Scientia Iranica A (2012) 19 (3), 366–372

Sharif University of Technology

Scientia Iranica
Transactions A: Civil Engineering
www.sciencedirect.com

Investigation of durability properties of concrete pipes incorporating

blast furnace slag and ground basaltic pumice as fine aggregates
H. Binici a,∗ , M.Y. Durgun a , T. Rızaoğlu b , M. Koluçolak a
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, K. Maras, Turkey
b
Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, K. Maras, Turkey

Received 13 January 2011; revised 11 October 2011; accepted 4 February 2012

KEYWORDS Abstract In this study, the effects of using blast furnace slag, ground basaltic pumice and blast furnace
Blast furnace slag; slag + ground basaltic pumice as fine aggregates, on the durability of concrete pipes, were investigated.
Ground basaltic pumice; Blast furnace slag, ground basaltic pumice, and equal amounts of blast furnace slag and ground basaltic
Concrete pipes. pumice were used at 5%, 10% and 15%, by weight, in place of fine aggregate, in mixes. The durability of
concrete pipes has been tested, according to standard procedures. The sulfate resistance and permeability
of the reference specimen and the specimen with admixtures were investigated. It was observed that the
ultimate load of specimens depends on the type and percentage of admixtures. The maximum ultimate
load was obtained in concrete specimens containing 5% blast furnace slag and 5% ground basaltic pumice,
which was 20% larger than that of the reference concrete specimens. Furthermore, concrete specimens
with 10% ground basaltic pumice were found to have the highest sulfate resistance.
© 2012 Sharif University of Technology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction water transmission lines, water tanks, water towers, pumping

Concrete, which has a wide range of usage in the area
of construction, is a basic construction material that requires
attention and diligence at every stage, from production to
implementation [1]. Concrete has an important place among
materials that form the basis of modern societies. In our en-
vironment, buildings, roads, bridges, dams, power plants, re-
taining walls, water tanks, ports, airports and etc. are made
with concrete. Compared to other building materials, concrete
is a widely used construction material, because it can take any
shape made up by formwork. It is economical and durable,
requires less energy in production, and can be produced
anywhere.
Concrete pipes are frequently used in sewerage and
stormwater systems, under and over ground irrigation facilities,
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hanifibinici@gmail.com (H. Binici).
Peer review under responsibility of Sharif University of Technology.
1026-3098 © 2012 Sharif University of Technology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.scient.2012.04.007
lines, pumping stations, and water structures, such as tunnels.
These concrete pipes are exposed to various harmful effects
during their service life [2].
Generally, concrete pipes are susceptible to chemical
attacks, freeze–thaw, corrosion, and abrasion damage. The
ingress of water-borne sulfate ions into concrete pipes from the
surrounding environment can result in chemical degradation,
which leads to the deteriorative formation of ettringite and
gypsum [3]. The source of acid attacks on concrete pipes is
usually sulfuric acid, which can form in sewers and attack
hydration products [4,5].
Factors leading to deterioration in concrete pipes may
originate from physical, chemical, mechanical or biological
effects. Impact, wear and erosion are some damages that occur
mechanically. Chemical effects might occur, due to harmful
substances leaking into the concrete, or materials used in
concrete production, as well. Common chemical effects are:
alkali-silica reactions, sulfate attacks, carbonation, corrosion,
acid and salt. Physical causes of deterioration are freeze-thaw,
solvent salts, high temperatures, and so on [6]. Studies have
been undertaken to make more durable concrete pipes and
prevent the aforementioned harmful effects. After the addition
of steel fiber in concrete, the concrete shows a higher energy
 H. Binici et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 19 (2012) 366–372 367

Table 1: Chemical composition of Pumice and GBFS. Table 2: Chemical composition of CEM I 42.5 type cement.

