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Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 946–951

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Effects of waste PET as coarse aggregate on the fresh and harden


properties of concrete
Md. Jahidul Islam a,⇑, Md. Salamah Meherier b, A.K.M. Rakinul Islam a
a
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur 1704, Bangladesh
b
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, EME 4222, Kelowna, BC V1V1VV7, Canada

h i g h l i g h t s

 PET aggregate concrete has better workability compare to natural aggregate concrete.
 Reduction of density is achievable with PET coarse aggregate in concrete.
 Relatively high compressive strength is attainable with PET aggregate concrete.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study investigates the effect of plastic as an alternative coarse aggregate on various fresh and harden
Received 23 February 2015 properties of concrete. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a thermoplastic polymer, is considered as an
Received in revised form 22 August 2016 alternative aggregate and replaced with natural coarse aggregate, such as brick chips. The PET aggregate
Accepted 28 August 2016
is obtained by shredding, melting and crushing the collected waste PET bottles. The primary focus of the
Available online 3 September 2016
work is to observe compressive strength and unit weight of PET aggregate concrete (PAC) along with their
workability in comparison with the natural aggregate concrete (NAC). With the increase in PET replace-
Keywords:
ment ratio and w/c ratio lower unit weights and compressive strengths are observed for PAC compare to
Polyethylene terephthalate
Coarse aggregate
NAC. Compressive strength for 20% PET replaced PAC at 0.42 w/c ratio is 30.3 MPa which is only 9% less
Compressive strength than the NAC. However, PAC has significantly high workability as 1.8 cm slump value is observed for 20%
Unit weight PET replaced PAC at 0.42 w/c ratio. Therefore, PET replaced concrete with low w/c ratio and high
Workability workability can be used for structural concrete member.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction 2010–2011, Bangladesh consumed 0.75 million tons of polymer


and recycled plastic waste. Per capita consumption of plastic
Due to increase in production of day to day disposal goods, products of the nation is 3.6 kg/year which is lower than the global
waste disposal management has become a major environmental average of 20 kg/year.
issue in the world. Lack of proper waste disposal management Plastics based on polymers can be broadly classified into two
causes environmental pollution and may cause detrimental effects categories, thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic. Thermoplas-
on soil. Among all of the waste materials, plastic based waste tics, such as polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene
materials are filling a significant portion of landfill spaces as they (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and high density polyethy-
are not easily degraded or decomposed [1]. Plastic materials con- lene (HDPE), can be melted through heating and hardened by
sumption around the world increased from 5 million tons to about cooling [6]. On the other hand, thermosetting plastics cannot be
100 million tons during the year 1950–2001 [2]. In Western Eur- melted or softened through heating [7].
ope, about 23 million tons of waste plastic materials are generated Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a semi crystalline polymer
in a year [3] whereas the United States produced approximately 11 with high mechanical strength and toughness as well as hydrolytic,
million tons [4]. In Asia, China and India consume the maximum chemical and solvent resistance. It is widely used in packaging
number of plastic materials [5]. During the fiscal year of industries (i.e. pharmaceuticals and food products) and drinking
bottles production. It is also used as precision moldings for office
⇑ Corresponding author. and domestic appliances, automobile parts and electronic devices
E-mail addresses: mjislam@iut-dhaka.edu (M.J. Islam), smeherier@alumni.ubc. in the manufacturing process [8]. Because of the convenience
ca (M.S. Meherier), rakinislam.bd@gmail.com (A.K.M. Rakinul Islam). of using PET bottles, the demand is ever increasing. However,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.128
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M.J. Islam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 946–951 947

Table 1 Table 2
Chemical composition of PCC. Material properties of aggregates.

