cup.
We Fix The road
Subject Won’t Base form of Complement

verb
I W take A photo with her.
You O Hurt At the dog.
She N pay The food.
He ‘ smoke In my store.
We T run A marathon.
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Will Subject Base form of Complement

verb
Will I finish The homework?
Will You Fix The road?
Will She lose A pair of gloves?
Will He sew A pair of socks?
Will We help At the teachers?
Wh- Word Will Subject Base form of Complement

verb
How Will I do On the homework?
Where Will You park The car?
When Will She Eat Burger King?
Why Will He Leave Early at the work?
What Will we do Now?
18.4 Examples:
He will take us to the airport.

I will wait for you downstairs.
I will write to you every day.
I will go to the bank.
He will show us their favorite movie.
 Negative statements:
I won’t be the clown for the party.
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She won’t wait for you downstairs.
He won’t go to the bank.
I won’t write to you every day.
They won’t take us to the airport.
 Yes/ no questions:
Will he go to the bank?
Will you take us to the park?
Will you eat pizza every day?
Will she drive to the airport?
Will I write to you every day?
Where will she park the car?
When will he eat lasagna?
How will you do on the exam?
Who will win the marathon?
What will happen in the movie?
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New cities
When you move to a new city, you feel
sad, but I can’t say this because I never
move to a new city, but I move to a new
city, at first, I may be happy because I
might meet new people, but I may be sad
because I’ll miss my old friends, and I
won’t stay at home alone. After move to a
new city, I might try to make new friends,
but I’ll keep in touch with my best friends.
My plan is: In Friday’s I’ll go parties, I’ll go
to the mall with friends… Of course I’ll
visit my old city every weekend, because I
may visit my old friends and family. I’ll
feel sad at the start, but as time goes by
I’ll get used to live alone.
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19.2 Meaning and Use:
Jnhhjh
 Do not use conteractions with may or might.
 We usually use might in information questions.
 May and Might often have the same meaning. We use both for present and future
possibility.
 May and might are modal verbs. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs.
19.3 Form:
Subject May Base form of verb Complement

I Eat A breakfast of burger King.
You M Run A marathon.
She A Jump The rope.
He y Buy A house.
We give A car for my father.
Subject Might Base form of Complement

verb
I M Bring My dog for an experiment.
You I Fall Down.
She G Show Their favorite series and movie.
He H Read The book Kidnapped.
We T Drink Beer with friends.
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Subject May Not Base form of verb Complement

I Do The homework.
You M N drink Soda and beer.
She A O Run A marathon.
He Y T count The stars.
We Make The experiment.
Subject Might Not Base form of verb Complement

I M Write My own book.
You I N read My book.
She G O cook Pizza.
He H T Buy A computer.
We T show Our experiment.
Will Subject Base form of verb Complement

Will I do My homework?
Will You finish The pages?
Will She cook Pasta?
Will He make The experiment?
Will They clean The class?
 Information questions?
WH-Word Might Base form of verb Complement

Who M come Tonight?
Who I Cook Today?
What G happen In the movie?
Who H clean My room?
Who T do The experiment?
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19.4 Examples:
I may go to the restroom.

She might do the homework.
He may run the entire park.
They might cook.
We may bake cookies.
I may not go to the restroom.
She might not do the homework.
He may not run the entire park.
They might not cook rice.
We may not bake cookies.
 Yes/no questions:
Will you call me in the night?
Am I going to cut the pictures?
Will she do the homework?
Are we going to sew gloves?
Will they take a photo?
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What might happen in the movie?
Who might sew the gloves?
Who might clean my room?
Who might cook tonight?
Who might bake cakes?
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 Can and could are modal verbs.

 Like all modals, can and could come before the base form of verb. They also
have the same form with all subjects.
 Use can with a present ability.
 Use could to a past ability
20.3 Form:
Subject Can Base form of verb Complement

I Drive A car.
You C Cook Pizza.
He A Eat Lasagna and chicken.
She N Play The guitar.
We Ride A bike.
Subject Could Base form of Complement:

verb
I C Ride A bike.
You O Know The vowels.
He U Write His name.
She L Make Additions.
We D Ride A car.
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Subject Can’t Base form of Complement

verb
I Can’t drive A car.
You Can’t cook Pizza.
He Can’t make Algebra.
She Can’t write A book.
We Can’t play The piano.
Subject Couldn’t Base form of verb Complement

