Roll #17

14-CHE-17 TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & FERTILIZER RESEARCH FAISALABAD
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT TITLE:
TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
SUBMITTED TO: SIR TAHIR ISHFAQ
SUBMITTED BY: MARIAM ASGHAR
ROLL NO: 14-CHE-17
DATE: DECEMBER 15, 2017
SESSION: 2014-2018
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Temperature……………………………………………………………………………………………………….........1
1.2 Temperature scales…………………………………………………………………………………………………...1
1.3 History of temperature measurement…………………………………………………………………….......1
1.4 Factor affecting accuracy……………………………………………………………………………………………2
2. TYPES OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS………………………………………….3
2.1 Thermo resistive measuring devices…………………………………………………………………………..3
2.1.1 Resistance temperature detector…………………………………………………………………….3
2.1.1.1 Working principle…………………………………………………………………………………….3
2.1.1.2 Description………………………………………………………………………………………………4
2.1.1.3 Components of RTDs………………………………………………………………………………..4
2.1.1.4 Range………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
2.1.1.5 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………….5
2.1.2 Thermistor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
2.1.2.1 Working principle…………………………………………………………………………………….5
2.1.2.2 Description………………………………………………………………………………………………5
2.1.2.3 Range………………………………………………………………………………………………………6
2.1.2.4 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………….6
3. EXPANSION THERMOMETER…………………………………………………………………………………………7
3.1 Bimetallic Thermometers…………………………………………………………………………………………..7
3.1.1 Working principle………………………………………………………………………………………….7
3.1.2 Description……………………………………………………………………………………………………7
3.1.3 Range……………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
3.1.4 Advantages & Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………….8
3.1.5 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
3.2 Liquid In glass Thermometers……………………………………………………………………………………9
3.2.1 Working principle………………………………………………………………………………………….9
3.2.2 Description……………………………………………………………………………………………………9
3.2.3 Components of LIG thermometers………………………………………………………………..10
3.2.4 Range…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10
3.2.5 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………10
4. THERMOCOUPLES………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11
4.1 Working principle……………………………………………………………………………………………………11
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4.2 Advantages & Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………12

4.3 Range ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
4.4 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12
5. RADIATION PYROMETERS…………………………………………………………………………………………..13
5.2 Description……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...13
5.3 Range………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
5.4 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14
6. PHASE CHANGE TEMPERATURE SENSOR…………………………………………………………………………...14
6.2 Range………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
6.3 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
7. COMPARISON…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
3
TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES

“Instruments used to measure temperature are called temperature measuring devices”
What is Temperature?
Temperature is the measurement of heat (thermal energy) associated with the movement
(kinetic energy) of the molecules of a substance. Thermal energy always flows from a
warmer body to a cooler body. In this case, temperature is defined as an intrinsic property
of matter that quantifies the ability of one body to transfer thermal energy to another body.
Temperature Scales:
Several temperature scales have been developed to provide a standard for indicating the
temperatures of substances. The most commonly used scales include the Fahrenheit,
Celsius, Kelvin, and Rankine temperature scales. The Fahrenheit (·F) and Celsius (·C) scales
are based on the freezing point and boiling point of water. The freezing point of a substance
is the temperature at which it changes its physical state from a liquid to a solid. The boiling
point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid state to a gaseous
state. To convert a Fahrenheit reading to its equivalent Celsius reading, the following
equation is used.
 C = 5/9 (·F - 32)
In order to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, the following equation is used.
 ·F = 9/5 (·C) + 32
The Kelvin (K) and Rankine (·R) scales are typically used in engineering calculations and
scientific research. They are based on a temperature called absolute zero. Absolute zero is a
theoretical temperature where there is no thermal energy or molecular activity. Using
absolute zero as a reference point, temperature values are assigned to the points at which
various physical phenomena occur, such as the freezing and boiling points of water.
The history of temperature measurement:
There are a wide variety of temperature measurement probes in use today depending on
what you are trying to measure, how accurately you need to measure it, if you need to use it
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for control or just man monitoring, or if you can even touch what you are trying to monitor.
Temperature measurement can be classified into a few general categories:
a) Thermometers b) Probes c) Non-contact
Thermometers are the oldest of the group. The need to measure and quantify the
temperature of something started around 150 A.D. when Galen determined the
‘complexion’ of someone based on four observable quantities. The actual science of
‘thermometry’ did not evolve until the growth of the sciences in the 1500’s. The first actual
thermometer was an air thermoscope described in Natural Magic (1558, 1589). This
device was the fore runner of the current class of glass thermometers. Up to 1841 there
were 18 different temperature scales in use. An instrument maker, Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit learned to calibrate thermometers from Ole Roomer, a Danish astronomer.
Between 1708 and 1724 Fahrenheit began producing thermometers using Romer’s scale
and then modified that to what we know today as the Fahrenheit scale. Fahrenheit greatly
improved the thermometer by changing the reservoir to a cylinder and replaced the spirits
used in the early devices with mercury. This was done because it had a nearly linear rate of
thermal expansion. His calibration techniques were a trade secret, but it was known that
he used a certain mixture of the melting point of a mixture of sea salt, ice and water and the
armpit temperature of a healthy man as calibration points. When the scale was adopted by
Great Britain the temperature of 212 was defined as the boiling point of water. This point
as well as the melting point of plain ice was used as two known calibration points. About
1740 Anders Celsius proposed the centigrade scale. It is not clear who invented the scale,
but it divided the range of the melting point of ice (100) to the steam point of water (0) into
100 parts, hence ‘centigrade’. Linnaeus inverted the scale so that 0 was the ice point and
100 was the steam point. In 1948 the name of the centigrade scale was changed to Celsius.
About the time that Fahrenheit was experimenting with his liquid filled devices, Jaspeh L.
Gay-Lussac was working with gas filled tubes. He concluded that at a constant pressure,
the volume of the gas would expand at a particular rate for each degree of temperature rise,
that being 1/267 per degree. In 1874 Victor Renault obtained better experimental results,
showing this number to be 1/273 and concluded that the pressure would approach zero at
1/273.15 degrees C. This lead to the definition of zero pressure at -273.15 degrees C, or
what we now know as the absolute scale.
Factors Affecting Accuracy:
There are several factors, of effects, that can cause steady state measurement errors. These
effects include:
 Stem losses and thermal shunting

 Radiation
 Frictional heating
 Internal heating
 Heat transfer in surface mounted sensors
5
TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES
THERMO RESISTIVE MEASURING DEVICES

Principle of operation:
 A change in temperature causes the electrical resistance of a material to change.

 The resistance change is measured to infer the temperature change.
 There are two types of thermos resistive measuring devices: resistance
temperature detectors and thermistors, both of which are described here.
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

A resistance temperature detector (abbreviated RTD) is basically either a long, small
diameter metal wire (usually platinum) wound in a coil or an etched grid on a substrate,
much like a strain gauge.
Working principle:
As the temperature of a metal increases, the metal's resistance to the flow of electricity
increases. Similarly, as the temperature of the RTD resistance element increases, the
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electrical resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), increases.
Description:
An RTD takes a measurement when a small DC current is supplied to the sensor. The
current experiences the impedance of the resistor, and a voltage drop is experienced over
the resistor. Depending on the nominal resistance of the RTD, different supply currents can
be used. To reduce self-heating on the sensor the supply current should be kept low. In
general, around 1mA or less of current is used.
An RTD can be connected in a two, three, or four-wire configuration. The two-wire

