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1. INTRODUCTION:
Energy is a key ingredient for the overall development of an economy.
India has been endowed with abundant renewable solar energy resource. India is
large country and the rate of electrification has not kept pace with the expanding
population, urbanization and industrialization and has resulted in the increasing
deficit between demand and supply of electricity. This has not only resulted in
under electrification but also put heavy pressure on the governments to keep
pace with demand for electricity. People not served by the power grid have to
rely on fossil fuels like kerosene and diesel for their energy needs and also incur
heavy recurring expenditure for the poor people in rural areas. Wherever the
rural areas have been brought under power grid the erractic and unreliable
power supply has not helped the farmers and the need for an uninterrupted
power supply especially during the critical farming period has been has been a
major area of concern. India receives a solar energy equivalent of 5,000 trillion
kWh/year with a daily average solar energy incidence of 4-7 kWh/m2. This is
considerably more than the total energy consumption of the country. Further,
most parts of the country experience 250-300 sunny days in a year, which
makes solar energy a viable option in these areas.
Decentralized renewable energy systems, which rely on locally available
resources, could provide the solution to the rural energy problem, particularly in
remote areas where grid extension is not a viable proposition
Solar energy, with its virtually infinite potential and free availability,
represents a nonpolluting and inexhaustible energy source which can be
developed to meet the energy needs of mankind in a major way. The high cost,
fast depleting fossil fuels and the public concern about the eco-friendly power
generation of power have led to a surge of interest in the utilization of solar
energy. To evaluate the energy potential at particular place, detailed information
on its availability is essential. These include data on solar intensity, spectrum,
incident angle and cloudiness as a function of time.
Among the solar technologies useful in agriculture are water lifting and
pumping with solar photovoltaic systems. Water pumping by solar power is a
concept which has won widespread interest since the early seventies. Solar
energy can be utilized to operate pumps, utilizing either the thermal or light part
of solar radiation. With a solar pump, energy is not available on demand, and
the daily variation in solar power generation necessitates the storage of a surplus
of water pumped on sunny days for use on cloudy days. In view of the
fluctuating water demand of any irrigation scheme, solar energy needs to be
reserved in the form of either electricity in batteries or lifted water in a storage
tank. The suitability of solar power for lifting water to irrigate plants is
undeniable because of the complementarity between solar irradiance and water
requirements of crops. The more intensively the sun is shining the higher is the
power to supply irrigation water while on the other hand on rainy days irrigation
is neither possible nor needed.
Small scale irrigation is one of the most potential applications of solar
power. The main advantage is that solar radiation is intense when the need for
irrigation is high. Further, solar power is available at the point of use, making
the farmer independent of fuel supplies or electrical transmission lines. The
solar pumps have the potential to revolutionize small scale irrigation in the
developing countries in the near future. The technical feasibility of solar (photo
voltaic) pumps have been established.The major limiting factor has been the
high cost and the lack of familiarity of the technology which require concerted
effort in training of technicians and large scale introduction in a region with
adequate technical support.However with the incentives and initiatives
undertaken by MNES/State Govt the scheme may be propagated in rural areas
for small irrigation system in far flung rural areas where electrification is a
costly proposition.
The model scheme is to introduce solar water pumping and support
irrigation schemes to provide a sustainable economic activity to farmers in
unelectrified or under electrified rural areas .Various agencies and financial
institutions are in place to assist in developing credit scheme targeted for
unelectrified rural area
1.5. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION
Faster Installation
Large surface area requires fewer interconnects and structural members
All module-to-module wiring is built right into the module ulti-Contact Plug-n-
Play connectors mean source-circuit wiring takes just minutes
Unique mounting systems available for commercial roofs eliminate need for
traditional mounting rails, heavy ballast, and roof penetrations
More Reliability
Bypass diode protection for every 18 solar cells in series, thus
minimizing power loss, and mitigating overheating/safety problems
Advanced encapsulation system ensures steady long-term module
performance by eliminating degradation associated with traditional
EVA-encapsulated modules
Moisture impermeable glass on both sides of the module protects against
tears, perforations, fire, electrical conductivity, delamination and moisture
Patented no-lead, high-reliability soldering system guarantees long life
and ensures against environmental harm should the module break or be
discarded
Higher Quality
Each of the module’s 216 individual semi-crystalline silicon cells is
inspected and power matched to ensure consistent performance between
modules
Every module is tested utilizing a calibrated solar simulator to ensure
that the electrical ratings are within the specified tolerance for power,
voltage, and current
Module-to-module wiring loss is factored into the module’s labeled
electrical ratings by testing through the module’s cable/connector
assemblies
3.1.METHODOLOGY
Centrifugal
Reciprocating pump
2)Battery based
3)Solar direct
2)Pumping at night
During the suction stroke the piston moves left thus creating vacuum in
the Cylinder. This vacuum causes the suction valve to open and water enters the
Cylinder. During the delivery stroke the piston moves towards right. This
increasing pressure in the cylinder causes the suction valve to close and delivery
to open and water is forced in the delivery pipe. The air vessel is used to get
uniform discharge
Reciprocating pumps are self-priming and are suitable for very high
heads at low flows. They deliver reliable discharge flows and is often used for
metering duties because of constancy of flow rate. The flow rate is changed
only by adjusting the rpm of the driver.
