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CHAPTER 1

1. With examples, differentiate the definitions of tourist, excursionist, inbound tourist, outbound tourist, and explain
the definition of tourism, inbound tourism and outbound tourism. Who are travelers which cannot be included in
tourism statistics?
 Tourists who are visitors staying away from home for one or more nights for any main purpose: holidays,
leisure and recreation, business, health, education or other purposes
 Excursionist is same day visitors, also known as tourist day visitors spending at least 3 hours away from
home outside their usual environment for general leisure, recreational and social purposes. Many are
residents of an area.
 Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.
 Inbound tourism is an activity of hosting inbound tourist coming in to Malaysia. A visit/travel to a country
by non-residents of that country.
 Outbound tourism is activity of preparing tourist for travel overseas. A visit/travel by the residents of a
country to other countries.
 Other Travellers - Cannot be included in tourism statistics
i. Travelling inside usual environment
 Commuters
 Border Workers
 Direct vicinity travellers
ii. Changing place of residence
 Long-term migrants
 Persons moving to another place inside their country of residence (12months)
iii. No fixed place of residence
 Nomads
 Wanderers
 Refugees
iv. Travelling to places from which they are remunerated
 Short-term migrants (12months)
 Seasonal workers
 Lecturers
 Artists
 Maids
v. Others excluded by convention
 Diplomats
 Consular
 Representatives
 Prisoners
 Armed forces members
 Transit passengers

2. Discuss to roles of ASEAN and WTO (World Tourism Organisation) in tourism development.
ASEAN
 To cooperate in facilitating travel into and within ASEAN
 To enhance cooperation in the tourism industry among ASEAN member states to improve its efficiency
and competitiveness
 To substantially reduce restrictions in trade in tourism and travel services among ASEAN member states
 To establish an integrated network of tourism and travel services to maximise the complementary nature
of the region’s tourist attractions;
 To enhance the development and promotion of ASEAN as a single tourism destination with world-class
standards, facilities and attractions
WTO

 IMPROVING tourism competitiveness - Tourism Market Trends, Statistics, Crisis Management


 PROMOTING sustainable tourism development - Climate Change, Sustainability, Biodiversity
 ADVANCING tourism's Contribution to Poverty Reduction and Development
 FOSTERING Knowledge, Education, Capacity Building

CHAPTER 2
1. With examples discuss the concept of tourism carrying capacity and Doxey Irritation Index

The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction
at the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors’
satisfaction.

Types – Ecological systems, Physical structure, Economic structure, Political administration, Visitor satisfaction,
Community tolerance

Euphoria

 Sense of excitement and anticipation


 Informal contact with tourists
 Small number of tourists.
 Tourists want to merge with hosts.
 Host community welcome tourism.
 Limited commercial activity.

Apathy

 Lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern


 Formalised relationship between host and tourists.
 Visitors number increases.
 Visitors taken for granted.
 Tourism seen as a source of income and investment
 Locals begin to take advantage of visitors

Irritation

 Significantly growth in tourist number.


 Local concerned about tourism.
 Industry is nearing saturation
 Increased competition for resources between tourists and residents.
 Locals are annoyed by number of visitors taking advantage of their town

Antagonism

 Open hostile from locals.


 Locals are more vocal about dislike for tourist
 Attempts to limit damage and flow of tourism.
 Tourists are blamed for all negative occurrences
 Tourist seen as the cause of the problem
2. With Examples discuss the Tourism Destination Life Cycle Model
i. EXPLORATION - a few hardy and adventurous people looking for something different in a holiday find a
place that is special in terms of its culture, natural beauty, history or landscape. There may be no tourist
services available and local people will not be involved in tourist money making activities.

ii. INVOLVEMENT - local people start to notice that there are increasing numbers of people coming to their
local area. They start businesses to provide accommodation, food, guides, and transport.

iii. DEVELOPMENT - big companies start to see the emerging potential of the area as a tourist resort and
therefore start to invest money in the region. They build large hotel complexes and sell package holidays
(a package might include travel, accommodation, food and excursions). This makes the numbers of
tourists swell dramatically and massively expands the number of job opportunities for people in the local
region, in both tourist related jobs and in construction and services.

