Cambridge International

AS and A Level Mathematics

Pure Mathematics 2 and 3 Practice Book
The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate bears no
responsibility for the example answers taken from its past question papers
which are contained in this publication.

Answers 5 Quotient x 2 + 2 x –1 Remainder x − 4

6 a = 2, b = −5
Chapter 1 Algebra
Exercise 1.2
Exercise 1.1 1 (i)   (a) 10
  (b) −10
1
Polynomial 81
Expression Yes / No? Order   (c)
8
  (d) 0
2x − x 2 Yes 2
(ii) f(x) = (x − 1)(x − 4)(x + 2)
x 2
− No (iii) x = −2 or 1 or 4
2 x
2 (i) h(−1) = 2(−1)3 − 5(−1)2 −4(−1) + 3
0 Yes 0
= –2 – 5 + 4 + 3
23 15
x + 2x +1 Yes 23 =0
(ii) h(x) = ( x +1)(2 x –1)( x –3)
x 3 − 2x 2 + x No
(iii) x = –1 or 12 or 3
x2 + 2 Yes 2
(iv) h(x)
5
5 + x + πx 45 Yes 45 4
3

1 − 3x Yes 1 2
1

0 x
–3 –2 –1
–1 1 2 3 4
2 (i) A = 1, B = 1, C = 1, D = −3 –2
–3
(ii) A = 2, B = −7, C = 15, D = −32 –4

4 x 3 + 2x 2 + 5x
–5
3 (i) –6
4 3 2 –7
(ii) x – x – x +10 x +1 –8
6 4 3 –9
(iii) x – 2 x –14 x +10 x – 5 –10
6 5 4 3 2
(iv) 3x + 3x – 6 x –18 x + 8 x + 24 x

(v) 2x2 − 3 p = −4
3 

(vi) x 7 + 2x6 − 3x4 − 4x3 + 2x + 2 m = –12 and f(x) = (2x − 1)(x + 1)2 (x − 4)
4 

4 (i) Quotient x + 1 Remainder −3 5 p = 10, q = −4

(ii) Quotient x 2 + x – 3 Remainder 0 p = −6, q = 4

6 

(iii) Quotient x 3 – x 2 + 8 x Reminder 12 − 8x 7 k = 3

2
2
(iv) Quotient 3x + 2 x + 7 Remainder 22 8 (i) a = 8, b = –1
(v) Quotient 3 Remainder 5x − 4 (ii) Quotient 2x + 6 Remainder 6x − 7
(vi) Quotient 4x + 1 Remainder 6x + 13 1
   9 28 (iii) y

P2 6

10 a = 5, b = − 4, c = − 1 5
4

Exercise 1.3 3
2

Answers

1
1 (i)
y
8
y = 2x –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
and
7 y = 2x –2
y = x + 2
6 –3
5 –4
4
–5
y = x + 2 3
–6
2
1
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x (iv) y
6
–2
5
–3
4
–4
3
–5
2
–6
–7 1
y = −2x
–8
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

–2
–3
(ii) Equation Description –4
–5

y =|x +a | Shift a units to the left –6

or right

(v) y
y =| x |+b Shift b units up or down 6
5
4
y = | cx | Makes the line steeper or 3
shallower 2
1

y =d | x | Makes the line steeper or

–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
shallower
–2
Makes the line steeper –3
y = –e | x | or shallower and turns it –4
upside-down –5
–6

2 (i) y
6
5 (vi) y
6
4
5
3
4
2
3
1
2
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 1

–2 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–3
–2
–4
–3
–5
–4
–6
–5
–6

(ii) y
6
5 3 (i) y
4 1
3
2 x
–2π –3π –π –π 0 π π 3π
1 2 2 –1 2 2

–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
2
 (ii) y 4 (i) ax 2 + (b + ar )x + (c + br + ar 2 )
P2
1
)
x – r ax 3 + bx 2 + cx +d
–π 0 π π x
–(ax 3 – arx 2 )
–2π –3π –π 3π
2 2 –1 2 2