I Couldn’t Bake Cakes.
You Couldn’t Make Algebra.
He Couldn’t Ride A bike.
She Couldn’t Know The alphabet.
We Couldn’t sew Gloves.
Can Subject Base form of Complement

verb
You Go To the park?
C She make Experiments?
A He sew Gloves?
N We walk Around the park?
They buy Burritos?
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Could Subject Base form of verb Complement
Could I tell Jokes?
Could You Speak French?
Could He Make New friends?
Could She ride A bike?
Could We sing A song?
Wh-word Can Subject Base form of verb Complement

What you Do Tomorrow?
What C I Cook Tonight?
What A She sew For the gift?
What N He buy For Christmas?
What They play In the recess?
Wh- word Could Subject Base form of Complement

verb
When C you come To the mall?
What O He buy In the store?
When U She drive In the night?
What L They do In the school?
When D We walk The park?
20.4 Examples
I could tell jokes.

You can work in group.
She could read a book.
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He can run a marathon.
They could do the homework.
I can’t tell jokes.
You couldn’t work in group.
She can’t read a book.
He couldn’t run a marathon.
They can’t do the homework.
Can you cook pasta?
Could she read a complete book?
Can he run a marathon?
Could he sew?
Can we sing?
What can you cook tonight?
What could you read?
When could she run the entire park?
When could we sew the gloves?
What could they sing?
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Asking permission to his boss

-Hello, good morning, Mrs. Job
-Hi, Juan good morning, how are you, today?
-I’m fine, thanks and you?
-I’m good thanks…
-May I ask something?
-Yes, you may ask.
-May I please leave job early?
-Mmm… Yes, you may, Why do you want leave early?
-Because my wife is sick, and I may help her.
-Sorry, Do you finish the work?
-Yes, I do.
-Ok, bye, see you later…
-Ok, bye, have a good day.
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Modals of request: (can, could, will, would)
 We generally use modals of request in questions with you.

 Could and would are less common in short answers.
 The short answer I won’t can sound angry and impolite.
Modals of permission: (can, could, may)
 We generally use modals of permission with I or we.

 Use can and may in statements. Do not use could.
 Do not use could in short answers.
 There is no contracted form of may not.
21.3 Forms:
 Modals of request:
Modal Subject Base form of verb Complement

Can Explain That?
Could Y Leave Early at the work?
Will O Teach Me to play chess?
Would U Close The window, please?
Can Give Us a ride?
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 Short answers:
Yes/no Subject Can/will

Yes I Can.
No I Won’t
Yes I Will.
No I Can’t
Yes I Can.
 Modals of permission:
Subject Can/may Base form of Complement

verb
Can sit Here.
Y May play Soccer.
O Can draw Frogs and butterflies.
U May teach To play chess.
Can tell A poem.
Subject Can/ may + Base form of verb Complement

not
Can’t Sit Here.
Y May not Play Soccer.
O Can’t Draw Frogs and butterflies.
U May not Teach To play chess.
May not tell A poem.
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Modal Subject Base form of Complement

verb
Can I sit Here?
Could We borrow Your car?
May I take This chair?
Could We play Outside?
May I see The newspaper, please?
 Short Answers:
Yes/no Subject Can/may

No you Can’t.
Yes You may
No you May not
Yes you Can.
No you May not.
Wh-word modal Subject Base form of complement

verb
What Can we call You?
Where May I park The car?
When Could We visit You?
What Can I cook Tonight?
Where may We buy The gift?
21.4 Examples:
 Modals of request:
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Can you describe your house?
Yes, I can.
Could you tell a joke?
No, I won’t.
Will you take out the trash?
No, I won’t.
Would you please close the door?
Yes, I can.
Can you take the test tomorrow?
Yes, I can.
 Modals of permission:
You can draw a butterfly.

