2012-10-05 ENGLISH (C.

1) Câmpu Alina

1. Verb Tenses 1
2. Verb Tenses 2
3. Passive Forms
4. Modal Verbs 1
5. Modal Verbs 2
6. Relative Clauses
7. Determiners and Pronoums

- we have 6 seminars, attend at least 4

- final exam 90 min: text + exercises

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English Grammar Course

1. Present Perfect Simple – has, have+V3
 actions for which no time/space is mentioned. Result-important
- I have seen this film/movie. ; – They have discussed this matter.
 unique/unusual events in somebody's life;
Adverbs: already, just, yet, never, ever, recently, always, often.
- He has just announced his resignation.
 to express duration (since, for ever since, yet); things that happened until the
present moment (up to now, so far, lately):
- He has won several medals so far.
- I haven't met anyone yet who can run as fast as him.
- I have yet to meet anyone who can run as fast as him .
 expressions like "It is/This is the 1st/2st/the only time ...":
- This is the 1st time he has been late.
 with an Adverbial which includes the present moment:
- I have worked a lot today. ; – I have worked a lot all morning.
- How many times was he married? – he's dead
- How many times has he been married? – alive, able to marry
- I worked a lot all my childhood. – childhood is over, I'm an adult
- I have worked a lot all my life. – I'm working/able to work
- I have worked for 3 years ever since I left school. – left school 3 years ago
- I worked for 3 years after I left school. – more than 3 yrs ago, I don't work anymore
- I had enough!/You've had it!
- You crossed the line/Now you've done it! You've arrived! (to achive success)

2. Present Perfect Continuous – has, have+been+Ving

 emhasize duration: for, since
- I have been waiting for you since 10 o'clock.
 for something that happened in the recent past, there is some evidence at present:
- Your hands are dirty! – I've been washing the car.
- You look so sweaty! – I have been running.
 something incomplete, just finishing, about to change:
- I have been meaning to discuss this with you all weekend.
PPC – Temporary Situation:
- I have lived in this town for 10 years.
- I have been living in this town for 10 years. – temporary stay.
- I lived in this town for 10 years.
PPC – an action PPS – result
What have you been doing? – recent activities
What have you done? – past
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3. Past Perfect Simple – had+V3
 an event that happened prior to another past event:
- I got home after Sue had arrived.
- When I arrived they had started. – started before
- When I arrived they started. – after my arrival
 it has a define time reference:
- I arrived at 8 o'clock, but they had got there at 7 o'clock.
Obs: it's always used with another past form.
- I want to visit him because his wife had asked me to.

4. Past Perfect Coninuous – had+been+Ving

 something that happened before another past event usually present in the sentence:
- They have been climbing for 5 hours when they reached the top.
 emphasizes duration: for, since
- He had been driving for hours and he needed a rest.
- I had been revising for several months, but still I wasn't ready for the exam.

5. Past Tense Simple – V2

 an event completed at a specific time in the past (usually there is an Adverb in the
sentence):
- The study was carried out in 1996.
Adverbs: last year/month/week, yesterday, a week ago etc.
 in narration (present a series of events from the past):
- He woke up, went down stairs and started to drink a tea.
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6. Past Tense Continuous – was, were+Ving

 an activity in progress at a particular moment in the past:
- I was reading when the bell rang.
 two activities in progress at the same time – "while":
- They were collecting information while the minister was preparing a report.
 to set the scene at the beggining of a narrative – to give background information:
- The sun was rising and a light wind was blowing as the children set off on a trip.
 to talk about plans in the past:
- We were meeting at 8 o'clock and I was already late.
 to express criticism of somebody's annoying habits in the past – "always":
- She was always turning up late at rehearsals.
Obs: We don't use Past Tense Continuous to talk about habitual actions in the past.
- We were camping at my grandparents farm every summer.
- We used to camp/camped at my grandparents farm every summer.
Obs: Never use "I was thinking"+"whether"+"if"!
- I was thinking whether or if you would like to join me for a drink.
- I was thinking/wondering. Would you like to join me for a drink?