iv. CONSOLIDATION - local economy is probably dominated by tourism at this stage, and many local people
will make their money from this type of industry. However, this can remove people from other industries
such as farming and fishing and these industries can suffer as a result. There will be continued building
and expansion of the resort BUT some of the older buildings will start to become unattractive and a lower
quality client base might result.

v. STAGNATION - competition from other resorts, rowdiness and a loss of the original features (e.g. if it had
a great beach but that is now crowded and full of rubbish) can cause the resort to stop growing. The
number of people going levels off then starts to decline, threatening local businesses and services.

vi. DECLINE OR REJUVENATION? from the stagnation point onwards there are 2 basic possibilities: Decline
in various forms or rejuvenation (regrowth of the resort) Decline can be slow or rapid, and regular visitors
are replaced by people seeking a cheap break or day trippers. Rejuvenation involves a cash injection from
either a private company or the government, to create a new attraction within the original resort to boost
its popularity - such as the Pleasure Beach at Blackpool.

CHAPTER 3
1. How do you categorise tourism product and services in Malaysia. Please give appropriate examples. Taking
climbing Mount Kinabalu as an example, elaborate its aspect in term of core product, supporting product and
augmented product.
a. Tourism Oriented Product
b. Resident Oriented Product
c. Background Tourist Element
d. Retrievable Tourism Product
 Core Product – central motive and reason to visit
 Supporting Product – additional features to create optimum experience
 Augmented Product – creating the desired atmosphere and ambience

2. Research shows that Malaysia lacks cultural attractions for the tourists. With examples discuss your understanding
of cultural attractions? How do you think the cultural attractions in Malaysia could be enhanced?
 Preservation and conservation
 Establishing cultural village and include it in tourism package
 Incorporating cultural features and include in cultural shows
 Promoting strategy
 Homestay tourism
CHAPTER 4
1. Choose one tourism destination and discuss how does the destination groups its tourism products
 Natural tourism
 Man-made tourism
 Symbiotic tourism
 Event-based tourism
 Site-based tourism

2. Explain the difference between Ministry of Tourism and Tourism Malaysia


a. MINISTRY OF TOURISM AND CULTURE (MOTAC)
Responsible for tourism, culture, archives, library, museum, heritage arts, handicraft, visual arts, exhibition
and many more. MOTAC work as facilitator to ensure economic growth in tourism.
 They also encourage public and private sector to invest in tourism.
 They also offer:
 Tourism Development Infrastructure Fund (loans)
 Special Tourism Fund with SME Bank
 Tax exempting from LHDN
 Programmed:
 Voluntourism–Preserving and keeping the environment clean and green, especially vocation spot.
 Malaysia My Second Home – scheme that allowing foreigners to live on a long-stay visa
 MOTAC responsible to give licenses for travel agency, tourist guide, excursion buses/hire drive car and
tourism training institute. They can apply their license on the official site.
 MOTAC also coordinate, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of tourism activities and project.

b. MALAYSIA TOURISM PROMOTION BOARD - TOURISM MALAYSIA


Is an agency under MOTAC that focus on promoting Malaysia at both domestic and international levels.
The objectives is to promote Malaysia as outstanding tourist destination.
 They set up many offices overseas, including 13 state office entire Malaysia, and 22 tourist information
centers that provide information about Malaysia.
 Tourist can reach them through the official site with list of photography, videos, posters, article and
brochures.
 This agency responsible to increase foreign tourist arrivals with campaigns, events, festivals, and
exhibition. “Malaysia, Truly Asia” is a campaign by this agency to defines the essence of Malaysia unique
diversity.
 “Visit Malaysia Year” (VMY) has been organized – 1990, 1994, 2007, 2014, 2017 and 2020– with various
of events, festivals, and activities. This can increase the number of tourist to visit Malaysia.
 Other campaigns such as “Cuti-cuti 1Malaysia Dekat Je” and “Year of Festivals”.
 Tourism Malaysia also responsible to assist and promote travel package on their website. Travel agent can
sing up and they tourism product will be listed.
 This agency also recommends MOTAC type of program to stimulate Malaysia tourism industry.
CHAPTER 5
1. Choose 1 boutique hotels and discuss the operations of the hotel (no of rooms, restaurants, spa and other facilities
and services at the hotel).