configuration is the simplest and also the most error prone. In this setup, the RTD is
connected by two wires to a Wheatstone bridge circuit and the output voltage is measured.
The disadvantage of this circuit is that the two connecting lead wire resistances add
directly two the RTD’s resistance and an error is incurred.
Components of a RTD:
1. RTD platinum resistance element: This is the actual temperature sensing portion of the
RTD. Elements range in length from 1/8" to 3". There are many options. The standard
temperature coefficient is an alpha of .00385 and the standard resistance is 100 Ω at 0° C.
2. RTD Outside diameter: The most common outside diameter is ¼" in the US or 6mm
(.236") for non-US applications. However, outside diameters range from 0.063" to .500"
RTD Tubing Material: 316 Stainless steel is commonly used for assemblies up to 500° F.
Above 500° F it is advisable to use Inconel 600.
3. RTD Process Connection: Process connection fittings include all standard fittings used
with thermocouples (i.e. compression, welded, spring-loaded, etc.)
4. RTD Wire Configuration: RTDs are available in 2, 3 and 4 wire configuration. 3 wire
configurations are the most common for industrial applications. Teflon and fiberglass are
the standard wire insulation materials. Teflon is moisture resistant and can be used up to
400° F. Fiberglass can be used up to 1000° F.
5. RTD cold end termination: RTDs can terminate on the cold end with plugs, bare wires,
terminal heads and any of the reference junctions common to thermocouples.
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Range:
Typically, a RTD achieves high precision within a limited temperature range of about -240
to 649ºC around the target temperature.
Applications:
 RTDs are sensors used to measure temperature by associating the resistance of the
RTD element with temperature.
 RTDs are slowly replacing thermocouples in many industrial applications below
600°C, due to their higher accuracy and repeatability.
Thermistors
A thermistor is similar to an RTD, but a semiconductor material is used instead of a metal.
A thermistor is a solid state device. Resistance thermometry may be performed using
thermistors. Thermistors are many t useful over limited ranges of temperature. They are
small pieces of ceramic material made by sintering mixtures of metallic oxides of
Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt, Copper and Iron etc.
Working principles:
A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on
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temperature, when the temperature increases, resistance decreases.

Description:
Resistance of a thermistor decreases non-linearly with temperature. Thermistors are
extremely sensitive but over a narrow range of temperatures. A thermistor has larger
sensitivity than does an RTD, but the resistance change with temperature is nonlinear, and
therefore temperature must be calibrated with respect to resistance. Unlike RTDs, the
resistance of a thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. The upper temperature
limit of thermistors is typically lower than that of RTD. However, thermistors have greater
sensitivity and are typically more accurate than RTDs or thermocouples. A PTC thermistor
works a little differently. When temperature increases, the resistance increases, and when
temperature decreases, resistance decreases. This type of thermistor is generally used as a
fuse.
Range:
Typically, a thermistor achieves high precision within a limited temperature range of about
50ºC around the target temperature. This range is dependent on the base resistance.
Applications of thermistors
 A Thermistor is used to measure the temperature.

 The thermistor is used as an electrical circuit component
 For temperature compensation
 Circuit protection
 Voltage regulation
 Time delay, and Volume control.
 Thermistors are used in an automotive applications
 Instrumentation and Communication
 Consumer electronics
 Food handling and processing
 Industrial electronics
 Medical electronics
 Military and aerospace
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Expansion thermometers
1. Bimetallic thermometers
2. Liquid in glass thermometers
BIMETALLIC THERMOMETER
Bimetallic thermometers are made up of bimetallic strips formed by joining two different
metals having different thermal expansion coefficients. Basically, bimetallic strip is a
mechanical element which can sense temperature and transform it into a mechanical
displacement.
Working principle:
It’s made up of two different metals bonded together, which expand by different amounts
as they heat up. As the temperature changes, the bimetallic strip curves more or less tightly
(contracts or expands) and the pointer, attached to it, moves up or down the scale.
Description:
The Bimetal thermometer was designed to be a less accurate, but more rugged measuring
device than the glass thermometer. In many industrial applications there are still locations
where it is desirable to know what the temperature of a fluid or device is, but it is not
worth the cost of a more expensive probe and readout. Some examples of this are cooling
water loops, gas grills, furnaces and ovens. In general the user would like a quick check to
see what the approximate temperature is, but don’t need to know to the tenth of a degree.
Probably within a few degrees is more than enough for most of the applications. Bimetal
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thermometers are constructed of a metal sensing rod, which conducts the temperature to
the thermal element, the thermal element and a scale.
The bimetal sensing element consists of a metal element shaped like a flat spring. This
element is two different metallic materials sandwiched together. When a temperature is
sensed by the element, the metallic components want to expand. Since they are different
materials and expand at different rates, a stress in generated in the coil of material. This
stress causes the element to try to wrap around itself. The indicator needle is attached to
the end of this either directly or by mechanism. The motion of the spring shaped material
moves the indicator. Prior to the advent of electrical thermostats, the most common use of
these thermometers was in home heating systems. The thermostat consisted of a
bimetallic spring such as used in the gage type thermometer and a switch, usually a
mercury level switch. As the spring wound and unwound with temperature change, the
angle of the mercury switch would change, closing or opening the contacts.
Range:
 Maximum/minimum bimetal thermometer, range 0 to 200°F, 12" stem.