7. Present Tense Simple – V1+s/es (third person sg–she/he/it)

 to talk about habitual actions – daily frequenty, usually, normally, often, every week:
- He frequently responds angry to criticism
 to talk about permanent states:
- She works for an insurance company.
 permanent truth:
- The sun rises in the East.
 to tell a story/joke:
- Initially the hero decides to seek out his mother.
 in Newspaper headlines:
- Minister attacks journalists in child poverty scandal.

8. Present Tense Continuous – to be (Present Tense)+Ving

 something which is in progress at present;
Adverbs: at the moment, now, as we speak, at the present.
- They are screaming for help.
 to express criticism of somebody's annoying habits – "always":
- You are always borrowing money.
 to talk about a temporary activity:
- I usually go to school by bus, but this week I am walking.
- Because their mother is in the hospital, the children are staying with their
grandparents.

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Expressing Future time
1. Present Tense Simple
 when we speak about an official arranjament:
- The plane takes off at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.

2. Present Tense Continuous

 personal arranjament:
- We are meeting tomorrow at the dinner.
- I am leaving for Bucharest next week.
 going to – an intention (thought about before the moment of speaking):
- I am going to be a scientist when I grow up.
- I'm going to stop the car in a minute.
 to make a prediction about the future based on present evidence:
- Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain.
1. and 2. – near future.

3. Future Tense Simple – shall, will+V1 (No shan't/won't!)

 spontaneous decision made at the moment of speaking:
- The phone is ringing. I'll go get it.
- This luggage is very heavy. I'll help you carry it.
 to speak about facts about the future:
- Tomorrow weather will be fine.

4. Future Tense Continuous – shall, will+be+Ving

 something that will be in progress at a future moment:
- On this time next week I'll be driving to Bucharest.
 something that will be happening during a period of time in future:
- We will be working on this project until the end of the year.
 an action which will happen in the furure because it's planned or decided already:
- BBC will be broadcasting a documentary on the situation in Greece.

5. Future Perfect Simple – shall, will+have+V3

 something that will be finished before a specified future moment:
- By 2020 the developers will have finished the highway.
- By the time we reach our destination we will have driven 300 miles.

6. Future Perfect Continuous – shall, will+have+been+Ving

 an action in progress for a period of time up to a specified future moment:
- By next may, we will have been living in this house for 10 years.

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Expressing future time
 to be to+V1 – official arranjament:
- The prime minister is to give a speech tomorrow morning.
- You are to stay in your room until you've apologised.
 to be about to+V1 – things that will happen soon:
- He is about to jump.
 to be bound to+V1 – things which are certain to happen:
- They are 3-0 down. Their team is bound to lose.
 to be on the point/verge of:
- We are due to meet in half an hour.
- We shall meet in due course.
- I wonder what the future has in store/what's in store.
- Nothing will change in the near future/for the forseeable future.

Subordonated Clause (don't use the future)

once, till, until, when, before, after, as soon as, as long as, while, whenever+
 +Present:
- I will phone you as soon as he arrives.
 +Present Perfect – the action in the Subordonated Clause is completed before the
action in the main Clause:
- I won't make a decision until I have heard your opinion.
^sub. Clause
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The Passive Voice

Form:
 "to be"+V3 (Past Participle) – In an active sentence the person or thing that performs
the action usually comes first and is the subject of the sentence:
- Manchester scored the first goal. (active sentence)
subject (Agent) Action (Vb) Result of the action-new inf.
In a Passive Sentence the result or the thing affected by the action comes first and
becomes the subject of the sentence:
- The first goal was scored by Manchester. (passive sentence)
subject (new inf) Action (Vb) Agent

Reasons for using the Passive:

- to focus on new information;
- the Agent is unknown or very obvious (ex: I was born in 1942);
- the Agent is people or things in general;
- some verbs cannot be used in the Passive;
- to make a statement more impersonal (ex: It is believed that smoking is bad for one's
health);
- to avoid the presence of "you" in rules and orders (ex: All papers must be submitted
before june).