You may cook the dinner.
You can sew gloves.
You may sit here.
You can park here.
You can’t draw a butterfly.
You may not cook the dinner.
You can’t sew gloves.
You may not sit here.
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You can’t park here.
Could I borrow your car?
Can I park here?
May I draw a frog?
Could we play soccer?
Can we fly around the school?
 Short answers:
No, I can’t
Yes, I can.
Yes, I may.
No, I can’t.
Yes, I can.
 Information questions?
What can I call you?
Where may we park the car?
When could I visit you?
What can we sew for the mother’s day?
When may we make algebra problems?
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I remember going to the British Museum one day

to read up the treatment for some slight ailment of
which I had a touch. I read all I came to read and
then I began to study diseases, generally, turning
the leaves idly.
I came to typhoid fever, read the symptoms and

discovered I must have had it for months without
knowing it. Cholera I had with severe
complications and diphtheria I must have been
born with. I was relieved to find that Bright’s
disease I had only in a modified form and, so far
as that was concerned, I might live for years. The
only disease I could conclude I had not got was
housemaid’s knee.
I sat and pondered. I thought what an interesting

case I must be from a medical point of view. I was
hospital in myself. All students need do would be
to walk round me and after that take their
diploma.
I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart.

I think now that it must have been there all the
time, and must have been beating, but cannot
account for it.
I had walked into that reading-room a happy,

healthy man; I crawled out a decrepit wreck.
(After "Three Men in a Boat" )

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ng and
 use
Should/must:
 They also have the same form with all subjects.
 The form mustn’t is not very common in American English.
 In questions, is more common have to than must.
 Use should to give advice.
 Use must to expressing necessity.
 Have to:
 It is not a true modal.
 Have to has no contracted form.
 We use do with have to in negative statements and questions.
 Have to usually replace must in questions.
 Use have to to expressing necessity, and don’t/doesn’t have to use to
Expressing lack of necessity.
22.3 Form:
 Should/must:
Subject Should/must Base form of verbs Complement

I Must Eat Vegetables.
You Should study To the math exam.
He Must make Exercise.
She Should talk In English.
They must cook Salads.
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Subject Should/must + not Base form of Complement

verb
I Shouldn’t eat Vegetables.
You Must not study To the math exam.
He Shouldn’t make Exercises.
She Must not talk In English.
They Shouldn’t Cook Salads.
Should Subject Base form of Complement

verb
Should I eat Vegetables?
Should She study To math exam?
Should We make Exercises?
Should I cook Salads?
Should She talk In French?
Wh-word Should Subject Base form of verb

What Should I Eat?
What Should She Study?
What Should I Draw?
What Should She Cook?
What should I Talk?
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 Have to:
Subject Have to Base form of verb Complement

I Have to Leave Early.
You Have to work In group.
He Has to Make 10 math problems.
She Has to pay Taxes.
We Have to Eat Salads.
Subject Do/does + not Have to Base form of Complement

verb
I Don’t Have to leave Early.
You Don’t Have to work In group.
He Doesn’t Have to Make 10 problems.
She Doesn’t Have to pay Taxes.
We Don’t Have to Eat Salads.
Do/does Subject Have to Base form of verb

Do I Have to Leave?
Does She Have to Work?
Do I Have to Sew?
Does She Have to Eat?
Do I Have to Jump?
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Wh-word Do/does Subject Have to Base form of verb

When Do We Have to Study?
What Does She Have to Cook?
When Does She Have to Clean?
What Do We Have to Write?
When Do We Have to Talk?
22.4 Examples:
 To give advice:
You should eat fruits and vegetables.

She should go to the park.
He should make new friends.
She should forget the bad moments.
He should study for the final exam.
 Expressing Necessity:
She has to sleep more than 8 hours.
He has to leave to the mall.
She must ask what she doesn’t understand.
I have to make my homework.
We must buy cereals, milk and juice.
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 Expressing lack of necessity:
She doesn’t have to go to the mall.
I don’t have to bake the cake.
We don’t have to talk about America.
He doesn’t have to buy food.
They don’t have to sing this song.
 To show prohibition:
He must no go to the restroom in classes.
She must no laugh in class with Marco.
I must no play in the recess.
He must no eat pizza and donuts.
She must no buy bad food.
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Nathalie’s birthday
Nathalie’s family celebrates her birthday every
year, but in her family in more common that they
went to a restaurant. Her family that live in the
United States send gifts to her. When I went to her
birthday party, the family divides the cake and we
sang the song “Happy birthday” to her. In their
family no birthday is special. When I invited to my
birthday party to her, she gave a gift to me, it’s the
same with the birthday party of Julie, she gave a
gift to her.
Nathalie’s birthday party was so good, because
their mom make popcorn, ice cream, and candies
for us.
48
 Object pronouns:
 Replaces a noun in the object position.
 When talking about a pair or group that includes you, mention yourself
last.
 Verbs with direct objects:

 A direct object is a person or a thing that receives the action of a verb.
 Some verbs have a direct object.
 A direct object follows a verb.
 Verbs with direct and indirect objects:

 An indirect object is a person who recives the direct object.
23.3 Forms:
Subject Verb Direct object

People Make Special drink.
My mom cook Special food.
My dad buy Cards and gifts.
My sister send Clothes and food.
I send Cards.
49
 Verbs with direct and indirect object:
Subject verb Direct object To/for Indirect object

I make An special for My friends.
drink
My dad cook Special food for Us.
My clean The house To Me.
mom
My buy An apple for Her.
sister
My say The to Us
teacher homework
Subject verb Indirect object Direct object

I make My friends. An special drink
My dad cook Us. Special food
My clean Me. The house
mom
My buy Her. An apple
sister
My say Us The homework
teacher
23.4 Examples:
 Object pronouns:
I helped my sister. She thanked me.

They are outside. I’ll get them.
She is a singer. I admire her.
He is a dancer. I love it.
Melanie talks to him and me.
50
My son makes a special drawing.
My mother cooks a cake.
Some people send cards and gifts.
My sister buys candies and ice cream.
She gave a gift.
 Verbs with direct and indirect objects:

My son makes a special drawing for me.
My mother cooks her cake.
Some people send cards and gifts to us.
My sister buys them candies and ice cream.
She gave a gift to her.
51
52
 Verb +Infinitive
 To form the infinitive, add to to the base form of a verb.
 Infinitives can follow many verbs:
Decide expect hope learn
Need plan want agree
 Verb + Gerund
av  To form the gerund, add –ing to the base form of verb.
 Gerunds can follow many verbs:
Avoid discuss dislike enjoy
Finish keep practice
 Verb + Infinitive/Gerund:
 We can use some verbs with either the gerund or the infinitive.
Begin like love hate
Prefer start try
53
24.3 Form:
 Verb + Infinitive:
Subject Verb Infinitive Complement

I Learn To talk French and English.
You Need To carry An ID.
You Plan To do The homework.
They want To go At the zoo.
We agree To buy Fruits and vegetables
 Verb + Gerund
Subject Verb gerund complement

I Avoid watching Movies of scary.
You Discuss having Problems.
We Dislike Doing Experiments.
They enjoy working In group.
You keep Coming Late.
 Verb Infinitive + Gerunds
Subject Verb Infinitive/gerunds complement

I Begin Learning The piano.
You Hate To discuss With my friends.
He Loves avoiding Every moment.
We Like To practice Math.
They try To tell Jokes.
24.4 Examples:
 Verb + Infinitive:
I decide to do my homework.
I expect to live in the Unites Statements.
54
I hope to cook for the dinner.
I learn to write paragraph in French.
 Verb + Gerund:
I dislike having problems:
I enjoy sleeping.
I finished writing my book.
You keep coming back.
You practice baking cakes.
 Verb Infinitive + Gerunds:
She began talking in English.
I like to practice math.
I love avoiding the problems.
I hate to discuss with a friend.
I try to make the people laught.
55
Glossary:
Added: To unite or join so as to bring about an increase.