(b + ar )x 2 + cx

Answers
(iii) y
–((b + ar )x 2 – r (b + ar )x )
1
(c + br + ar 2 )x + d
–2π –3π –π –π 0 π π 3π x
2 2 –1 2 2 –((c + br + ar 2 )x – r (c + br + ar 2 ))
d + rc + br 2 + ar 3
4 (i) x = 3 or x = –1
–(b + ar ) ± b 2 – 2abr – 3a 2r 2 – 4ac
(ii) x = 2 or x = –5 (ii) x=
2a
(iii) x = 12 or –2 5 (i) ab + ac + bc = 8, abc = 4
(iv) x = −1 (ii) If a, b and c are the roots then
(v) x = 4, x = – 23
( x – a)( x – b)( x – c ) = 0

(vi) x = − 4 or x = 0
x 3 –(a + b + c )x 2 + (ab + ac + bc )x – abc = 0

–7 < x < 3 Hence by comparing coefficients,

5 (i)
a + b + c = 5, ab + ac + bc = 8 and abc = 4
(ii) x > 3 or x < – 73
(as above)
(iii) x < 12 (iii) a = 1, b = 2, c = 2
2
(iv) x < 0 or x > 6 6 2 x – 3x + 5

(v) –1 < x < 53

(vi) – 7 < x < – 5 Exam focus

2 4
1 (i) a = −3
6 (i) –4 < x < 23
   (ii) (a) p(x) = ( x + 2)(2 – 3x )( x –1)
(ii) 2 23
(b) −70
1
7 x = –3a or a
3 2 (i) a=3
8 x > 12 a
(ii) 3x 2 + 2 x – 6

3 52 < x < 2
Stretch and challenge 4 (i) 2x − 1
1 a = −15, b = −40, c = −38 (ii) 6 x 3 +13x 2 –14 x + 3 = (3x –1)( x + 3)(2 x –1)
2 One solution is a = 3, b = 4, c = 1, d = 4 5 x < –7a or x > – 53 a
3 x < 14

3
P2 Chapter 2 Logarithms and 6 (i) log 20

exponentials (ii) log 7

(iii) log 64
Exercise 2.1
(iv) log 6
Answers

1 (i) log216 = 4

(ii) log327 = 3 (v) log 72

1 = –2
(iii) log 4 16 (vi) log 2
5

(vii) log 20
2 (i) 2–1 = 1
2

(ii) 32 = 9
(viii) log 100
11( )
1 7 (i) a+b
(iii) 42 =2
(ii) 2a + b
3 (i) 3
(iii) 2b − 2a
(ii) –3
(iv) 3a
(iii) –3
(v) a − 2b
(iv) 2
(vi) 2a – 12 b
(v) –1 A
8 (i) =10 or A =10b 2
(vi) 0
b2
(ii) D 2 = 3E – 3
(vii) 1
2 9 (i) 3.58
(viii) 32 (ii) 1.89
(ix) 1 (iii) −0.631
(x) 4 (iv) 1.934
(xi) 16 (v)
3
or 1
999 333

(xii) 14 (vi) 54
(xiii) 3 (vii) 8
(xiv) 2 (viii) 2
3

(ix) 0 or 1
(xv) – 12 2

(x) 0.0106
4 (i) a = 32
10 (i) x < 0.161
(ii) b = 19
(ii) x < 0 or x > 1
(iii) c = 3
11 (i) a = 3, b = 2
(iv) d = 64
(ii) a = −2, b = 1
(v) e = −2
12 (i) 16
(vi) f = 12 (ii) 8

5 (i) 1 (iii) 7.4

(ii) 2 13 5.62

(iii) 0 14 x = 5, y = 4

(iv) 13

(v) –1
4 (vi) – 12
Exercise 2.2 (ii) k ≈ 377, p ≈ 0.968
1 (i) y = kx p
(iii) L = 35.2°
P2
( )
log y = log kx p 8 m = 10, n = 19
4
log y = log k + log x p