Components (%) Pumice GBFS Components %

SiO2 41.41 37.89 SiO2 18.85

Al2 O3 12.97 10.29 Al2 O3 4.80
Fe2 O3 11.41 2.95 Fe2 O3 2.40
CaO 13.73 35.86 CaO 62.80
MgO 7.76 7.38 MgO 2.50
Na2 O + K2 O 5.4 1.15 Na2 O + K2 O 1.14
Loss ignigation 7.32 4.48 SO3 3.69
Loss on ignition 3.50
Specific weight (kg/cm3 ) 3.12
Specific surface (cm2 /g) 3250
absorption capacity, high impact resistance, high bending Remaining on 200 µ sieve (%) 0
strength and fatigue resistance [7]. It is also seen, in the Remaining on 90 µ sieve (%) 2.50
experiments [8], that the period of time from the first crack to
ultimate load was increased, and showed that brittle behavior
was prevented by using steel fiber. In another study, various
amounts of glass fiber were used during the manufacture of
the concrete pipe and, as a result, ultimate load values, higher
than the values given in standards, were obtained. Moreover, a
significant increase in strength was observed for concrete pipes
placed underground for a long time [9].
Permeability adversely affects all durability characteristics
of concrete. Therefore, in recent years, durability has gained
more importance in the design of concrete, and mineral
admixtures are commonly used in producing more durable
concrete [10–17].
In this study, the contribution of sand-sized blast furnace
Figure 1: Granulometry of aggregates.
slag, and basaltic pumice to the ultimate strength, sulfate
resistance and permeability properties of concrete pipes was
examined. Table 3: Physical properties of aggregates.

Property Sand GBFS Pumice

2. Materials Specific gravity (kg/m3 ) 2730 2540 2120
Fineness modules 2.70 2.74 2.73
2.1. Pumice SSD absorption (%) 0.80 0.67 0.88
Void (%) 35.20 40.2 0 52.30
Pumice (P) that occurs as a result of volcanic activity is a
porous and lightweight material. Turkey has extensive deposits
of pumice. The vast majority of pumice reserves are in East advantageous to grind granulated blast furnace slag separately
and Central Anatolia regions, especially in the cities of Bitlis, when using it as a concrete admixture [20]. In Turkey, the use of
Van, Kayseri, Nevsehir and Agri. Besides these reserves, there slag, which is separately ground, as a concrete admixture, has
are also some reserves in the Aegean and Mediterranean also increased in recent years [21]. Features, such as savings
regions [18]. Due to a sudden release of gases in the structure of in cement, workability, low hydration heat, impermeability
pumice during its formation and sudden cool down, it contains and resistance to external factors, can be included among
the positive effects of pozzolans as additives. The granulated
numerous pores from macro to micro scale. Since pores are
blast furnace slag used in this study (S) was supplied by the
generally detached from each other, pumice is a light material,
Iskenderun Iron and Steel Factory, and its chemical content is
can float in water for a long time, and has low permeability and
given in Table 1.
high insulation characteristics. Silica content up to 75% can be
found in the chemical composition of pumice. The SiO2 ratio
2.3. Cement
contained in the rock gives them their abrasive property, and
the Al2 O3 composition makes it become heat and fire resistant.
In this study, a CEM I 42,5 type cement was used, and its
Pumice deposits in Turkey are concentrated in Nevsehir, Isparta,
physical and chemical characteristics are given in Table 2.
Mugla, Kayseri, Ankara, Van, Ağrıand Kars regions. In this study,
pumice from Tuysuz, in the Osmaniye region, was used and its
2.4. Aggregate
chemical composition is given in Table 1.
Aggregates from the Ceyhan River were used in this study
2.2. Granulated blast furnace slag and their granulometry is given in Figure 1. The properties of
the aggregates are given in Table 3.
Granulated blast furnace slag (S), which contains a large
amount of silica and alumina and has an amorphous structure, 3. Experiments
shows pozzolanic properties when it is ground to very fine-
grain size [19]. There are various uses of ground granulated 3.1. Preperation of mixtures
blast furnace slag as a binding material, and it can be used
as a mineral admixture in concrete production. Factors like Pumice and blast furnace slag were used in the substitution
flexibility in the preparation of concrete mixtures makes it of sand of sizes less than 0.5 mm in preparation of mixtures for
368 H. Binici et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 19 (2012) 366–372

Table 4: Concrete mixture ratios (kg).

Materials R S5 S10 S15 P5 P10 P15 PS5 PS10 PS15

Cement 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46
0–5 sand 173 155 145 131 159 145 131 155 145 131
5–10 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
GBFS – 14 28 42 – – – 7 14 21
Pumice – – – – 14 28 42 7 14 21
Total 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273

Table 5: Specimen labels.