These pumps deliver a highly pulsed flow. If a smooth flow is required
then the discharge flow system has to include additional features such as
accumulators. An automatic relief valve set at a safe pressure is used on the
discharge side of all positive displacement pumps.
The performance of a pump is characterized by its net head h, which is
defined as the change in Bernoulli head between the suction side and the
delivery side of the pump. H is expressed in equivalent column height of water.
3.3 PARTS
3.4.3Fabrication Process:
Cutting:
25mm * 50mm MS pipe is used for construction of base .The base
required for the structure is made from the rectangular pipe of length of
764.5mm and width of 276.8mm. Height of the base 124.5 mm. the base is
build up by the cutting operation performed on the pipe for the required
measurement. Connecting rod is made from the 25mm MS strip
Drilling:
Hole of 15mm is drilled into the base pipe for holding pneumatic cylinder
rigidly with the nut and bolt. Hole at both end of the connecting rod id drilled to
connect with the disk and piston of the pump. A 10mm hole is drilled into the
hub for attaching it with the shaft of gear box and two 5mm holed are radially
drilled on the hub at 60 degree for holding the shaft and disc tightly
Welding:
The base is build up by the joining pipe with the help welding. Also the
stand for the structure is made by it. The hub is connected with disk by welding
also the motor is joined rigidly with the base for smooth working with the help
of the welding
Grinding:
Burrs and uneven surface developed because of welding process is
finished by the grinding process
Assembly:
First of all pneumatic pump is fitted to the base with the help of nuts and
bolt, visor are used over here for the rigid fitting and to avoid vibration and miss
alignment.
Then after one end of the connecting rod is attached to the disk with help
of the bearing nut for the smooth rotational motion of the disk and the rod
VI. RESULT ANALYSIS
Theoretical Calculations: Losses Ignored
Bore Diameter= 50mm Length of stroke= 150mm Head or height h=3.5m
Speed of rotation N=15rpm Pipe Dia= 9mm
Pipe Length=1m Suction lift= 0.5m
Q = π×d2×L×N = π×(0.05)2×0.15×15 = 7.35×10-5 m3/s 4×60 4×60
P = ρ×g×h = 1000×9.81×3.5 = 2.5Watt
Max speed (piston) = ɷ×r = 2×π×N×r = 0.07m/s
60
Max velocity of water in delivery pipe = 0.07×0.052
0.0092
= 2.16m/s
Head loss friction = 2×ρ×L×V2
g×D
Supply Inertia head = L×dp2×ɷ2×r
g×dd2
3.5×.052×1.42×.05 9.8×0.009
1.05m
Suction Inertia head = -0.26m
B. Practical Calculation:
According to observations the Disc is rotating from TDC to BDC in 3secs
that means one complete rotation will be occurring in 6 sec.
So the number of rotation per minute will be 10. As the disc will
complete one rotation, one stroke of the piston will be completed.
It has been observed that approx. one liter of water is delivered to the required
head at the end of fourth stroke. That means the
discharge is equal to 2.5 liters per minute.
RPM= 10
Discharge in one stroke= 0.25 liter per minute
No of rotation = No of stroke
So, Total Discharge 0.25×10 = 2.5 liter/minute
CHAPTER IV
ENVIRONMETAL ASSESSMENT
* reduction of the emissions of the greenhouse gases (mainly CO2, NOx) and
prevention of toxic gas emissions (SO2, particulates)
* the engagement of the public and relevant organiza-tions in the early stages of
planning, in order to ensure public acceptance;
More analytically:
3.1. Land use
Concerning the loss of habitat and changes to the ecosystem due to land use in
the case of large-scale systems, provided that predevelopment assessments are
carried out and ecologically important sites are avoided, these are unlikely to be
significant.