Passive forms
a) Simple Tenses
- Important subjects are discussed at the conference. – Present Tense Simple
- I was helped by them. – Past Tense Simple
- You will be examined by a top specialist. – Future Tense Simple
b) Continuous Tenses
Present Tense Continuous – am/are/is+being+V3
- This problem is being taken into account by all specialists.
Past Tense Continuous – was/were+being+V3
- When we arrived at the stadium, the National Anthem was being played.
Present Perf. Cont.; Past Perf. Cont.; | have no Passive Form
Future Tense Cont.; Future Perf. Cont. |
c) Perfect Tenses
- The new stadium has been built already. – Present Perfect Simple
- By the end of 2000, the work have been finished. – Past Perfect Simple
- In ten years time, full equality will have been achieved for women. – Future Perfect
Simple

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d) to be going to
- The factory is going to be closed by the new managers.
e) modal verbs
- The house must be cleaned. – Present form – mVb+be+V3
- They should have been forced to leave earlier. – Perfect form – mVb+have+been+V3
f) Infinitives
- He wants to be taken seriously. – Present form – to be+V3
- I was happy to have been given the first prize. – Perfect form – to have+been+V3
g) Gerunds
- I enjoy being spoiled. – Present form – being+V3
- She recalled having been taken there as a child. – Perfect form – having+been+V3
- Having been stung by bees, he is now affraid of all insects.
The Agent: "by"
- He was killed with a kitchen knife.
- The streets were covered in snow.

Verbs with two objects

A – They gave the award to an unknown actress.
Vb DO IO DO = Direct Object; IO = Indirect Object
P1 – The Award was given to an unknown actress.
P2 – An unknown actress was given the award.
A – They sent me a letter.
Vb IO DO
P1 – A letter was sent to me.
P2 – I was sent a letter.
Obs: Was with 2 objects with no passive form.
- I wish you good luck!
IO DO
- The book earned him a fortune.
IO DO
Obs: Cannot change the indirect object to subject (to suggest, to explain).
P1 – A – They explained them a new procedure.
IO DO
P2 – They were explained a new procedure.
A – They suggested us a different approach.
IO DO
P1 – A different approach was suggested to us.
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P2 – We were suggested a direct action.
Verbs such as "to allow, ask, refuse, deny, forgive, cause" – can't be used without a
preposition.
- Permission was denied him.
- Acces was denied them.
- All the mistakes were forgiven them.
Verbs such as "make, see, help, hear, let" – have different patterns in Active forms.
A – They made us pay for each ticket.
Vb Obj Inf
P – We were made to pay for each ticket.
Vb to-Inf
A – I saw him enter the house.
P – He was seen to enter the house.
A – They let the prisoner go free.
P – The prisoner was allowed/permitted to go free.
Exceptions:
- The dog was let loose.
- I was badly let down.

Causative Constructions
We talk about making people do something for us.
In the Active Voice, the meaning is cause order somebody to do something.
- I will get the waiter to bring you the menu.
get+n+to+Inf/BE n = noun
- I will have the waiter bring you the menu.
have+n+Inf/AE
- I will have my secretary send you all the details.
- Get him to call/Have him call everybody and announce the meeting.
Passive Voice
Arrange for somebody else to do something.
- I will have/get the menu brought to you.
gramatical subj h/g+n+V3
- I want to have/get my hair cut.
- I must have/get my picture taken for my passport.
- I shall have/get these copies meant for you immediately.
- He will have/get injuried if... .
- I need to have/get my car prepared/fixed/serviced.
Obs: have/get+Obj+V3 – misfortunes
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- I have had my car stolen.
- He had his application turned down.
- They had their house broken into.
- They had their fence pulled down.
Meaning 1:
- They employed somebody to pull down their fence. (causative)
- Their fence was pulled down without their willing it. (misforunate)
Obs: "get" instead of "be" in the Passive.
- They got/were punished by the principal.
Obs: "get" in collocations of the meaning "to become".
- get dressed, get married, stuck, lost, caught, burnt, envolved, get used to+Ving.
A – I got dressed very quickly.
P – I've got caught very quickly.