Answers
Exercise 2.3
log y = p log x + log k
ln4 − 1
(ii) Gradient is p, y-intercept is log k. 1 (i) x=
2
2 y = 3160(5.01)x to 3 sf (ii) x=8

3 (i) (iii) x = e2 − 1
m W log10m log10W
(iv) x = ln5
1 8.00 0 0.903
(v) x = 16
3
2 5.66 0.301 0.753
5 3.58 0.699 0.554 (vi) x = ln 32
e
10 2.53 1 0.403 (vii) x =
1–e
(viii) x = ln2
(ii) A = 8, b = −0.5
2 (i) A = 9 B3
(iii) (a) 2.31 kg P
(ii) = eR 3 or equivalent
Q
(b) m > 64

4 (i)
3 (i) ln e
x+y 2
( )
= 2 x +2 y
t L log10L (ii) e 2ln x +3ln y
= x 2 y3
0 50 1.70 x–y
(iii) 2ln e = x– y
5 57 1.76
4 A = 0.212 (3sf), b = 1.71 (3sf)
10 66 1.82
5 (i) N o =1000
15 77 1.89
(ii) N = 7390 (3sf)
20 87 1.94
(iii) 1 hr 44 mins
36 128 2.11
(iv) 17 hr 16 mins
(ii) L = Abt
6 x = 12
log L = log( Abt )
log L = log A + log bt 7 (i) y

log L = t log b + log A

log L = (log b)t + log A
y=mx+c O x

(iii) A = 50, b = 1.026

(iv) 128 m. The answer is clearly unreasonable

because the model does not account for the ii)
( a = 14, k = 3
fact that the rate of growth changes as we
8 (i) p = e 280 ⇒ ln p = 280
age. This model may only be useful from
birth to 36 months. q = e300 ⇒ ln q = 300
5 (i) A = 10, b = −2  ep 2 
ln   = lne + 2ln p – ln q
ii) y = 0.025
(  q 
=1 + 2 × 280 – 300
6 k = 40770.39, b = 8.53
= 261
7 (i) Since the graph of log D against L is a straight
(ii) Smallest integer is 361
line, the appropriate model is D = k ( p ) .
L

5
 Stretch and challenge 3 x = 0 or 1
P2 1 (i) – 12   (ii)   −16 4 x = 2.69 (3sf)
(iii) π    
(iv)   2 5 3log x y + 3log y x =10
1 1
2 (i) Sometimes, e.g. if a = b or when b = Let t = log x y ⇒ = log y x
Answers

a t
3
(provided both a and b are positive) 3t + =10
(ii) Sometimes, e.g. when a = 1 t
3t 2 + 3 =10t
(iii) Never
3t 2 –10t + 3 = 0
(iv) Sometimes, e.g. when a = 1
(3t –1)(t – 3) = 0

t = 13 or 3
(v) Sometimes e.g. if the logarithm is base n then a
1
solution is a = n4, b = n2. log x y = 13 ⇒ y = x 3 ⇒ y = 3 x ⇒ x = y 3
logn n 4 4logn n log x y = 3 ⇒ y = x 3
= =2
logn n 2 2logn n
x x
logn n 4 – logn n 2 = 4logn n – 2logn n = 2 6 =1 or = 4
y y
(vi) Never

(vii) Sometimes e.g. when x = 1

7 (i)

2
ln(S – 100)

0
0 4 8 12 16 20
t years from 1990
a = 3.2, b = 1.07

(ii) 147.9 km/h (ii) x = – 23 or 3

(iii) The model predicts that the speeds will keep 9 x = 100
increasing whereas they will probably taper off.
10 x > ln 12 or x > – ln(2 – a), 0 < a < 2
8 (i) y = 17

Exam focus 4 x = 2.85

1 A = 0.00128, b = 15.2 5 x = – 12 or 2 , but since ln x is only defined for
2 x = 1.10 (3sf) positive values of x, the only solution is x = 2.