Components Percent (%) Description Materials


Calcium oxide (CaO) 55.17 Coarse Coarse Fine
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 22.14 aggregate–brick aggregate–PET aggregate–
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 6.36 sand
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 3.44
Specific gravity 2.33 1.58 2.43
Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 2.56
Water absorption 9.75 0.43 7.00
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.60
capacity (%)
Loss on ignition 2.31
Fineness modulus 6.86 6.70 1.74

managing these large amounts of plastic wastes becomes a major All of these studies concluded that the increase in volume
concern for the environment. As such, it has become a significant replacement of PET aggregates showed a declining trend in the
issue of minimizing and/or reusing these waste products in various compressive strength of the concrete regardless the consistency
applications. of the water-cement ratio. The major advantage of using waste
Application of waste PET bottles as various forms of filler mate- PET bottles as aggregates is the reduction of the self-weight of
rials in concrete have been explored, thus creating the opportuni- the concrete because of its low unit weight.
ties for reusing these waste materials in concrete. Researches have This study will examine the physical and mechanical properties
been conducted for using recycled PET as a binder in concrete, also of concrete with melted waste PET bottles as coarse aggregates.
known as polyester concrete or polymer concrete [9]. The polymer The novelty of this study is to use modified melted waste PET
concrete showed better resistance in compression and flexure aggregates instead of using untreated waste materials. As such,
compared to Portland cement concrete [10,11]. Fiber reinforced this research will attempt to suggest an option that not only stands
concrete with PET fibers from waste PET bottles has better control to improve or maintain the characteristics of the resulting concrete
on the plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete [12,13], as well as but also provides a reusing option for the waste PET bottles.
increases the resistance to durability properties, such as rapid
freeze-thaw and salt or sodium sulphate environment [14]. Plastic 2. Materials
shrinkage cracking is the dominant cause for reducing perfor-
mance in cement-based composites [15–17]. 2.1. Portland composite cement
Other options have been developed and adopted in reusing
waste PET bottles as aggregates in mortars and concrete compos- Portland composite cement (PCC) is the most commonly used
ites [18,19]. The majority of these studies related to reusing waste cementitious material for the concrete in Bangladesh, and hence,
PET bottles as a partial and/or full replacement of fine aggregate it has been used in the concrete mix design. It has a density of
(sand) in both mortar and concrete [1,20–29]. Vaverka [30] used 3.15 kg/m3 and 28 days compressive strength of 42.9 MPa. Chemi-
both high density polyethylene (HDPE) and PET in preparing cal analysis of the PCC was performed according to the ASTM C114
mortar having different sand (5–20% of the total sand volume) [34] standard test method and the percentage (weight basis) of
replacement ratio. major components are shown in Table 1.
On the other hand, very few studies have been incorporated
waste PET bottles as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate in 2.2. Sand
concrete mixtures [29,31,32]. Besides waste PET, other plastic
wastes such as HDPE, PE and PS have been used as aggregates in Natural river sand was used as fine aggregate (FA) in the con-
preparing various concrete composites [33]. crete mix. The sand was first washed to remove the dirt in it and

100 100
PCA
Brick CA
ASTM-Upper Limit
Cumulative Percent Passing (%)
Cumulative Percent Passing (%)

80 80 ASTM-Lower Limit

60 60

40 40

20 FA 20
ASTM-Upper Limit
ASTM-Lower Limit

0 0
0.1 1 10 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm) Sieve Size (mm)
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Grading size distribution of aggregates along with ASTM limits for (a) fine aggregate and (b) coarse aggregates.
948 M.J. Islam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 946–951

2.4. PET aggregate

Preparation of PET aggregates requires several steps. Firstly,


used PET bottles are collected through local vendor. These bottles
then pre-washed before passing through a shredder and trans-
formed into granular particles also known as post-consumer PET
flakes. PET flakes can also be directly collected from local recycling
plants. PET flakes are put into an oven with temperature ranging
between 280 °C and 320 °C, and melted PET are collected and
cooled to achieve solidified PET. The piles of PET are crushed using
a crushing machine to obtain desired size. The acquired aggregates
were relatively rounder in shape with smoother surface compare
to the crushed brick aggregates as shown in Fig. 2. Following the
ASTM C127 [37] and C136 [36] different tests were done to obtain
the physical properties of PET aggregate and these results are tab-
ulated in Table 2. The grade size distribution of the PET coarse
aggregates (PCA) was found to be similar to the brick coarse aggre-
gates as described in Fig. 1(b).

Fig. 2. PET coarse aggregate.