 Maximum/minimum bimetal thermometer, range -40 to 160°F, 12" stem.
Advantages:
 The bimetallic thermometer is easily installed and maintained.

Wide temperature ranges are available
 The bimetallic thermometer has good accuracy.
 The cost is very low.
 It has nearly linear response.
Disadvantages
• It is suitable at local mounting only.
• Indicators are used to display.

• Calibration is disturbed if roughly handled.
Application:
 Bimetallic strips are one of the oldest techniques to measure temperature. They can
be designed to work at quite high temperatures i.e. upto 500°F or 260°C.
 Major application areas of a bimetallic strip thermometer include: For various
household appliances such as ovens etc.
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Liquid in glass thermometer
A liquid-in-glass thermometer is the simplest and most commonly employed type of

temperature measurement device. It is one of the
oldest thermometers available in the industry. It
gives fairly accurate results within the
temperature range of -2 to 0°C. No special means
are needed to measure temperature via these
thermometers. One can read temperature readings
easily with human eyes.
Working principle:
With a liquid-in-glass thermometer the liquid

inside expands when it is heated. Its volume
increases and rises up the tube. The liquid
expands much more than the glass itself.
Description:
In the LIG thermometer the thermally sensitive element is a liquid contained in a graduated
glass envelope. The principle used to measure temperature is that of the apparent thermal
expansion of the liquid. It is the difference between the volumetric reversible thermal
expansion of the liquid and its glass container that makes it possible to measure
temperature.
There are three types of immersion, as shown in the following figure: total, partial and
complete immersion, depending on the level of contact between the medium and the
sensor.
The response of the thermometer depends on the bulb volume, bulb thickness, total weight
and type of thermometer. To reduce the response time, the bulb should be small and the
bulb wall thin. The sensitivity depends on the reversible thermal expansion of the liquid
compared to the glass.The greater the fluid expansion, the more sensitive the thermometer.
Mercury was the liquid the most often used because of its good reaction time, repeatability,
linear coefficient of expansion and large temperature range. But it is poisonous and so
other working liquids are used. Common organic liquids are toluene, ethyl alcohol,
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pentane; their expansion is high but not linear and they are limited at high temperature.
They need to be dyed, the most common colours being red, blue and green.
Components:
It mainly comprises:
 A bulb which acts as a container for the functioning liquid where it can easily
expand or contract in capacity.
 A stem, “a glass tube containing a tiny capillary connected to the bulb and enlarged
at the bottom into a bulb that is partially filled with a working liquid”.[2]
 A temperature scale which is basically preset or imprinted on the stem for
displaying temperature readings.
 Point of reference i.e. a calibration point which is most commonly the ice point.
 A working liquid which is generally either mercury or alcohol.
 An inert gas, mainly argon or nitrogen which is filled inside the thermometer above
mercury to trim down its volatilization.
Range:
A liquid-in-glass thermometer is widely used due to its accuracy for the temperature range
-200 to 600°C
The following table gives for each liquid the useable temperature range.
Temperature range
Working liquid
(°C)
Mercury -38 to 650
Toluene -90 to 100
Ethyl alcohol -110 to 100
Pentane -200 to 20
Applications:
 They can be frequently applied in areas where there is problem of electricity.

 They are also applied in meteorological applications.
 They are used in oceanographic applications, where they are generally calibrated by
graduations eternally engraved into the glass.
13
THERMOCOUPLES
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors

forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures. A thermocouple produces a
temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can
be interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a widely used type of
temperature sensor.
Principle of operation:
In 1821, the German physicist Thomas Johann See beck discovered that when different
metals are joined at the ends and there is a temperature difference between the joints, a
magnetic field is observed. At the time See beck referred to this as thermo-magnetism. The
magnetic field he observed was later shown to be due to thermo-electric current. In
practical use, the voltage generated at a single junction of two different types of wire is
what is of interest as this can be used to measure temperature at very high and low
temperatures. The magnitude of the voltage depends on the types of wire used.
14
Advantages of Thermocouple Type Instruments:

Following are advantages of Thermocouple type of instruments,
1. The thermocouple type of instruments accurately indicates the root mean square
value of current and voltages irrespective of the waveform. There is a wide varieties
of range of thermocouple instruments are available in the market.
2. Thermocouple type of instruments give very accurate reading even at high
frequency, thus these types of instruments are completely free from frequency
errors.
3. The measurement of quantity under these instruments is not affected by stray
magnetic fields.
4. These instruments are known for their high sensitivity.
5. Usually for measuring the low value of current bridge type of arrangement is used
i.e. ranging from 0.5 Amperes to 20 Amperes while for measuring the higher value
of current heater element is required to retain accuracy.
Disadvantages of Thermocouple Type Instruments:
Instead of many advantages these type of instruments posses one disadvantage, The over
load capacity of thermocouple type of instrument is small, even fuse is not able to the
heater wire because heater wire may burn out before the fuse blows out.
Range:
Thermocouples are suitable for measuring over a large temperature range, from −270 up to
3000 °C (for a short time, in inert atmosphere).
Applications:
Applications include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel
engines, other industrial processes and fog machines. They are less suitable for
applications where smaller temperature differences need to be measured with high
accuracy, for example the range 0–100 °C with 0.1 °C accuracy. For such applications
thermistors, silicon bandgap temperature sensors and resistance thermometers are more
suitable.
15
Radiation Pyrometers
Non-contacting temperature measurement can be achieved through the use of radiation, or

optical, pyrometers. The high temperature limits of radiation pyrometers exceed the limits
of most other temperature sensors. Radiation pyrometers are capable of measuring
temperatures to approximately 4000·C without touching the object being measured.
Working principle:
Temperature measurement with radiation pyrometers is based on the fact that all objects
emit radiant energy. Radiant energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves,
considered to be a stream of photons traveling at the speed of light. The wavelengths of
radiant energy emitted by a hot object range from the visible light portion (0.35 to 0.75
microns) to the infrared portion (0.75 to 20 microns) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Description:
In the visible light portion of the spectrum, radiant energy appears as colors. The
expression "red hot" is derived from the fact that a sufficiently hot object will emit visible
radiation. Common examples include a piece of red hot steel and a tungsten filament lamp.
Radiation pyrometers measure the temperature of an object by measuring the intensity of
the radiation it emits. The intensity and wavelength of the radiation emitted by an object
depends on the emittance and the temperature of the object. Emittance is a measure of an
object's ability to send out radiant energy. It is inversely related to reflection of the object's
surface. Since emittance will differ from one object to another, a standard, called a
blackbody, is used as a reference for calibrating radiation pyrometers and serves as the
basis for the laws that define the relationship of the intensity of radiation and wavelength
with temperature. A blackbody is an object having a surface that does not reflect or pass
16
radiation. It is considered a perfect emitter because it absorbs all heat to which it is

exposed and emits that heat as radiant energy.
• The intensity of radiant energy increase as temperature increases.

• The peak of radiation moves to lower wavelengths as temperature increases.
• In the visible light portion of the spectrum, this effect can be seen by the change in
color of heated metals. They change from red to yellow to white to blue-white as
temperature increases.
Range:
The temperature measurement by radiation pyrometer is limited within 0.5 to 8µm wave
length region. The optical pyrometer is designed to respond narrow band of wavelengths
that fall within the visible range of the electro-magnetic spectrum
Application:
 The radiation pyrometer type temperature sensor are mainly used for measuring
temperature of furnaces. But the terminals of the thermocouple which creates the
cold junction must be protected against the heat from the hot body.
 They are suitable for measuring temperature above 600oC as because in lower
temperature the temperature of the pyrometer itself cannot be ignored compared to
the temperature of the hot body.
Phase change temperature sensors

