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Ipoh
PEKA Chemistry
Besides that, thanks to my chemistry teacher Madam Yip Yin Leng for
being such a good guider while doing this project.She had given us appropriate
information about this project in order to make us understand more about this
project.
Thank you
Objective
Assalamualaikum,
Student also can find additional facts about this topic based from the given
references at the end of the folio.Besides giving the student extra knowledge about this
topic,this masterpiece also increase the understanding of the topic and make the student
easier to score in examination especially SPM.
Topic 9:
Manufactured Subtances in
Industry
3.1:Sulphuric Acid
Manufacture of sulphuric acid
• Contact process produces more than 90% of the world sulphuric acid.
(b)Burning of metal sulphides such as zinc sulphide and lead sulphide also produces
sulphur dioxide.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2ZnO(s)
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2PbO(s)
(c)The sulphur dioxide is then mixed with excess air.The mixture is dried and purified to
remove impurities such as arsenic compounds.
(d)Arsenic compounds found in sulphur will poison the catalyst in the converter, making
the catalyst ineffective.
Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide
(a)The mixture of sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen is passed through a converter.The
sulphur dioxide is oxidised to sulphur trioxide.
(a) The sulphur trioxide is first dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form a
product called oleum, H2S2O7
SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq) H2S2O7(l)
(b) Sulphur trioxide is not dissolved in water to form sulphuric acid.This is because
reaction between sulphur trioxide and water is very vigorous and produces a large
amount of heat.The reaction causes the production of a large cloud of sulphuric
acid mist.The mist is corrosive, pollutes the air and is difficult to condense.
(c) The oleum is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid of
about 98%.
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq)
Flow chart of Contact process.
Sulphur
burns in air
Sulphur dioxide, SO2
O2V2O5,450°C, 1 atm
Sulphur trioxide, SO3
concentrated H2SO4
Oleum,H2S2O7
water
water
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Figure above shows three step in the manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry
Properties of sulphuric acid
to manufacture fertilisers
to manufacture detergents
to clean metals
to manufacture plastics
c) sulphuric
Potassium acid + aqueous ammonia → ammonium sulphate
sulphate
H2SO4
(aq) +2KOH (aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Other Uses
4) Cleaning metals
• Before electroplating,sulphuric acid is used for cleaning metals to
remove the surface oxides.
5) Other chemicals
• Sulphuric acid is used as other chemicals like
pharmaceuticals,insectides, tartaric acid and explosive.
6) The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are:
• As a strong acid
• As a drying or dehydrating agent
• As an oxidizing agent
• As a sulphonating agent
• As a catalyst
2) Acid rain occurs when there is sulphurous acid,sulphuric acid and nitric acid in
the rain.
These strong acids will cause the pH of rain to fall between 2.4 and 5.0
Physical properties
• Colourless gas
• Pungent smell
• Alkaline gas
• Very soluble in water
• Less denser than air
Uses of ammonia
To make fertilisers
- provide plants the nitrogen they need to grow
- these fertilisers are ammonium salts obtained from the neutralization of
ammonia with different acids. Examples:
(a) Ammonium phosphate
- reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid produces ammonium
phosphates
NH3(aq) + H3PO(aq) NH4H2PO4(aq)
2 NH3(aq) + H3PO(aq) (NH4)2HPO4(aq)
- good fertilisers because they provide two important nutrients,phosphorus
and
nitrogen.
(d) Urea
- At a temperature of 200°C and a high pressure of 200 atm, ammonia
reacts with carbon dioxide to produce urea.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) CO(NH2)2(s) + H2O(l)
- used as a raw material for the manufacture of nitric acid in the Ostwad
process.
- Liquid ammonia used as cooling agent
- used as an alkali to prevent the coagulation of latex
Ammonia salts is used as smelling salts to revive people who have fainted
Preparation of ammonia
Nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed according to the ratio 1 mole N2 : 3 moles
H2.
The ammonia gas produced is liquefied ans separated to get a better yield.
The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and passed back into the
reactor together with the new source of nitrogen and hydrogen.About 98% of
nitrogen and hydrogen are converted into ammonia.
Ammonium fertilisers
Ammonium fertilisers contain ammonium ions.In the soil, the ammonium ions
are converted to nitrate ions by bacteria
Pure metals are normally soft and easily oxidised.This is the reason why
monuments or statues are made of bronze(an alloy) and not copper(a pure metal).
Bronze axe
3.4:Synthetic Polymers
What are polymers?
Formation of polymer
Polymers can be divided into 2 types.
Polymers
Natural Polymers
NATURAL POLYMER MONOMER
Rubber Isoprene
Cellulose Glucose
Starch Glucose
Protein Amino acid
Fat Fatty acid and glycerol
Nucleic acid Nucleotides
Examples of natural polymers and their monomers
Synthetic Polymer
Addition polymerisation
- involves monomers with double bonds between the carbon atoms.
- During addition polymerisation, the double bonds between pairs of carbon atoms
break and the carbon atoms pf adjacent ethene molecules join together to form a
molecule of poly or polythene.
Condensation polymerisation
- involves the joining up of monomers with the formation of other smaller and
simple
molecules.