Specimen label Meaning

R Reference specimen
S5 GBFS was substituted for 5% of 0–5 mm sand
S10 GBFS was substituted for 10% of 0–5 mm sand
S15 GBFS was substituted for 15% of 0–5 mm sand
P5 Pumice was substituted for 5% of 0–5 mm sand
P10 Pumice was substituted for 10% of 0–5 mm sand
P15 Pumice was substituted for 15% of 0–5 mm sand
PS5 GBFS and Pumice were substituted for 2.5 % of 0–5 mm sand, respectively
PS10 GBFS and Pumice were substituted for 5 % of 0–5 mm sand, respectively
PS15 GBFS and Pumice were substituted for 7.5 % of 0–5 mm sand, respectively

concrete pipe specimens. The mixing ratios for each specimen

and specimen abbreviations are given in Tables 4 and 5,
respectively.

3.2. Production concrete pipes

Concrete mixtures given in Table 4 were prepared and

molded with the help of a machine that can produce concrete
pipes from Ø150 mm up to Ø600 mm in diameter and
1500 mm in length. Production of reinforced concrete pipes
with a nominal diameter of 500 mm or more is difficult,
especially in terms of craftsmanship. In these large reinforced
concrete pipes, bending and placement of reinforcements, and
the welding of joints, are very difficult, takes longer and, so,
labor costs increase [22]. In the concrete pipe manufacturing
process, inner molds were moved up, and outer molds moved
down, to ground level on two column profiles of 150 × 200 ×
10 mm with the help of hydraulic power. Once inner and
outer molds were locked, the concrete mixture from the bunker,
with a height of 1.5 m, fills the molds with the help of a
hydromotor. During the filling, special vibrators placed in the
inner mold were used to set the concrete homogeneously. The Figure 2: Specimens from concrete pipe machine.
mortar was fed to molds with the help of a belt and a hydraulic
piston. After filling the molds with mortar, the belt was pulled
under the bunker with a volume of 1 m3 . After completion of
this process, the pipe rings were molded. Then, outer molds
were moved up, and inner molds were moved down. After
completion of this process, the concrete pipes were removed
from the machine by attaching fiber headings to prevent any
damage to the fresh concrete (Figure 2). Then, they were moved
to the drying yard using a hydraulic transporter, and then
moves to a curing pool (Figure 3). The samples were kept for
a period of 7 and 28 days in the curing pool.
Figure 3: Concrete pipes in drying yard.
3.3. Ultimate load capacity of concrete pipes
pipe to spread the load uniformly on the concrete. When the
An ultimate load test was applied along the entire length. plaster hardened, a compressive load was applied. Speed of
The width of the supports and the distance between the loading was adjusted to be in between 7.5–30 kN/m, according
supports were adjusted, according to TS 821 EN 1993 [23]. to TS 821. Loading continues until failure occurs, as shown in
A layer of 2–3 cm thick plaster strip was applied along the Figure 4. The ultimate load capacity of the concrete pipe was
 H. Binici et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 19 (2012) 366–372 369

Table 6: Slump and unit weight values of concrete mortars.

Specimen Slump (cm) Unit weight (kg/dm3 )

R 8 2415
P15 5 2395
P10 4 2365
P5 4 2350
S15 7 2440
S10 6 2425
S5 5 2415
PS15 6 2385
PS10 6 2390
PS5 5 2405

Figure 4: Determination of ultimate load capacity.

Table 7: Mass of concrete pipe (kg).