Impersonal Constructions
Used especially after verbs refferring to mental prop., or after reporting Verbs. – claim,
mention, report, believe, think, consider:
- The President is said to be unwell.
Subject+Passive Vb+to-Inf.
- It is said that the President is unwell.
It+Passive Vb+"that" Clause
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Modal Verbs
Modal Verbs:
- can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, must, ought to, dare, need.
Modal Paraphrases:
- to be able to, to be allowed, to be permitted to, to have to.

General characteristics of modals:

1) Modal Verbs never change their form. They don't have 'ed', 's', 'ing' endings:
- My brother can swim. I can swim.
2) To form the negative, we use 'not' after a modal verb:
- Cars must not/mustn't be parked here.
To form the interogative, we use the inversion modal Vb+Subject.
- Must I join you?
3) Some of their forms are missing:
- The train might be in the station now. (present)
- The train might arrive later. (future)
4) They can only be followed by:
 short infinitive (V1) – I may need her tomorrow. (may-mVb, need-V1)
 perfect infinitive (have+V3) – She might have left sooner. (mVb, left-perf.Inf.)
 Continuous forms (be+Ving) – It may be raining. They should be arriving soon.
 Passive forms (to be+V3) – The interview can be arranged by us.
5) Modals are used in short answers and question tags:
- You will apply for the job, won't you? – Well, I might.
6) Modals may reffer to the present, past, future:
- I should have realized this earlier. (past)
Obs: "ought to" – is always followed by the preposition "to".
- You ought to speak to your parents like this.
'dare', 'need' – modal and ordinary verbs:
Need:
Affirm – No one need feel left out. (m.vb)
– No one needs to feel left out. (ord.vb)
Neg. – You needn't say anything. (m.vb)
– You don't need to say anything. (ord.vb)
Dare:
Affirm – I dare to say he is a smart man. (m.vb)
– I dare to do a parachute jump. (ord.vb)
Neg. – I wanted to talk to him, but I dared not. (m.vb)
– Don't you dare to talk to me like that. (ord.vb)
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to dare = to challenge – ord.vb
- He dared me to jump the fence.
can can't cannot - could to be able to (for/(in)ability)
 ability, inability
- I can play the piano very well.
- He couldn't walk until he was nearly two.
 possibility, impossibility
- Anyone can make a mistake.
- He couldn't have taken your car.
 permission
- Can/Could I have earlier, please?
- When I was little I could stay up late at weekend.
 requests/offers
- Can/Could I use your phone?
 deduction
- The bill can't be right.
- That could be J's car because I've seen him in the driving alley.
 prohibition
- You can't leave until I say so.
- Our mother said that we couldn't go out until we have finished our homework.

Can vs to be able to
 to point to the future:
- One day people will be able to spend their holiday on the moon.
know how to, with verbs expressing senses (hear, see, feel, smell):
- Can you read music?

Could vs was/were able to

could – for general ability in the past;
was/were able to – ability with respect to a specific situation or event from the past:
- I could read well by the time I was 5.
- Last night I was able to unlock the door after several attempts.
may – to be allowed/permitted to (for permission):
 express permission
- You may leave when you have finished.
 possibility
- They may not have left yet.
- We may go to France next year.
 expressing hopes
- May you be happy and have a long life.
 offers
- May I help you carry the suitcase?
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 concession
- They may live next door, but we hardly ever see them.
- He may have written books on the subject, but he is not an expert.
- I may not be very intelligent, but I know the answer.
 prohibition
- You may not leave until you have finished work here.
might – It's not a past tense of "may"! Exception is indirect speech:
- I may come with you. – He said he might come with us.
 possibility
- You might not like it. (more polite form than may)
- They might have tried to contact you.
 suggestion
- You might try talking to somebody from that company.
 concession
- He might not wear glasses, but his eyesight is not very good.
- She may have worked very hard, but she didn't get good results.
Obs: Both "may" and "might" never express deduction and ability (can).
- I may/might not have her phone number, let me check. ((im)possibility, not dedc.)
- How far is London from here? – I cannot say. ((in)ability)
- He couldn't be here already!
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 A
- a
 B
- b
 C
- c
 D
- d
 E
- e

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