MSc Fluid Mechanics Lecture on Aerodynamics Basics

MSc in Mechanical Engineering Modelling / Fluid Mech spec.
BMEGEÁTMW09 / MW19
Gépészmérnök MSc / Áramlástechnika spec.
BMEGEÁTMG10 / MG30
lecturer:
Dr. Jenő Miklós Suda assistant professor
suda@ara.bme.hu
Dept. Fluid Mechanics / Faculty of Mechanical Engineering / BME
Part III. - Basics of... 1
Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles
BASICS of …
a) BASICs of FLUID DYNAMICS
b) BASICs of AERODYNAMICS (streamlined & bluff bodies)
c) BASIC DEFINITIONS (forces, moments, coefficients)
d) 3D flow, relative flow field (side wind effect)
e) Performance (resistance to vehicle motion)
f) Performance (driving schedules)
g) Performance (aerodynamic drag & rolling resistance)

BASICs of FLUID DYNAMICS
! see also in your lecture notes!

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles BASICs of FLUID DYNAMICS
Characteristics of viscous / inviscid fluids

Continuity equation
Density, pressure & velocity – flow field variables
Pathline, streamline, streakline; streamtube - definitions
Euler’s equation (in special streamwise co-ordinate system)
Bernoulli’s equation
Coordinate system, relative flow, angle of attack,
Aerodynamic forces, moments & their coefficients
+ characteristics of laminar & turbulent flows
+ characteristics of attached / separated flows
+ characteristics of boundary layers
+ integral momentum equation
+ similarity rules / wind tunnel modelling
+ parameters of wind tunnel measurements
+ CFD: computational fluid dynamics considerations
BASICs of FLUID MECHANICS

& AERODYNAMICS

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles BASICS of AERODYNAMICS
Cylinder
v∞
v∞
Wing (a=0°)
v∞ v∞

MOVIE M.11.2.1.
v∞
MOVIE M.9.1.1.
v∞
MOVIE M.9.1.2.

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles BASICS of AERODYNAMICS MOVIE M.9.1.3.
BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW
yna
MOVIE
BMW shear stress

MOVIE M.11.1.12.
m=0 m≠0 & laminar m≠0 & turbulent
v∞ v∞
yna
v∞ v∞
Inviscid flow
F=0
Viscous flow
yna
CFD of sphere vs golfball:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHOoZYhF6r4 Part III. - Basics of... MOVIE CFD golf/sphere
9
v∞
v∞


F force acting on a carbody in viscous flow

z dA z
in 3D flow field: dA e e dA
v∞ y
F = Fp+F’f dA e dA x
where: dA e
e
y
Fp: pressure based (dA: wall-normal) force
from pressure distribution (p→cp) e
dA e
’
Ff : viscous (e: tangent) force from friction x
dA dA
(t0 wall shear → cf’ skin friction coeff.) e
yna car body: 3D bodysurface with dA surface vector
z
x
y dA
http://carblueprints.info

F = Fp+F’f
Fp: Ff ’ :
pressure based (dA: wall-normal) viscous (e: tangent) force from
force from pressure skin(wall) friction (t0 wall shear
distribution (p→cp) stress → cf’ skin friction coeff.)
Fp= ‒pdA F’f = t0 e  dA 

adding 0=p∞dA multiplying
yna by 1= pdyn /pdyn
Fp= pdyn [‒ cpdA ] F’f =pdyn [cf’  e dA ]
cp: pressure coeff. cf’: skin(wall) friction coeff.

(p-p∞) t0
cp = cf ’ =
pdyn Part III. - Basics of...
pdyn 13
cp: pressure coeff. 2D

POTENTIAL
theoretical limits FLOW
‒3 ≤ cp ≤ +1 AROUND
INFINITE
CYLINDER
REFERENCE POINT v∞
v∞= p∞=
p∞ v1=0
„1” STAGNATION POINT
v1=0 p1=ptot=p∞+pdyn,∞ ret
(𝑝1 − 𝑝∞ )
v2=2v∞
𝑐𝑝,1 = = +1
𝑝𝑑𝑦𝑛,∞
LOCAL OVERPRESSURE, where cp>0
„2” POINT
v2=2v∞ p∞+pdyn,∞=p2+pdyn,2=p2+4pdyn,∞
(𝑝2 − 𝑝∞ ) LOCAL DEPRESSION, where cp<0

𝑐𝑝,2 = = −3
𝑝𝑑𝑦𝑛,∞
cf’: skin friction coeff.

laminar / turbulent
cf’ =f (Re)
Source: Komerath: Low Speed Aerodynamics (2013, NASA Extrovert)

cf’: skin friction coeff.

laminar / turbulent
cf’ =f (Re)
order of magnitude:
cf’ < 10-2
cf’ ≈ 10-2 ÷ 10-3
cf’ << cp
Source: Komerath: Low Speed Aerodynamics (2013, NASA Extrovert) 16