calculated, according to the effective length of the pipe. The
resulting ultimate load should not be less than the value given
in TS 821 EN 1993.
3.4. Sulphate resistance
In this study, the compressive strength of cube specimens,
with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 10 cm, which were prepared
by the substitution of slag, pumice and slag +pumice in place
of 5, 10 and 15 % of 0.5 mm-sized fine aggregate by weight,
were determined after the specimens were kept in 5% Na2 SO4
sulfate solution. Specimens were kept in water for 28 days for
curing and then specimens were kept in an oven at 105 °C
for 24 h. After the specimens were dried, they were weighed
using a precision scale. Then, the specimens were placed
into 5% Na2 SO4 solution and kept there for 180 days. The
specimens were removed from 5% Na2 SO4 solution after 180
days, and then, the compressive strength and mass losses of the
specimens were determined.
3.5. Permeability
Generally, the durability of concrete structures under
different conditions is especially related to the permeability
of the concrete. The permeability coefficient of the concrete
was determined according to TS EN 3455. In this study, the
amount of water passing through the cylindrical specimens of
7 and 28-days was measured to determine the permeability
coefficient of the concrete. The permeability measuring device
and test samples are shown in Figure 5. Cylindrical test samples
were prepared; 15 cm in diameter, 30 cm in height, with a
hole of 20 mm in diameter passing through the center of the
cylindrical samples. 3 test specimens were prepared for each
mixture, and all specimens were kept in a curing tank for 60
days. During the permeability test, the top and bottom surfaces
of the test specimens were covered with paraffin to make them
impervious to water. The water pressure on the test specimens
was increased by 1 kgf/cm2 , until an atmospheric pressure of
10 was achieved, and then it was kept constant throughout the
permeability test. This procedure continued for 7 days and two
readings per day were taken from the device. The results were
obtained, according to the penetration depth of the water into
the concrete.
4. Results
4.1. Properties of fresh concrete
The slump and unit weight of concrete mortars are given in
Table 6. Slump values show that concrete mortars have plastic
Specimens Mass
P5 64.30
P10 64.00
P15 63.25
S5 64.60
S10 64.75
S15 65.00
PS5 64.50
PS10 64.40
PS15 64.10
Reference 64.50
consistency. There was a decrease of about 2%–3% in slump
values of concrete mortars prepared with pumice, blast furnace
slag and pumice + blast furnace slag. So, concrete workability
was slightly decreased, especially with the addition of pumice,
which can be explained by its amorphous nature. Because of
the high number of pores in the structure of pumice, it reduces
workability by keeping some portion of the mixing water in
these pores. However, the water in these pores has a curing
effect on concrete, and it meets the need for long-term curing.
This shows that tubes were cured internally for a long time.
These findings are also supported by previous studies [9].
Unit weight values of concrete specimens with pumice were
lower compared to other specimens. This could be explained by
the lower unit weight of pumice. In fact, this is considered an
advantage in terms of ease of transportation of concrete pipes.
4.2. Weight of concrete pipes
Specimens were weighed before the ultimate load test, and
values are shown in Table 7. The addition of pumice to concrete
caused a reduction in the weight of concrete pipes. This
situation can provide the convenience of obtaining lightweight
concrete elements.
4.3. Ultimate load capacity
Ultimate load tests were performed, according to TS 821 EN
1916, and obtained values are shown in Figure 6.
In general, the highest load values were obtained from the
specimens with the addition of pumice as fine aggregate. The
lowest load values were obtained from specimens with the
addition of both pumice and blast furnace slag as fine aggregate.
Ultimate load values of specimens with pumice, blast furnace
slag and blast furnace slag + pumice were higher than the
ultimate load values of specimens with no additives (reference
mixture). The highest ultimate load value was obtained from
specimens P5 and PS5. The average ultimate load values of both
370 H. Binici et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 19 (2012) 366–372

Figure 5: Permeability test machine and specimens.

Figure 6: Ultimate load of specimens.

Table 8: Compressive strength of specimens (MPa). Figure 7: Mass loss of specimens immersed in sulphate solution.

Specimens 28 day 180 day

blast furnace slag was equal to the compressive strength of the
P5 44.6 55.6 reference specimen.
P10 42.9 55.4 The maximum 180-day compressive strength values were
P15 40.5 54.9
S5 49.2 60.9
obtained from S specimens. The compressive strength values
S10 52.7 63.2 of these specimens were between 60–66 MPa, and the
S15 56.1 66.3 compressive strength of this group of specimens was about
PS5 47.1 58.2 18% greater than that of the reference specimen. However, the
PS10 46.6 57.5 compressive strength of specimens with pumice was about 13%
PS15 46.3 56.9
Reference 46.5 57.2
lower than that of the reference specimen. On the other hand,
the compressive strength of specimens with pumice and blast
furnace slag was almost equal to the compressive strength of
the reference specimen.
specimens were equal to 52.25 kN/m. The lowest ultimate load
value was found in the reference specimen, which was equal
4.5. Sulfate resistance
to 42.29 kN/m. According to these results, it was observed that
the optimum amount of pumice addition as fine aggregate was
5%. While this rate of pumice addition had a positive effect on 4.5.1. Mass loss of samples immersed in sulphate
strength, the higher amount of pumice addition shows a slight The mass loss of specimens immersed in 5% Na2 SO4 solution
reduction in the strength of concrete pipes, due to the decrease for 180 days is shown in Figure 7.
in the amount of fine aggregate. In this short-term sulphate resistance test, the maximum
mass loss was observed in the reference specimens and the
minimum weight loss was observed in S15 specimens. In
4.4. Compressive strength of concrete specimens general, the specimen with additives shows less mass loss.
This was a result of pozzolanic materials being resistant to
The compressive strength of the specimens, which were kept sulfates. It was obvious that when concrete pipes are exposed to
in the curing pool for 28 and 180 days, was investigated, and is aggressive environmental conditions, concrete pipes produced
shown in Table 8. with pozzolanic additives show a better performance than
The maximum 28-day compressive strength values were those with no pozzolanic additives.
obtained from S specimens. The compressive strength values
of these specimens were between 49–56 MPa, and the 4.5.2. Compressive strength of specimens immersed in sulphate
compressive strength of this group of specimens was about The compressive strength of specimens immersed in 5%
20% greater than that of the reference specimen. However, the Na2 SO4 solution for 180 days is shown in Figure 8.
compressive strength of specimens with pumice was about The minimum compressive strength value was obtained in
13% lower than that of the reference specimen. On the other the reference specimens, whereas the maximum compressive
hand, the compressive strength of specimens with pumice and strength value was obtained in S15 specimens. In this time
 H. Binici et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 19 (2012) 366–372 371