3. Mix design

To investigate the performance of PET aggregate on fresh and


then dried in an oven. Specific gravity, water absorption capacity
harden properties of concrete, five mixture types were selected
and fineness modulus of the sand was determined according to
where the natural coarse aggregates (brick chips) with PET coarse
standard testing procedures (ASTM C128 [35] and ASTM C136
aggregates (PCA) by 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% volume of coarse
[36]) and is given in Table 2. The grading size distribution analysis
aggregates. All the mixtures had same type of Portland composite
of the sand, as shown in Fig. 1(a), reveals the material to be partic-
cement (PCC) and river sand as fine aggregate in the concrete mix
ularly fine. Furthermore, it had high water absorption capacity of
design. Concrete mix design was carried out for three different
7%.
water-cement (w/c) ratios, and they were 0.42, 0.48, and 0.57.
The mix proportion for the concrete was conducted based on the
2.3. Brick coarse aggregate ACI Standard Practice ACI 291.1 for mixture proportioning (volume
basis) [38]. The resultant mix proportions of all the mixes by
Bricks were obtained from local brick fields and crushed into weight for one cubic meter volume of concrete are tabulated in
brick chips which were used as natural coarse aggregates in the the Table 3.
samples. These aggregates were angular in shape with rough sur-
faces. Physical properties, like specific gravity, water absorption
and fineness modulus of the brick chips were tested according to 4. Testing methods
ASTM C127 [37] and ASTM C136 [36] and summarized in Table 2.
As shown in Fig. 1(b), the grading size distribution of the brick Slump tests were also conducted for each category of the
chips is closer to the lower limit of the ASTM standard. Water samples in order to measure the workability of the fresh concrete.
absorption capacity of the brick coarse aggregate was significantly Six cylindrical specimens of 300 mm  150 mm dimensions were
high at 9.75%. prepared from fresh concrete mixtures for each mixture types.

Table 3
Mix design for 1 m3 of concrete.

Mixture Designationy Cement (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3) Fine aggregate (kg/m3) Brick coarse aggregate (kg/m3) PET coarse aggregate (kg/m3) W/C
NAC WC42P0 461.5 193.8 534.2 1024.0 0.0 0.42
20% PAC WC42P2 461.5 193.8 534.2 819.2 138.9 0.42
30% PAC WC42P3 461.5 193.8 534.2 716.8 208.3 0.42
40% PAC WC42P4 461.5 193.8 534.2 614.4 277.8 0.42
50% PAC WC42P5 461.5 193.8 534.2 512.0 347.2 0.42
NAC WC48P0 449.0 215.5 519.8 996.4 0.0 0.48
20% PAC WC48P2 449.0 215.5 519.8 797.1 135.1 0.48
30% PAC WC48P3 449.0 215.5 519.8 697.5 202.7 0.48
40% PAC WC48P4 449.0 215.5 519.8 597.8 270.3 0.48
50% PAC WC48P5 449.0 215.5 519.8 498.2 337.8 0.48
NAC WC57P0 431.6 246.0 499.6 957.7 0.0 0.57
20% PAC WC57P2 431.6 246.0 499.6 766.2 129.9 0.57
30% PAC WC57P3 431.6 246.0 499.6 670.4 194.8 0.57
40% PAC WC57P4 431.6 246.0 499.6 574.6 259.8 0.57
50% PAC WC57P5 431.6 246.0 499.6 478.8 324.7 0.57
y
WC42P0 = water-cement ratio 0.42, PCA replacement 0%; WC42P20 = water-cement ratio 0.42, PCA replacement 20%; WC42P30 = water-cement ratio 0.42, PCA replacement
30%; WC42P40 = PCA water-cement ratio 0.42, replacement 40%; WC42P50 = PCA water-cement ratio 0.42, replacement 50%; WC48P0 = water-cement ratio 0.48, PCA
replacement 0%; WC48P20 = water-cement ratio 0.48, PCA replacement 20%; WC48P30 = water-cement ratio 0.48, PCA replacement 30%; WC48P40 = PCA water-cement ratio
0.48, replacement 40%; WC48P50 = PCA water-cement ratio 0.48, replacement 50%.; WC57P0 = water-cement ratio 0.57, PCA replacement 0%; WC57P20 = water-cement ratio
0.57, PCA replacement 20%; WC57P30 = water-cement ratio 0.57, PCA replacement 30%; WC57P40 = PCA water-cement ratio 0.57, replacement 40%; WC57P50 = PCA water-
cement ratio 0.57, replacement 50%.
M.J. Islam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 946–951 949