During the operation of the ST system coolant liquids may need change every
2–3 years. Such discharges require careful handling. In some cases, the coolant
will be water based; but all indirect systems are likely to contain anti-freeze or
rust inhibitors, as well as substances leached from the system during use. Heat
transfer fluids might therefore contain glycol, nitrates, nitrites, chromates,
sulphites, and sulphates. Higher temperature applications would use more
complex substances, such as aromatic alcohols, oils, CFCs, etc. The large-scale
adoption of SETs might well require control on the disposal of these substances
(OECD/IEA, 1998).
Except for the normal use, there may be the risk of accidental water pollution
through leaks of heat transfer fluid. In parallel, solar converters can achieve
relatively high temperatures if their coolant is lost (up to 200 C). Consequently,
at this temperature, there is a fire risk, with the additional problem of out-
gassing from panel components (insulant, plastic components, epoxys) and the
release of heat transfer fluids in gaseous state or following combustion (e.g.
burnt freon).
The aesthetic impact of solar panels is evidently a matter of taste, though flat
panels usually are designed in such a way as to fit closely to the existing
roofline and produce little glare.
Theoretically the ST placement in the shell of the buildings could increase fire
risk (OECD/IEA, 1998) and water intrusion into the roof. This can be easily
avoided, since only four holes per panel on the roof will be integral part of the
roof3.5. Other burdens
Visual intrusion is highly dependent on the type of the scheme and the
surroundings of the PV systems. It is obvious that, if we apply a PV system near
an area of natural beauty, the visual impact would be significantly high. In case
of modules integrated into the facade of buildings, there may be positive
aesthetic impact on modern buildings in comparison to historic buildings or
buildings with cultural value.
As with all types of construction activity, there will be little noise. Also, there
will be some employment benefits during the construction phase and especially
for large schemes during the operational phase.
Options for energy demand reduction must always be considered along with the
assessment of PV applica-tions.
4.7. Waste management
In the case of stand-alone systems, which are small fraction of the market
(Tsoutsos et al., 2003b), the effects on health of chemical substances included in
the batteries should also be studied. A life cycle analysis of batteries for stand-
alone PV systems indicates that the batteries are responsible for most of the
environmental impacts, due to their relatively short life span and their heavy
metal content. Furthermore a large amount of energy and raw materials are
required for their production. A module-recycling scheme can improve this
situation (Fthenakis, 2000).
Energy use and gas emissions (CO2, SO2, NOx) in materials’ processing and
manufacture of ST systems are noticeable. The impacts of these emissions vary
accord-ing to location, and are fewer than those of conventional fossil fuel
technologies (Norton et al., 1998).
5.2. Construction
These projects have the usual environmental impacts associated with any
engineering scheme during the construction phase—impact on landscape,
effects on local ecosystems and habitats, noise, virtual intrusion, and topical
vexation such as noise and temporally pollutant emissions due to increased
traffic because of transportation of workers and of material, occupational
accidents, temporal blindness (Theodoratos and Karakasidis, 1997), etc.
ST electric systems are amongst the most efficient SETs when it comes to
land use (they produce annually about 4–5 GWh/ha). To date, most sites used or
considered for ST systems are in arid desert areas,
5.4. Ecosystem, flora and fauna
In addition to the collector systems, the main visual impact would come from
the tower of the central receiver systems. However, the atmospheric require-
ments for these systems point to their deployment in areas of low population
densities, so provided that areas of outstanding natural beauty are avoided,
visual intrusion is unlikely to be significant.
5.6. Noise
The accidental release of heat transfer fluids (water and oil) from parabolic
trough and central receiver systems could form a health hazard. The hazard
could be substantial in some central tower systems, which use liquid sodium or
molten salts as a heat-transfer medium. Indeed a fatal accident has occurred in a
system using liquid sodium. These dangers will be avoided by moving to
volumetric systems that use air as a heat-transfer medium.
Central tower systems have the potential to concen-trate light to intensities
that could damage eyesight. Under normal operating conditions this should not
pose any danger to operators, but failure of the tracking systems could result in
straying beams that might pose an occupational safety risk on site.