3. Although the produced concrete pipes had the same dosage

of cement, the ultimate load capacity of concrete pipes with
blast furnace slag and pumice +blast furnace slag was 20%
larger than that of the reference specimens. The maximum
increase in the ultimate load capacity of concrete pipes was
obtained, especially at 5%–10% pumice +blast furnace slag
substitution in place of fine aggregate.
4. Concrete pipes with granulated blast furnace slag +basaltic
pumice and only blast furnace slag had the highest ultimate
load value and the lowest permeability values. However,
concrete pipes with only granulated basaltic pumice had
Figure 8: Compressive strength of specimens immersed in sulphate solution.
the highest permeability value.
5. Specimens were immersed in a sulfate solution for 180
Table 9: Permeability values of specimens (×10−2 ). days, and their sulphate resistance was examined. Speci-
Specimens 7 day 28 day mens with pumice and blast furnace slag had the minimum
R 2.72 2.46
weight loss. Specimen S15 showed the best sulfate resis-
P15 2.78 2.63 tance, whereas the reference specimen showed the worst
P10 2.01 2.08 sulfate resistance. The weight loss decreased as the rate of
P5 1.97 1.90 substitution of pumice and blast furnace slag increased in
S15 0.89 0.73
specimens with pumice and blast furnace slag. These re-
S10 1.02 0.95
S5 1.00 0.81 sults suggest that pumice and blast furnace slag are sulfate
PS15 1.86 1.25 resistant.
PS10 1.72 1.21 6. The compressive strength of specimens immersed in a sul-
PS5 1.78 1.33
phate solution yielded similar results regarding weight
loss.
7. Specimens with high weight loss had low compressive
period, the compressive strength of S15 specimens was about strength, and specimens with low weight loss had high
25% greater than that of the reference specimens. In addition, compressive strength. The reference specimen had the
the compressive strength of specimens with blast furnace slag highest weight loss and lowest compressive strength,
was higher than that of other specimens in a sulphate solution. whereas specimen S15 had the lowest weight loss and high-
These results are also supported by previous studies. est compressive strength.
8. Depending on all these results, when concrete pipes with
4.6. Permeability values blast furnace slag and pumice are used in sewage systems,
they will extend the service life of the system, and this will
Specimens, 30 cm in length and 15 cm in diameter, are contribute to the country’s economy. Concrete pipe produc-
kept under a water pressure of 10 atm for 7 days, and no tion is a new area of use for basaltic pumice and blast fur-
water flow has been found (Table 8). The penetration depth nace slag, which exist in large amounts in Turkey.
of water in the concrete was measured in millimeters by di-
9. When concrete pipes are left underground for a long time,
viding the specimens in half. Permeability values are given in
there is a substantial increase in their compressive strength,
Table 8. Specimens held at sea showed similar permeability
with blast furnace slag and pumice, over time, and they will
values to those kept in the laboratory. According to these re-
show a better performance in terms of durability. This situ-
sults, all specimens, except specimens with pumice, had lower
ation indicates that the use of concrete pipes with mineral
permeability values than the reference specimens. The maxi-
admixtures is suitable for use in wastewater and stormwa-
mum permeability values were obtained from specimens with
ter systems [24].
pumice, especially in P15, and the minimum permeability value
10. According to the results, granulated basaltic pumice and
was obtained in specimen S15, with 15% blast furnace slag.
blast furnace slag can be used in place of fine aggregate
Specimens with pumice had higher permeability values com-
pared to the reference specimens, due to the permeable/porous in the production of concrete pipes for wastewater and
structure of pumice (see Table 9). sewage systems where various destructive acids or salts
can exist. Thus, the aforementioned chemical degradation
could be avoided or its effect level could be reduced.