20 36
Concrete Type
50% PAC
40% PAC
16 30% PAC 32
20% PAC Concrete Type

Compressive Strength (MPa)


NAC 50% PAC
40% PAC
12 28 30% PAC
Slump (cm)

20% PAC
NAC

8 24

4 20

0 16
0.4 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.6 0.4 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.6
W/C Ratio W/C Ratio
Fig. 3. Slump values for various concrete type. Fig. 5. Variation in compressive strength of concrete with w/c ratio.

resistance than the rough textured brick aggregates. Furthermore,


2200 the round shape of PCA provides less surface area and fewer voids
compare to the brick aggregates which leads to better workability.
Almost negligible water absorption capacity of PCA also con-
tributes in improving the workability of fresh concrete mixtures.
In the case of highest w/c ratio (= 0.57) for PAC, bleeding was
Concrete Type observed. Despite having this little drawback, it is expected that
2100 50% PAC for a desired slump value PCA will reduce the amount of used
40% PAC
Density (kg/m3)

water content and eliminate the use of water reducing agents. Thus
30% PAC it will help to achieve permissible compressive strength.
20% PAC
NAC
5.2. Density

Densities of the samples were measured at dry condition just


2000
before the compressive strength test and results are shown in
Fig. 4. The test data indicates a gradual reduction in density of
PAC compared to natural aggregate concrete (NAC) and the varia-
tion ranges between 4% and 10%. As the water cement ratio
increases, the density for PAC decreased while the density of NAC
remained almost the same. This can be contributed to the low unit
1900 weight of PCA compared to regular coarse aggregate (brick chips).
0.4 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.6 The density reduction rate of cylinder is higher for 50% PAC with
W/C Ratio 0.57 w/c ratio.

Fig. 4. Variation of density with w/c ratio for various concrete. 5.3. Compressive strength

The compressive strength tests are carried out after 28 days of


Molds were removed after 24 h and then cured in water at room casting. The results illustrate a declining trend in compressive
temperature of 25 ± 2 °C for 21 days. Samples were tested for com- strength for PAC compared to NAC (Fig. 5). Further decrease in
pressive strength after 28 days using a 1000 kN servo hydraulic strength is also observed for concrete with increased PCA content
universal testing machine. In addition, the unit weights of the sam- and water cement ratio. The inter-face between the cement paste
ples were measured. and aggregate known as ‘transition zone’ and its integrity influences
the compressive strength of concrete. Bleeding caused by higher w/c
5. Results and discussions ratio in concrete promotes the accumulation of water in the transi-
tion zone of concrete resulting decrease in compressive strength of
5.1. Workability concrete. As from the properties of PCA we know that its water
absorption capacity is almost zero in comparison to the absorption
The workability of PET Aggregate Concrete (PAC) increases with capacity of brick aggregates. This causes more accumulation of
the percentage of PET Coarse Aggregate (PCA) as well as the water in the transition zone. This extra water remaining in the tran-
increase in w/c ratio, as shown in Fig. 3. The relatively smooth sition zone results in poor paste structure and gel bond in the PAC
and glassy texture of PCA provides less inter particle frictional which greatly reduces its compressive strength.
950 M.J. Islam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 946–951

16 - PCA had smooth surface which results in weak bonding


Concrete Type between the PCA and cement matrix. Surface modification or
50% PAC chemical treatment of PCA could make its surface rough and
Compressive Strength/Density (kPa/kg/m3)

40% PAC thereby ensure better bonding. Moreover, restricting the PCA
30% PAC
substitution by 20% would ensure comparable compressive
12 20% PAC
NAC strength compared to the NAC.

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