3 (i) log 4 ( x – 4 ) = 2 – log 4 x 6 x = 0.147 (3sf)

log 4 ( x – 4 ) + log 4 x = 2
log 4 x ( x – 4 ) = 2
x ( x – 4) = 42
x 2 – 4 x –16 = 0
ii)
( x = 6.47

6
Chapter 3 Trigonometry 2 (i) cosec 150° = 2
P2
π
(ii) sec = 2
Exercise 3.1 4
1 (i) y 1
(iii) cot300° = –
4
3

Answers
4π 2 3
(iv) cosec =–
3
3 3
2
(v) sec 120° =−2
3π
1 (vi) cot = –1
4
2 2
3 (i) sin θ + cos θ ≡ 1
–2π –3π –π –π 0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2 2 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ 1
+ ≡
cos2 θ cos2 θ cos2 θ
–1

–2 tan 2 θ +1 ≡ sec 2 θ
2 2
(ii) sin θ + cos θ ≡ 1
–3

sin 2 θ cos2 θ 1
2
+ 2 ≡ 2
–4
sin θ sin θ sin θ
1 + cot 2 θ ≡ cosec 2θ
(ii) y
4 (i) 9 x 2 – 4y 2 = 36
4

(ii) x2 + y2 = 2
3

5 (i) θ = 14.5° or 165.5°

2
(ii) θ = 151.0°
1
(iii) β = 69.3° or 110.7°

–2π –3π –π –π 0 π π 3π 2π x
(iv) x = 39.2° or 140.8°
2 2 2 2
π 5 π 7 π 11π
–1 (v) θ =– ,– , ,
12 12 12 12
1
–2 6 (i) cosθ =
3
8
(ii) sinθ =
–3

3
–4 3 8
(iii) cosecθ =
8
8
(iii) y (iv) cotθ =
4
8
1
7 (i) ≡ sinθ cosθ
3 tanθ + cotθ
LHS :
2
1
=
sinθ cosθ
+
1
cosθ sinθ
1
= 2
–2π –3π –π –π
2
0 π
2
π 3π 2π x sin θ + cos2 θ
2 2
–1
sinθ cosθ
1
=
–2 1
sinθ cosθ
–3 = sinθ cosθ
= RHS
–4

7
 (ii) sec 2θ + cosec 2θ ≡ sec 2θ cosec 2θ cosθ sinθ 1
P2 LHS :
(vi) – ≡
1 – tanθ 1 – cotθ cosθ – sinθ
LHS :
1 1
= 2
+ 2 cosθ sinθ
cos θ sin θ = –
sinθ cosθ
sin 2 θ + cos2 θ 1– 1–
Answers