Although: In spite of the fact that; even though.
Arise: To get up from sitting, lying, or kneeling.
Arrived: To come, to be present.
Been: (be) to exist, or live.
Began: (begin) to come into existence.
Bind: to fasten or tie (something) with a string, rope, etc…
Bleed: to lose or discharge blood.
Careful: Cautious in one’s actions.
Chest: a box, usually with a lid, for storage, safekeeping of valuables,
shipping, etc…
Chimney: A structure containing a passage by which the smoke.
Cleverly: Mentally bright, having quick intelligence.
Creep: To move slowly with the body close to the ground, on hands and
knees.
Disappeared: To cease to be seen; vanish from sight.
Far: At or to a great distance or remote point.
Fear: A distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil, pain.
Fields: A piece of open or cleared land.
Find: to recover.
Forgive: To grant pardon for (an offense).
Frightened: Afraid, scare, terrifying.
Gun: a weapon consisting of a metal tube from which projectiles are
shot by the force of an explosive.
56
Grow: To increase size, with a natural process.
Hang: To fasten (a thing) so that it is supported only above or near it’s
own top.
Hope: a feeling that events will turn out well.
Hopeful: Causing a feeling of hope.
Kindly: Having, showing, or proceeding from a kind disposition.
Knocked: To strike a blow that makes noise, as in a seeking admittance,
calling attention, or giving signal.
Lay: To put or place in a position that is flat; set down.
Leached: To dissolve out soluble constituents.
Lifted: To move or bring from a lower to a higher position.
Midday: The middle of the day.
Murder: The unlawful killing of a person.
Nephew: A son of one’s brother or sister.
Northwards: Towards the north.
Often: Many times, frequently, on numerous occasions.
Owner: a person who owns; possessor; proprietor.
Plaid: A fabric woven of differently colored yarns in a cross-barred
pattern.
Poor: Having a little or no money or means support.
Porridge: A thick cereal made of oatmeal boiled in water or milk.
Proud: Feeling pleasure or satisfaction over something thought of as
bringing credit or honor to oneself.
Prove: To establish the truth, genuineness, or validity of, as by evidence.
57
I thanked to teacher, because I can memorize best the structures, and
the meaning and use of the themes, but this work take a lot of time, but
in my gust is so good to improve our English.
Also I can improve my vocabulary, because I meet new words and
phrases, and I meet the use of a lot of things that I didn’t know.
Also I think that this work, help me in a lot of things, like: in my form
when I express, or for do no say bad words.
58
59
60
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/articles/
http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/TheH
ouse.htm
Author:
Cheryl Pavlik
Editorial:
Oxford
Edition:
2015
Book:
Grammar Sense 1B
61
I learned about this investigations, is that we can use going to
expressing future plans, make predictions, and expressing less certain
plans and predictions.
Also I learned that we can use will to make predictions and promises,
like may and might.
We can use may or might to talk about present or future possibility, and
use may or might when something is possible, but no certain. If you are
certain about the future, use will or be going to.
Also I learned that, I use can to a present ability and could to a past
ability; and use can and could to modals of request.
Use may for a formal conversation.
To express a necessity use have to, to give advice use should and to
expressing lack of necessity use do/does have to.
The form mustn’t is not very common in American English.
In questions have to, is more common than must.
62

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14.

 Use a/an before a singular count noun

 The definite article is the.

The Plural Count Noun

The Noncount Noun

 Quantity expressions can come before plural count nouns and

 Use no to affirmative statements and any to negative statements.

 It is not necessary to repeat the noun in the answer to the questions

 A lot of shortens to a lot when we use it without a noun.

Quantity Expressions Plural Count NOun

Quantity Expressions Plural Count Noun

Quantity Expressions Noncount Noun

Quantity Expressions Plural count noun

 Information Questions with How many and How Much

How many Plural noun count

How much Noncount noun

Small towns no have much traffic.

The Smiths' House

 Use there is with a singular count noun.

Do not use no and not in the same

 Singular affirmative statements:

There is Noun phrase Complement

 Singular Negative statements:

There is + not Noun phrase Complement

There are Noun phrase Complement

 Plural negative statements:

There aren’t Noun phrase Complement

Is/Are There Noun phrase Complement

Yes/ no There is/ there are

 Questions about Quantity with How much and How many:

How Noun Is/Are There Complement

 Plural affirmative statements:

 Plural negative statements:

 Going to is used to expressing future plans, making predictions and

 Do not use contractions with affirmative short answers.

Subject Be Going to Base form of Complement

Subject Be Not Going to Base form of verb Complement

Be Subject Going to Base form of Complement

 Yes /No Answers:

Wh- Word Be Subject Going to Base of verb Complement

How am I Going to Help At the teachers?

Things to do before the year 2016

 Use the same form of will with every subject.

 We usually use the contraction of will.

 When we use who or what, do not use a subject pronoun.

Subject Will Base form of verb Complement

Subject Won’t Base form of Complement

Will Subject Base form of Complement

Wh- Word Will Subject Base form of Complement

He will take us to the airport.

 We usually use might in information questions.

Subject May Base form of verb Complement

Subject Might Base form of Complement

Subject May Not Base form of verb Complement

Subject Might Not Base form of verb Complement

Will Subject Base form of verb Complement

WH-Word Might Base form of verb Complement

I may go to the restroom.

 Can and could are modal verbs.

Subject Can Base form of verb Complement

Subject Could Base form of Complement:

Subject Can’t Base form of Complement

Subject Couldn’t Base form of verb Complement