Part III. - Basics of...
v∞
v∞
z vv∞∞
Boundary Layer (BL) Laminar BL Turbulent BL
v𝑥 𝑧 𝑧 3
v𝑥
1
𝑧 𝑛
Rex 105 106 107
BL velocity profile ≅ 1,5 ∙ − 0,5 ∙ ≅ , where
v∞ 𝛿 𝛿 v∞ 𝛿 n 6,4 7,8 9,4
𝛿 5 𝛿 0,14 (0,16)
BL thickness ≅ ≅
𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑥 7 𝑅𝑒𝑥
v∞ ∙𝑥 v∞∙𝑥∙𝜌
Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = =
𝜈 𝜇
𝜏0 0,664 𝜏0 0,025 (0,027)

Skin friction coeff. 𝑐𝑓,𝑙𝑎𝑚 ′ = 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑓,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 ′ = 𝜌 =7
𝑣2 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑣2 𝑅𝑒𝑥
2 ∞ 2 ∞
Viscous drag force 𝜌 2

𝐹𝐷,𝑓 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑐𝑓 ′ ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
(b: width, x: length 2 ∞
𝐴
𝐹𝐷,𝑓 1,328 𝐹𝐷,𝑓 0,03 (0,031)
Viscous drag coeff. 𝑐𝐷,𝑓,𝑙𝑎𝑚 ′ = 𝜌 = 𝑐𝐷,𝑓,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 ′ = 𝜌 =7
2
𝑣∞ ∙ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑣2 ∙ 𝐴 𝑅𝑒𝑥
2 2 ∞ 𝑟𝑒𝑓
Power loss [W] due
𝑃𝐷,𝑓 = 𝐹𝐷,𝑓 ∙ v∞
to the friction drag
cp: pressure coeff. cf’: skin friction coeff.

Theoretical limits laminar / turbulent
- 3 ≤ cp ≤ 1 cf’ =f (Re)
cp t0 [Pa]
pressure coefficient distribution wall shear stress distribution
contour plot coloring: contour plot coloring :
(blue) -3 < cp < +1 (red) (blue) 0Pa < t0 < 5Pa (red)
Source: https://bc247.wordpress.com/projects/daytona/ & https://www.facebook.com/daytonasportscars65

- 3 ≤ cp ≤ 1 cf’ =f (Re)
cp pressure coefficient distribution

- 3 ≤ cp ≤ 1 cf’ =f (Re)
cp pressure
coefficient
distribution

- 3 ≤ cp ≤ 1 cf’ =f (Re)
cp pressure coefficient distribution t0’ wall shear stress distribution

- 3 ≤ cp ≤ 1 cf’ =f (Re)
t0’ wall shear stress distribution

SHARP
v∞
FRONT
EDGE x
BRICK
ROUNDED
-UP FRONT v∞
EDGE x
MB
H
NO GROUND WITH GROUND

SHARP FRONT EDGE
v∞ v∞
Pressure distribution is
… ASYMMETRIC!
… SYMMETRIC to the mid-planes
ROUNDED-UP FRONT EDGE
v∞ v∞
Pressure distribution is
… SYMMETRIC to the mid-planes
Part III. - Basics of... … ASYMMETRIC! 24
MOVIES
Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles BASICS of AERODYNAMICS 2015 BMW, HONDA
2016 Mercedes
INDUCED DRAG / SEPARATED FLOW / ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Chevy Volt VORTICES
v∞
REAR
Porsche Panamera
yna
M 2012 Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG

FRONT
v∞

BASIC DEFINITIONs
of vehicle aerodynamics

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles BASIC DEFINITIONS
LIFT
FORCE
SIDE(YAW)
FORCE PITCHING z
MOMENT (M)
DRAG
y FORCE
v∞
ROLLING
YAWING
MOMENT (R)
MOMENT (N)

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles BASIC DEFINITIONS
Definitions of vehicle positions, forces and moments
v: farfield (∞) velocity; A: ref. area; r: density of air
LIFT
FORCE DRAG FORCES [N]:
SIDE(YAW) FORCE DRAG force (=Fx): D = cD(½rv2A)
FORCE LIFT force (=Fz): L = cL(½rv2A)
SIDE(YAW) force (=Fy): Y(S)= cY(½rv2A)
ROLLING PITCHING
MOMENT (R) MOMENT (M)
COEFFICIENTS [-] (based on FORCE):
YAWING DRAG coefficient: cD = D / (½rv2A)
MOMENT (N)
LIFT coefficient: cL = L / (½rv2A)
YAW coefficient: cY = Y(S)/ (½rv2A)
MOMENTS [Nm]:
ROLLING moment: R = cR (½rv2Ac)
Lift-to-drag (L/D) ratio: L/D = cL/cD PITCHING moment: M= cM (½rv2Ac)
The lift-to-drag ratio is a measure of the vehicle’s YAWING moment: N = cN (½rv2Ac)
aerodynamic performance. Where „c” is traditionally the wing’s chord length, but
• For AIRCRAFTs: the higher is the L/D ratio, the better is here we use c=a/2; c=s/2 or c=l/2)
the vehicle’s performance. COEFFICIENTS [-] (based on MOMENT):
• For GROUND VEHICLEs: the higher is the negative L/D
ratio, the better is the vehicle’ performance i.e. better is Coeff. of ROLLING moment: cR
the stability. High downforce (=high negative lift) is Coeff. of PITCHING moment: cM
needed for stability (for high traction between Coeff. of YAWING moment: cN
wheels&ground).
3D flow and side wind effect

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles SIDE WIND EFFECT
Definitions of vehicle positions, forces and moments due to the airflow

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles 3D flow
In the reality a 3D flow field exists around the car body, even at no-side-wind-condition, too.
External and internal flow details are always 3D. NOTE: How many car symmetry planes exist?