= cosθ sinθ
sin 2 θ cos2 θ cosθ sinθ
= –
1 cosθ – sinθ sinθ – cosθ
= cosθ sinθ
sin 2 θ cos2 θ
1 1 cos2 θ sin 2 θ
= × 2 = –
2 cosθ – sinθ sinθ – cosθ
cos θ sin θ
= sec 2θ cosec 2θ cos2 θ sin 2 θ
= +
cosθ – sinθ cosθ – sinθ
= RHS
cos2 θ + sin 2 θ
(iii) sec 4θ – tan 4 θ ≡ sec 2θ + tan 2 θ =
cosθ – sinθ
LHS : 1
=
2 2 2
= (sec θ – tan θ )(sec θ + tan θ ) 2 cosθ – sinθ
= RHS
= (tan 2θ +1 – tan 2θ )(sec 2θ + tan 2θ )
1 + cosθ
= (1)(sec 2θ + tan 2θ ) 8 (i)  m =
sinθ
= sec 2θ + tan 2θ 1 sinθ
=
= RHS m 1 + cosθ
sinθ 1 – cosθ
(iv) (tanθ – sinθ )2 + (1 – cosθ )2 = (1 – secθ )2 = ×
1 + cosθ 1 – cosθ
LHS : sinθ (1 – cosθ )
=
= tan 2 θ – 2tanθ sinθ + sin 2 θ +1 – 2cosθ + cos2 θ 1 – cos2 θ
sin 2 θ 2sin 2 θ sinθ (1 – cosθ )
= – – 2cosθ + 2 =
cos2 θ cosθ sin 2 θ
1 – cos2 θ2(1 – cos2 θ ) 1 – cosθ
= − – 2cosθ + 2 =
2 cosθ sinθ
cos θ
1 2 m2 –1
= –1 – + 2cosθ – 2cosθ + 2 (ii) cosθ =
2
cos θ cos θ m2 +1
2 1
=1 – +
cosθ cos2 θ Exercise 3.2
( )
2
1 6– 2
= 1– 1 (i)
cosθ 4
= (1 – secθ )2 6– 2
(ii)
= RHS 4
(iii) –2 – 3
(v) (cosec 2θ –1)(tan 2θ +1) ≡ cosec 2θ
LHS : (iv) 6– 2
3 1
= (1 + cot 2θ –1)(sec 2θ ) 2 (i) sin(θ − 30°) = sinθ – cosθ
2 2

( θ)
= cot 2 θ sec 2θ π 2 2
2 (ii) cos − = cosθ + sinθ
cos θ 1 4 2 2
= 2
×
sin θ cos2θ tanθ + 3
(iii) tan(θ + 60°) =
1 1 – 3 tanθ
= 2
sin θ 2
(iv) cosec(2θ +120°) =
= cosec 2θ 3 cos2θ – sin2θ
cos A + cos(– A)
= RHS (v) = cot A
sin A – sin(– A)

8
 cos(30° + A) – cos(30° – A) 1 sin2θ = 24
(vi)
sin(30° + A) – sin(30° – A)
=–
3
2 (i) 25 P2
(ii) cos2θ = 7
25
3 (i) sinθ cos2β + sin2β cosθ = sin(θ + 2β )
4 5
(ii) cos3θ cosθ + sin3θ sinθ = cos2θ 3 (i) sin2θ = –

Answers
9
4π 7π 7π 4π π cos2θ =
1
(iii) sin cos – sin cos = sin (ii)
3 6 6 3 6 9
(iv) cos280° cos20° – sin280° sin20° = cos300° 8 5
(iii) sin4θ = –
81
4 sin( x + y ) = 56
65 4 cos4θ = 8cos θ – 8cos 2θ +1
4

6 + 7 21
5 (i) cos( P – Q ) = 5 sin3θ = 3sinθ − 4sin3θ
5 58
3 21 +14 6 (i) tanθ = 32
(ii) sin( P + Q ) =
5 58 (ii) (a) tan(θ + 45) = –5
1 + 2 30
6 (i) sin( A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B = (b) tan2θ = – 12
5
12
π 5π
8 – 15 7 (i) θ = 0, , , 2π
(ii) cot( B – A) = 3 3
120 –1
(ii) θ = 210°, 330°
7 (i) θ = –37.5° or 142.5°
(iii) θ = 0°, 63.4°, –116.6°, –63.4°,116.6°
(ii) θ =1.14 or 3.05
(iv) θ =138.6°, 221.4°
(iii) θ = 0° or 63.4°
(v) θ =135°, 315°
8 cos( A + B)cos( A – B) ≡ cos 2 A – sin 2 B
3π π
LHS:
 (vi) θ = 0.322, –2.82, ,–
4 4
= (cos Acos B − sin A sin B)(cos A cos B + sin A sin B)