5. Conclusion and recommendations
11. Other researchers have reported similar observations, men-
The following results were obtained from this study. tioning that both natural and artificial additives could
contribute to the chemical resistance enhancement of
1. It was observed that the use of pumice in place of fine aggre- concrete [25,26].
gate in the production of concrete pipes led to an increase
in ultimate load capacity. As the amount of blast furnace
References
slag increased, the ultimate load capacity of concrete pipes
also increased. In this study, the optimal contribution rate [1] Metha, P.K., Concrete: Structure, Properties, and Materials, Book
of pumice was observed as 5%. ISBN: 0131671154, (1986).
2. Due to the low specific gravity of pumice, the use of pumice [2] Haktanir, T., Ari, K., Altun, F. and Karahan, O. ‘‘A comparative experimental
as fine aggregate in concrete pipes led to a reduction in investigation of concrete, reinforced-concrete and steel–fibre concrete
pipes under three-edge-bearing test’’, Construction and Building Materials,
weight of the concrete pipes. This makes it easier to obtain 21(7), pp. 1702–1708 (2007).
light-weight concrete pipes, and reduces labor costs in their [3] Neville, A. ‘‘The confused world of sulfate attack on concrete’’, Cement and
installation. Concrete Research, 34(3), pp. 1275–1296 (2004).
372 H. Binici et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 19 (2012) 366–372
[4] Attal, A. ‘‘Biological mechanisms of H2S formation in sewer pipes’’, Water
Science and Technology, 26, p. 907 (1992).
[5] Rostami, V., Shao, Y. and Boyd, A.J. ‘‘Durability of concrete pipes subjected
to combined steam and carbonation curing’’, Construction and Building
Materials, 25(2), pp. 3345–3355 (2011).
[6] Baradan, B. and Yazıcı, H. ‘‘Durability of reinforced concrete’’, TMH—News
of Turkish Engineering, 48(426), pp. 62–68 (in Turkish) (2003).
[7] Düzbasan, S., Uluöz, S. and Yakıt, E. ‘‘Performance of concrete pipes with
steel’’, Turkish Prefabric Asosations Prefabricated Association, Symposium on
Concrete Prefabrication, Izmir (in Turkish) (2009).
[8] Arı, K., Haktanır, T., Altun, F. and Karahan, O. ‘‘The effects of steel-fiber
addition to concrete on mechanical and physical properties of the concrete
pipes’’, Turkey Ready Mixed Concrete Association, 4th Concrete Conference,
(in Turkish) Istanbul (2006).
[9] Yıldız, S. and Ulucan, Z.Ç. ‘‘Effects of strength of concrete pipe glass
fiber contribution peak load’’, Journals by Engineering Faculty, 23(2),
pp. 267–271 Gazi University (in Turkish) (2008).
[10] Binici, H., Kaplan, H. and Yılmaz, S. ‘‘Influence of marble and limestone
dusts as additives on some mechanical properties of concrete’’, Scientific
Research and Essays, 9(7), pp. 372–379 (2007).
[11] Binici, H. ‘‘Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice as fine aggregates
on concrete mortars properties’’, Construction and Building Materials, 21(2),
pp. 1191–1197 (2007).
[12] Binici, H., Yucegok, F., Aksogan, O. and Kaplan, H. ‘‘Effects of corncob, wheat
straw and plane leaf ashes as mineral admixtures on concrete durability’’,
ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20(8), pp. 478–483 (2008).
[13] Binici, H., Shah, T., Aksogan, O. and Kaplan, H. ‘‘Durability of concrete
made with granite and marble as recycle aggregates’’, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 208(8), pp. 299–308 (2008).
[14] Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Kaplan, H., Görur, E.B. and Bodur, M.N. ‘‘Hydro-
abrasive erosion of concrete incorporating ground blast-furnace slag
and ground basaltic pumice’’, Construction and Building Materials, 23(9),
pp. 804–811 (2009).
[15] Binici, H., Zengin, H., Zengin, G., Kaplan, H. and Yucegok, F. ‘‘Resistance to
sodium sulfate attack of plain and blended cement containing corncob ash
and ground granulated blast furnace slag’’, Scientific Research and Essays,
4(12), pp. 98–106 (2009).
[16] Binici, H. ‘‘Durability of heavyweight concrete containing barite’’, Interna-
tional Journal of Materials Research, 101(10), pp. 1052–1059 (2010).
[17] Topçu, İ.B. and Boğa, A.R. ‘‘Use of fly ash and steel fibers in concrete and
