Chapter 1

Term Definition

Unit mass One Twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Relative isotopic mass ● The ​ratio​ of the ​mass of an isotope​ to ​1/12 of

the mass of a carbon-12 atom
or
● The ​mass of that isotope ​measured on a
carbon-12 scale​ ( an atom of carbon-12 has a
mass of exactly 12 units)

Relative atomic mass The ​weighted average mass of the isotopes of the
element​ on a ​carbon-12 scale.

Molecules Neutral particles composed of two or more atoms held

together by a chemical bond

Relative molecular mass The ​weighted average mass of the molecules​ of that
substance on a ​carbon-12 scale

The mole The ​amount of substance of a system ​which contains

as many ​elementary entities​ as there are​ atoms in
0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.

Avogadro Constant The ​number of atoms ​in ​0.012 kilogram of carbon-12

Molar mass The ​mass of one mole​ of that substance

Molar volume Fixed volume​ occupied by ​1 mole of a gas​ at a

specified pressure and temperature

Molecular formula Chemical formula that displays the ​actual number of

atoms of each element​ in a molecule

Empirical Formula Chemical formula that displays the ​smallest ratio of

atoms of each element ​of a substance

Excess Reagents Reactants in excess

Limiting Reagent Reactant that determines the maximum amount of

products

Theoretical Yield Maximum amount of product calculated ​theoretically

Actual Yield Maximum amount of product obtained ​experimentally

Chapter 2

Isotopes Atoms of the same element​ that have ​equal number

of protons​ but ​different number of neutrons

Ionization A process in which an ​atom or molecule​ ​acquires a

unit charge ​(positive or negative) to form an ion

First ionization energy The ​energy ​required to r​emove one mole of electrons
from one mole of atoms in the gaseous state​ to form
one mole of unipositive ions
Chapter 3

Electronegativity The ​ability of an atom ​to​ attract bonding electrons

toward the atom itself​ in a bond

Ionic bonding The ​electrostatic force of attraction​ between ​two

oppositely charged ions ​formed as a result of a
complete transfer of one or more electrons from one
atom to another

Lone pair A ​pair of electrons​ on an atom that is ​not involved​ in a

covalent bond

Coordinate/dative bond Covalent bond​ formed with the ​electrons contributed

by one of the two atoms only

*Bond angle Angle subtended by two bonds on a common atom

Metallic Bond The ​strong electrostatic attraction​ between their

positive charges and the negative charges of the
delocalized electrons

Chapter 4

Molar Volume Volume occupied by ​1 mole ​of a gas

Boyle’s Law For a ​fixed amount of gas​ at ​constant temperature​,

the volume of the gas is ​inversely proportional ​to the
pressure of the gas

Charles-Gay-Lussac’s Law For a ​fixed amount of gas ​at c​ onstant pressure​, the
volume of the gas is ​directly proportional t​ o the
thermodynamic temperature

Avogadro’s Law For a gas at ​constant pressure and temperature,​ the

volume of a gas is ​directly proportional​ to the amount
of particles contained in the gas.

Solid Regular​ arrangement of particles, do not have

translational motion

Lattice Regular arrangement of points in space

Unit cell The smallest unit that if translated produces the lattice

Giant molecules Covalent molecules that consist of many atoms

Allotropes Different forms of an element due to different

connectivity between the atoms

Phase Region of space containing matter and has uniform

physical properties

Phase changes A substance undergoes a phase change when

temperature of a substance is changed to a ​critical
temperature

Vaporisation (rev. condensation) Change from liquid state to gas state (and vice versa)

Melting When the temperature of a liquid is raised to a ​critical

temperature (mp)​, the vibration is violent for the
particles to gain ​translational motion
 Boiling When the temperature of a liquid is raised to a ​critical
temperature (bp),​ the particles in the liquid state gain
enough energy to ​overcome the forces of attraction
and the external pressure

Vapor Pressure Pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid

Boiling point The temperature where the ​vapor pressure​ of a liquid

is ​equal​ to the​ atmospheric pressure

Chapter 5

Exothermic reaction Reactions when ​heat is released ​by system to

surroundings

Endothermic reaction Reactions when​ heat is absorbed​ by system from

surroundings

Specific heat capacity, ​c The heat required to change the ​temperature​ of a ​unit
mass​ of the substance by ​1K

Enthalpy The total energy of a system at ​constant pressure​ and

is represented by levels in an enthalpy profile diagram

Standard Enthalpy change of reaction Enthalpy change when the amount of reactants shown
in the equation reacts to give the products under
standard conditions

STD 𝚫H of neutralization 𝚫H produced when ​one mole of water​ is formed in a

neutralization of an acid and an alkali ​under STD
conditions

(STD) 𝚫H of combustion 𝚫H when ​1 mole of a substance​ is ​burnt in excess

oxygen​ under STD conditions

STD 𝚫H of formation 𝚫H when ​1 mole of the substance​ is ​formed from its

elements​ under STD conditions

STD 𝚫H of atomization 𝚫H when one mole of​ gaseous atoms​ is ​formed from
its element​ under STD conditions

STD 𝚫H of solution 𝚫H when ​one mole of a solute dissolves​ in a solvent

to form an​ infinitely dilute solution​ under STD
conditions

STD 𝚫H of hydration 𝚫H when ​one mole of ion in the gaseous state​ is

dissolved in a solvent to produce an ​infinitely dilute
solution ​under STD conditions

STD 𝚫H of hydration (of anhydrous salt) 𝚫H when ​one mole of anhydrous salt​ forms o
​ ne mole
of a hydrated salt​ under STD conditions

Bond energy Energy required to ​break one mole of that bond​ in a

molecule that is in the ​gaseous state

*Standard-->STD Enthalpy change-->𝚫H

Chapter 6

Oxidising agent Oxidising agent ​oxidises another substance​, while

itself is being reduced.

Reducing agent Reducing agent ​reduces another substance​, while

 itself is being oxidised

Oxidation Oxidation number increases

Reduction Oxidation number decreases

Disproportionation A species that is ​simultaneously​ oxidised and reduced

Chapter 7

Dynamic equilibrium Reaction is in dynamic equilibrium when rate of forward

and reverse reaction are ​equal

Le Chatelier’s​ Principle When a system in equilibrium is disturbed by a change,

the system will attain a ​new equilibrium ​to ​minimize
the change.

Acid (​Bronsteol-Lowry​ Acid-Base) Substance that ​donates​ protons

Base (​Bronsteol-Lowry​ Acid-Base) Substance that ​accepts​ protons

Amphoteric/ampholyte Substance that behaves as an acid and a base

Monoprotic Acid (Likewise for diprotic & triprotic acid) Acids which ionise to form ​one equivalent​ of ​hydrogen
ions

Strong Acid Substance that dissociates ​completely

Weak Acid Substance that dissociates​ partially