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles SIDE WIND EFFECT
SIDE WIND & 3D FLOW is the …
… the main origin of … main origin of

L lift force and M pitching moment N yawing moment
(But don’t forget: it is morely 3D effect!) (But don’t forget: it is morely 3D effect!)
v∞ v∞

on PERFORMANCE…

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles PERFORMANCE: aerodynamic / rolling
RESISTANCE TO VEHICLE MOTION

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles PERFORMANCE: aerodynamic / rolling
RATIO of the aerodynamic

drag to the total vs. speed
WD: aerodynamic drag (D, FD)
WR: rolling drag (FR)
(where „W” means Widerstand = drag in
German)
EXAMPLE:
for passenger car having cD=0.3
35% at 50km/h (city cycle)
~70% at 130km/h (motorway)
for this car having cD=0.5

~ + 10÷15 %
Up to 80÷85 % !
Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles PERFORMANCE: driving schedules
Constant vehicle speed is used to be considered in

aerodynamic design. But the reality is…..
VARIOUS DRIVING SCHEDULES

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles BASICS of…
Thank you for your attention!
Part III. – Basics of … 37

MSc Fluid Mechanics Lecture on Aerodynamics Basics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MSc Fluid Mechanics Lecture on Aerodynamics Basics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MSc in Mechanical Engineering Modelling / Fluid Mech spec.

Part III. - Basics of... 2

BASICs of FLUID DYNAMICS

! see also in your lecture notes!

Part III. - Basics of... 3

Characteristics of viscous / inviscid fluids

BASICs of FLUID MECHANICS

! see also in your lecture notes!

Part III. - Basics of... 5

Part III. - Basics of... 6

Part III. - Basics of... 7

BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW

Part III. - Basics of... 8

m=0 m≠0 & laminar m≠0 & turbulent

Part III. - Basics of... 10

Part III. - Basics of... 11

F force acting on a carbody in viscous flow

Part III. - Basics of... 12

Fp= ‒pdA F’f = t0 e  dA 

cp: pressure coeff. cf’: skin(wall) friction coeff.

cp: pressure coeff. 2D

(𝑝2 − 𝑝∞ ) LOCAL DEPRESSION, where cp<0

cf’: skin friction coeff.

Source: Komerath: Low Speed Aerodynamics (2013, NASA Extrovert)

cf’: skin friction coeff.

Source: Komerath: Low Speed Aerodynamics (2013, NASA Extrovert) 16

Boundary Layer (BL) Laminar BL Turbulent BL

𝜏0 0,664 𝜏0 0,025 (0,027)

Viscous drag force 𝜌 2

cp: pressure coeff. cf’: skin friction coeff.

Source: https://bc247.wordpress.com/projects/daytona/ & https://www.facebook.com/daytonasportscars65

Part III. - Basics of... 18

cp pressure coefficient distribution

Source: https://bc247.wordpress.com/projects/daytona/ & https://www.facebook.com/daytonasportscars65

Part III. - Basics of... 19

Source: https://bc247.wordpress.com/projects/daytona/ & https://www.facebook.com/daytonasportscars65

Part III. - Basics of... 20

cp pressure coefficient distribution t0’ wall shear stress distribution

Source: https://bc247.wordpress.com/projects/daytona/ & https://www.facebook.com/daytonasportscars65

Part III. - Basics of... 21

t0’ wall shear stress distribution

Source: https://bc247.wordpress.com/projects/daytona/ & https://www.facebook.com/daytonasportscars65

Part III. - Basics of... 22

NO GROUND WITH GROUND

ROUNDED-UP FRONT EDGE

INDUCED DRAG / SEPARATED FLOW / ACTIVE / PASSIVE

M 2012 Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG

Part III. - Basics of... 25

! see also in your lecture notes!

Part III. - Basics of... 26

Part III. - Basics of... 27

3D flow and side wind effect

! see also in your lecture notes!

Part III. - Basics of... 29

Definitions of vehicle positions, forces and moments due to the airflow

Part III. - Basics of... 30

Part III. - Basics of... 31

… the main origin of … main origin of

Part III. - Basics of... 32

Part III. - Basics of... 33

RESISTANCE TO VEHICLE MOTION

Part III. - Basics of... 34

RATIO of the aerodynamic