 Boutique hotels are characterized by their intimate atmosphere and idiosyncratic style. They distinguish
themselves from larger chain hotels by offering personalized attention and styled accommodations which play
on a motif.” – USA Today
 A Boutique Hotel is a small and intimate hotel, helt in a stylish design decor with a personal note. It has a
unique character and distinguishes itself from other hotel brands. It it true to its heritage, it provides guests
with great and ultra-personalized service and is typically situated in a fashionable urban location (Hotel
Management Company - Hospitality Group - Xotels Ltd., n.d.)
 A boutique hotel is an intimate, design-led property which distinguishes itself from larger chain/branded
hotels by providing guests with ultra-personalized service and accommodation. But more than that, there’s a
unique set of characteristics that define a boutique hotel (Veesko, n.d.)

KAPITAN KONGSI HOTEL


The hotel is nostalgically house in Porto Historia. Is a modern built architecture masterpiece inspired from the late
"Straits" Eclectic Style between 1910's to 1940's. Come discover the rich story reach back over hundreds of years
when you stay with us. Historically magical, always a pleasant surprise.
Location - No.53 Jalan KLJ 10, Taman Kota Laksamana Jaya, Melaka
Hotel’s Theme - A fusion of Peranakan and retro-classic design

2. Choose one unique restaurant in Klang Valley and discuss the operations of the restaurants (type of food, menu,
decorations and other services)
DINING IN THE DARK
 First total darkness restaurant in Malaysia
 Changkat, Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur
 Offer a complete 4-course dinner in a pitch black room
 Standard dining duration – 90 minutes
 Western + local cuisine

 Design Concept - Your own space to create that unique design you desire—It is all in your marvelous
imagination, because there is no light to influence you. “The absence of light lets your brilliant self-shines so
bright”
 Venue Type - A cosy yet exquisite ambience set out for you whilst you explore the remarkable experience of
DINING IN THE DARK.
 Cuisine - The Surprise Menus are designed to bring you through a marvelous gastronomic journey, where the
true flavors and tastes of food have not been influenced by your sight. No, the darkness does not mean we
compromise on your fine taste, NEVER!
 Total Seating - 58 people
 How We Serve ?
Guided by our “Darkness Experts”, all you have to do is relax and trust. Then, enjoy (and maybe wonder, guess,
even speculate) the great tasting food specially designed by Werner and team. Our service staff consists of
visually impaired and blind persons who lead their daily life without or with minimal light.
CHAPTER 6
1. Discuss the possible factors to the downfall of Malaysian Airlines and the success of AirAsia in aviation industry in
Malaysia. Discuss the challenges faced by air transport in general.
DOWNFALL
 In the beginning of 2011, MAS losses large capital in terms of cutting route to prominent but unprofitable
and long-haul destination.
 Fierce competition among another airlines company.
 Missing of MH370 and the crash of MH17 - pay compensation, consume a lot of fuel, cost of searching.
 Debt incurred by MAS - 25 new aircraft and set up several centers in the airport.
 Restructuring internal management.

SUCCESS

 Low cost airlines in South East Asia since 2001 and allowed more Malaysians especially the younger
generation to travel abroad and see the world.
 The operation for the short and long haul are handled by AirAsia and AirAsia X Sdn Bhd.
 Engaging e-commerce strategy - user-friendly website interface and allows travelers to book and print
flight ticket anytime and also introduce online check in services.
 Serve the customer right.
 Create complementary business opportunities - provide necessary services.
 Good in managing and handling crisis.

CHALLENGES

 Safety in the air.


 Renewable energy sources.
 Finding staff.
 Improving in flight connectivity.
 Improving efficiency to avoid the airport become congested.
 Ensuring security.
 Being exposed to crisis or accident.

2. Discuss the various transports used in tourism including their historical context.
The development of tourism depends on the transport industry. A tourist always think of safe, comfortable and
convenient mode of transport. However, cost and time are also important considerations while deciding on the
mode of travel. From the advent of human civilization, transportations have seen to be changing, according to the
development of advanced technology.