These are also referred to as change-of-state temperature measurement devices. These are
the semi invasive means to sense temperature. In industries, various types of phase change
devices are available. Some of the most commonly used devices include:
1. Labels
2. Pellets
3. Crayons
4. Lacquers
5. Liquid crystals
17
Working principle:
All these devices undergo a change in color or appearance depending upon the
temperature variations. “They are used, for instance, with steam traps - when a trap
exceeds a certain temperature, a white dot on a sensor label attached to the trap will turn
black. Response time typically takes minutes, so these devices often do not respond to
transient temperature changes.
Range:
Thermocouples are suitable for measuring over a large temperature range, from −270 up to
3000 °C (for a short time, in inert atmosphere).[17]
Applications:
Applications include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel
engines, other industrial processes and fog machines. They are less suitable for
applications where smaller temperature differences need to be measured with high
accuracy, for example the range 0–100 °C with 0.1 °C accuracy. For such applications
thermistors, silicon bandgap temperature sensors and resistance thermometers are more
suitable.
18
RTD, THERMISTOR, THERMOCOUPLE COMPARISON CHART
CRITERIA Thermocouple RTD Thermistor
Temp Range -267°C to 2316°C -240°C to 649°C -100°C to 500°C
Accuracy Good Best Good
Linearity Better Best Good
Sensitivity Good Better Best
Cost Best Good Better
19
References:
 Principles and methods of temperature measurement by Thomas
D. McGee, page no111,203& 409
 Wikipedia free encyclopedia
 T D McGee (editor), Principles and methods of temperature
measurement, John Wiley & Sons, page no 1-10
 https://sciencing.com/instruments-measuring-temperature-
4764.html
 P R N Childs, J R Greenwood, C A Long, Review of temperature
measurement, Review of scientific instruments, vol 71
 C J Miller and D M Emory, Preliminary results of a new type of non-
hazardous liquid-filled precision glass thermometer, CP684,
Temperature: its measurement and control in science and
industry, volume 7, 2003
 https://www.omega.com/prodinfo/thermocouples.html
 https://www.electrical4u.com/radiation-pyrometer-types-
working-principle/
 http://automationwiki.com/index.php/Liquid-In-
Glass_Thermometers
 http://digital.ni.com/public.nsf/allkb/C50FA55B3B2F85D986257
2D00083350E
 http://www.iceweb.com.au/Technical/temperature_measuremen
ts_info_no.htm
 https://web.mst.edu/~cottrell/ME240/Resources/Temperature/
Temperature.pdf
20

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14-CHE-17 TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & FERTILIZER RESEARCH FAISALABAD

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO: SIR TAHIR ISHFAQ

SUBMITTED BY: MARIAM ASGHAR

ROLL NO: 14-CHE-17

DATE: DECEMBER 15, 2017

4.2 Advantages & Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………12

TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES

 C = 5/9 (·F - 32)

In order to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, the following equation is used.

The history of temperature measurement:

a) Thermometers b) Probes c) Non-contact

Factors Affecting Accuracy:

 Stem losses and thermal shunting

TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES

THERMO RESISTIVE MEASURING DEVICES

 A change in temperature causes the electrical resistance of a material to change.

RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

electrical resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), increases.

An RTD can be connected in a two, three, or four-wire configuration. The two-wire

temperature, when the temperature increases, resistance decreases.

 A Thermistor is used to measure the temperature.

 Maximum/minimum bimetal thermometer, range 0 to 200°F, 12" stem.

 The bimetallic thermometer is easily installed and maintained.

• Indicators are used to display.

Liquid in glass thermometer

A liquid-in-glass thermometer is the simplest and most commonly employed type of

With a liquid-in-glass thermometer the liquid

Mercury -38 to 650

Toluene -90 to 100

Ethyl alcohol -110 to 100

 They can be frequently applied in areas where there is problem of electricity.

A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors

Advantages of Thermocouple Type Instruments:

Disadvantages of Thermocouple Type Instruments:

Non-contacting temperature measurement can be achieved through the use of radiation, or

radiation. It is considered a perfect emitter because it absorbs all heat to which it is

• The intensity of radiant energy increase as temperature increases.

Phase change temperature sensors

RTD, THERMISTOR, THERMOCOUPLE COMPARISON CHART

CRITERIA Thermocouple RTD Thermistor

Temp Range -267°C to 2316°C -240°C to 649°C -100°C to 500°C

Accuracy Good Best Good

Linearity Better Best Good

Sensitivity Good Better Best

Cost Best Good Better

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