concrete pipes’’, Journals by Engineering Faculty, 2(5), pp. 1–9 Eskisehir
Osmangazi University (in Turkish) (2005).
[18] Binici, H., Kaplan, H. and Yaşarer, F. ‘‘Durability of the coated paint additive
pumice concretes’’, Journals by Engineering Faculty, 13(9), pp. 40–47
Süleyman Demirel University (in Turkish) (2009).
[19] Sağın, S. and Demir, İ ‘‘Investigation of mechanical properties of
lightweight concrete blocks manufactured with pumice’’, Full Sized
Congress on Civil Engineering Problems of Antalya, Antalya, pp. 352–358 (in
Turkish) (2005).
[20] Binici, H. ‘‘The properties of blended cement made with PC-GBFS-pumice’’,
Ph.D. Theses, Cukurova University (in Turkish) (2002).
[21] Öner, M. ‘‘Effect of components fineness on strength of blast furnace slag
cement’’, Cement and Concrete Research, 33(4), pp. 463–469 (2003).
[22] Erdoğan, Y.T., Concrete, Metu Press, Ankara, pp. 478–512 (in Turkish)
(2003).
[23] TS 821, Concrete Pipes, TSE Ankara (in Turkish) (1993).
[24] Massazza, F. ‘‘Additions and durability of concrete’’, World Cem., 21(1),
pp. 19–44 (1999).
[25] Demirel, B. and Keleştemur, O. ‘‘Effect of elevated temperature on the
mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice
and silica fume’’, Construction and Building Materials, 45(2), pp. 385–391
Fire Safety Journal (2010).
[26] Demirel, B. and Keleştemur, O. ‘‘Corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel
embedded in concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica
fume’’, Construction and Building Materials, 27(3), pp. 1898–1905 (2010).
Hanifi Binici received a B.S. degree in Civil Engineering and a D.Phil degree
in Engineering Science from the University of Cukurova (CU), Adana, Turkey,
in 1989 and 2001, respectively. He is currently Associate Professor in the
Department of Civil Engineering at Kahramanmaras, Sütçü İmam University,
Turkey, where he is serving as Director of Elbistan High School. His research and
teaching activities have focused on issues of materials and design. His research
interests lie in the general area of the materials and durability of concrete,
especially mineral admixtures and microstructures including cement, concrete
and still, etc. He has published over 250 research articles on related subjects
including cement, concrete, and mud brick. He is currently serving as Co-editor
of the Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences.
Muhammed Yasin Durgun received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from
the Erciyes University, and MSc degree from the Kahramanmaras Sütçü İmam
Unversity respectively in 2007 and 2010. He is continuing D. Phil education in
Construction Engineering at the Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Istanbul,
Turkey. He served as Research assistant in the Department of civil engineering
of Kahramanmaras Sütçü İmam University from 2008 to 2011 and currently
serving as Research assistant for Department of civil engineering, construction
division at Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey. His research interests lie in the
general are of durability and performance of concrete and cement.
Tamer Rızaoğlu has been working as a Assistant Professor in the department
of Geological Engineering at Kahramanmaras Sütçü mam University, Turkey
since 2008. He received a B.S degree in Geological Engineering from Dokuz Eylül
University (DEU), İzmir in 1993, M.S. and PhD degrees in same field from the
University of Cukurova (CU), Adana, Turkey, in 2000 and 2006, respectively.
His primary specialization is petrology of ophiolitic and granitic rocks. Broadly
his research concerns geochemical and petrographical characteristics of the
magmatic rocks. He is also interested in industrial raw materials.
Murat Koluçolak received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from the
University of Gaziantep in 2002. He worked as field engineer and site manager
in different companies in Turkey from 2002 to 2009. He completed his MSc
education at 2012 in Contruction materials at Kahramanmaras Sütçü İmam
University. Since 2009 he has been running his own construction company in
Osmaniye, Turkey.