There are four types of transports used in tourism, such as:


 Road Transport
 Water Transport
 Rail Transport
 Air Transport

Transportations in Tourism and Their Historical Context


 The revolution in tourist transport was associated and took place with adjustment of its resources,
infrastructure and organization to changing needs that had arisen relating to changing preferences in
terms of tourist services.
 In the 19th century, the widespread use of the steam engine made travel by rail and steamships popular.
Later on, followed by the invention of the gasoline engine- development of hard surface roads- motorized
tourism.
 20th century, development of air transport.
 21st century, development of space transport.
 The history of tourist transport can be explained after the year 1769 and was divided into the following
phases or periods:
 From 1769 to 1879- the steam engine phase
 From 1879 to 1945- electricity and the internal combustion engine phase.
 From 1945 to the present- the jet phase

Tourist Transport between 1769-1879


 1st phase in the history of tourist transport was commenced by Watt’s steam engine invention in 1769.
 The invention of the steam engine : invention of steam cars (extremely heavy and noisy, resembling road
rollers, thus not suitable for passenger transport.)
 Implementation of the steam engine in steamboats was of more importance for tourist transport.
 In 1801-1802, William Symington built and tested “Charlotte Dundas”, 1st fully practical steamboat for
inland navigation- did not meet expectations.
 1st Quarter of 19th century, creation of efficient rail transports.

Tourist Transport between 1769-1879


 Development of railway transport accompanied by continuous progress in the improvement of rolling
stock, routes, and traffic safety equipment.
 The first phase in the history of tourist transport was characterized by an overall increased in travel and
leisure. Plus, mainly, steamships and railway dominated the development of tourism in that period,
enabled tourist transport.

Tourist Transport between 1879-1945


 The 2nd phase- commenced in 1879.
 31st May 1879, 1st electric train debuted at the Berlin Trades Exposition.
 In 1881, the electric railway had been built along 2.5 distance near Berlin and 2 years later, railway
between Burgdorf and Thun in Switzerland was electrified.
 In the 2nd ½ of the 19th century- expansion of passenger transport in urban areas, initially with horse
trams, followed by electric and underground subway in large cities.
 1888, Burgenstockbahn, Europe’s 1st electric cable car, was created.

Tourist Transport between 1879-1945


 The history of the car began at the 1889 Paris Exposition- the Daimler Company exhibited a 700 RPM two-
cylinder engine. Cars had not been made popular until wheels were supplied with tyres.
 Car transport relieved rail transport. Provides door to door transportation.
 2nd ½ of the 19th century- important period for maritime transport. Cruise packages, transatlantic lines
played an important role in tourist transport then.
 The construction and opening of channels such as the Suez Canal, the Corinth Canal and Kiel Canal
significantly affected passenger transport.
 The early 20th century- birth of aviation. In 1903, Wright brothers gave a new dimension to air travel.
 Air tourism started in 1918 and 1919, with intro of Paris-Brussels routes.

Tourist Transport after World War II


 Mass travel.
 1952- TOUROPA, a German Company, launched the 1st holiday express train- from Lucerne to Innsbruck.
 1953, 1st specialist Vickers Viking aircraft had been designed. It was a 36 seat twin-engine airliner- took
tourists on two-days tours with a stopover in Lyon, Barcelona, Madrid and etc.
 1954, British built jets.
 1956, the beginning of jet aircraft era.
 1964, turbojet and turboprop planes flew almost exclusively on long- and medium-range routes.
 The exact period of the development of mass airline tourism began- allowed for travel on global scale and
at a very high level of service.
 1976, further progress in air transport resulted in the creation of a supersonic passenger airliner-
Concorde. But, withdrawn in the year of 2003- cramped and uneconomical.

Tourist Transport after World War II


 1960-1980, harmful effects of tourist transports towards environment-conference in Stockholm- energy-
efficient and environmentally friendly transportations is recommended.
 Rail became the other transport mode in terms of speed. Fast train been born in France. Eg, Paris-Lyon
TGV train which reached maximum speed of 380 km/h on 27 September 1981.
 Water transport- Today’s water transport such as luxury yachts meet the standards of even a few star
hotel. The modern marine yacht is equipped with virtually everything that could be found in an elegant
hotel room, eg, kitchen, a satellite tv and etc.
 Road transport. Individualized (Car and Caravanning) and Collective (Buses and Rotels).
 Caravans or apartments on wheel- popular personalized transport for today. In England, these caravans
are known as motor homes or campers

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