Plastics
Plastics are the largest group of synthethic polymers with the following properties:
(a)Can be easily moulded
(b)Low density
(c)Strong
(d)Inert to chemicals
(e)Insulator of heat and electricity
(f)Can be colou
Name of polymer Equation for Properties Uses
polymerisation
Polyethylene H H H H Durable,light,impermeable, Shopping bags,
(polythene) Inert to chemicals,easily Plastic cups and
n C=C C–C melted,insulator plates,toys
H H H H n
Ethene Polythene
Polypropylene H CH3 H CH3 Durable,light,impermeable, Bottles,furniture,
(polypropene) Inert to chemicals,easily battery casing,
n C=C C–C melted,insulator,can be pipes,toys
moulded and coloured
H H H H
n
Propene Polypropene
Teflon F F F F Durable,non-stick, Coating for non-
Chemically inert,strong, stick pans,
n C=C C–C impermeable electrical
insulators
F F F F n
Tetrafluo- Teflon
roethene
Synthetic fibre
Synthetic fibre are long-chain polymers which are not easily stretched and have high
strength.
Polynamides and polyester are two groups of synthetic polymers used as fibres for
making tekstil.
Example of polynamide polymers is nylon.
Example of polyester polymers is terylene.
Nylon and terylene are produced through condensation polymerisation.
TYPE OF POLYMER USE
Polythene a) Make buckets
b) Make plastic bags
c) Make raincoats
d) Make films
e) Make rubbish bins
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a) Make water pipes
b) Make electric cables
c) Make mats
d) Make vinyl records
e) Make clothes hangers
Polypropene a) Make ropes
b) Make bottles
c) Make chairs
d) Make drink cans
e) Make carpets
Perspex a) Make car windows
b) Make plane windows
c) Make spectacle lenses (optical instruments)
Nylon a) Make ropes
b) Make curtains
c) Make stockings
d) Make clothes
Polystyrene a) Make packing boxes
b) Make buttons
c) Make noticeboards
Terylene a) Make textile items such as clothes and cloths
The effect of the uses of synthetic polymers to our environment
Synthetic polymers are not easily biodegradable,thus their waste will block or clog up
the drainage system,thereby causing flash flood.
Waste plastics pollute the lake and river,making the water not suitable for aquatic
organisms to live in
The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide,SiO2 which can be found in
sand.
Glass can made by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide and metal carbonates to a
temperature above 1500°C.
Ceramics
Physical properties
-good insululator of heat
-chemically inert
-strong but brittle
-resist compression
-very high melting point
Property Uses Examples
Hard and strong Building materials Tiles,bricks,roofs,cement,
abrasive for grinding
Attractive,easily moulded Decorative pieces and Vases,porcelain ware,sinks,
and glazed household items bathtubs
Chemically inert and non- Kitchenware Cooking pots,plates,bowls
corrosive
Very high melting point Insulation Lining of furnace, engine
and good insulator of heat parts
Electrical insulators Insulating parts in Spark plugs,insulators in
electrical appliances ovens and electrical cables
Inert and non-compressible Medical and dental Artificial teeth and bones
apparatus
Types of ceramic
3.6:Composite Material
What is composite material?
Reinforced concrete
Has a greater strength than ordinary concrete and has higher resistance to
impact.
Superconductors
most of them are alloys of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides such
as copper(11) oxide,Brium oxide,yttrium oxide that can attain
superconductive at 90K
Superconductors also used in :
(a) magnetic energy-storage system
(b) magnetically levitated train
(c) generators
(d) transformers
(e) computer parts
(f) very sensitive devices for measuring magnetic fields, voltage or
current.
Fibre Optic
consists of a bundle of glass or plastic threads that are surrounded by a glass
cladding.
used in instruments for examining internal parts of the body or inspecting the
interior of manufactured structural products.
Optic fibre also can be used in endoscope,an instrument that are inserted into
the body trought the nose
Fibre glass
produced when glass fibres are embedded in plastic resins to produce glass
fibre reinforced plastics.
Material for making water storage tank,boat hull,swimming pool lining and
other
Photochromic glass
Glass
Made from sand,SiO2
Types & uses:
Fused glass:Lenses
Soda-lime glass:mirror Ceramic
Borosilicate glass:Beaker Manufactured Substances in Made from clay,
Lead crystal glass: Glass Industry kaolinite,Al2O3.2SiO2.
crystals 2H2O
Properties and uses:
Hard & strong:Tiles,
bricks
Attractive:vases,
Composite materials
Alloys sinks
Made by combining two or more
Made from metal and Non-corrosive:
materials.Examples:
other elements.Examples Kitchenware
Reinforce concrete
and composition: High melting point:
Superconductors
Bronze:Copper & tin Furnace
Fibre optic
Brass:Copper & zinc Inert: Medical &
Fibreglass
Steel:Iron & carbon dental apparatus
Photochromic glass
Pewter:Tin,Copper &
Antimony
Stainless Steel:
Iron,carbon &
chronium
References
Book
Wan Noor Afifah Wan Yusof,2010,Chemistry Teaching & Learning Form 4,NILAM
Publication
Internet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric-acid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositematerial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-ii/metals/metalsindex.php