8 (i) sin(45° + θ )sin(45° – θ ) ≡ 12 cos2θ
= cos2Acos2B − sin2A sin2B

= cos2A(1− sin2B) − (1− cos2A)sin2B
 LHS :
= cos2A− cos2Asin2B − sin2B + cos2Asin2B
 = (sin45°cosθ +cos45°sinθ )(sin45°cosθ –cos45°sinθ )
= cos2A − sin2B
   
= RHS =  2 cosθ + 2 sinθ   2 cosθ – 2 sinθ 
 2 2  2 2 
9 (i) tan( A + B) = 74 = 12 cos2θ – 12 sin 2θ
8 65 = 12 (cos2θ – sin 2θ )
(ii) cos( A – B) =
65
tan B = – 74 = 12 cos2θ
10 (i)
= RHS
(ii) sin( A + B)
= sin A cos B + cos A sin B 2sinθ cosθ
(ii) ≡ tan2θ
1 4 3 7 cos4 θ – sin 4 θ
= ×− + ×
10 65 10 65 LHS :
4 21 sin2θ
=− + =
650 650 (cos 2θ – sin 2θ )(cos 2θ + sin 2θ )
17 sin2θ
= =
650
(cos θ – sin 2θ )(1)
2

sin2θ
Exercise 3.3 =
cos2θ
2π 3 = tan2θ
1 (i) sin =
3 2
== RHS
RHS
2π 1
(ii) cos =–
3 2
2π
(iii) tan =– 3
3

9
 sin3θ cos3θ 1+ p
P2 (iii) sinθ
–
cosθ
=2 12 (i)
1– p
LHS : –1+ 1+ p 2
(ii)
3sinθ – 4sin3θ 4cos3θ – 3cosθ p
= –
sinθ cosθ 7 – 3p
Answers

(iii)
= 3 – 4sin 2θ – 4cos2θ + 3 3 − 7p
3tan x – tan3 x
= 3 – 4(sin 2θ + cos2θ ) + 3 13 tan3x =
1 – 3tan 2 x
=3– 4 +3
14 (i) secθ sinθ = 36cotθ
=2 1 cosθ
sinθ = 36
= RHS cosθ sinθ
9 (i) cotθ + tanθ ≡ 2cosec2θ sin 2 θ = 36cos2θ
LHS : sin 2θ
= 36
cosθ sinθ cos2θ
= +
sinθ cosθ tan 2θ = 36
2 2
cos θ + sin θ tanθ = 6
=
sinθ cosθ
(ignore tanθ = – 6 as θ is acute)
1
=
sinθ cosθ (ii) (a) 57
2
= (b) –12
2sinθ cosθ 35
2
=
sin2θ Exercise 3.4
= 2cosec2θ 1 (i) sinθ – 3cosθ = 10 sin(θ − 71.6°)
= RHS
(ii) 12cosθ + 5sinθ ≡ 13cos(θ − 22.6°)
(ii) θ = 0.126,1.44, 3.27, 4.59
(iii) 6sinθ + 8cosθ ≡ 10sin(θ + 53.1°)
10 (i) sin2θ + 2tan2θ sin 2θ ≡ tan2θ
LHS : (iv) 7cosθ – 24sinθ ≡ 25cos(θ + 73.7°)

= sin2θ + 2tan2θ sin 2θ 2 (i) 2cosθ + sinθ ≡ 5 cos (θ − 26.6°)

2sin2θ
= 2sinθ cosθ + × sin 2θ (ii) θ = 90.0°, 323.2°
cos2θ
2(2sinθ cosθ ) (iii) y
= 2sinθ cosθ + 2
× sin 2θ 4
1 – 2sin θ
4sinθ cosθ
= 2sinθ cosθ + 2
× sin 2θ 2

1 –2sin θ
0
2sinθ cosθ (1 – 2sin 2θ ) + 4sin3θ cosθ π π 3π 2π x
= 2
2 2
1 – 2sin θ –2

2sinθ cosθ – 4sin3θ cosθ + 4sin3θ cosθ

= –4
1 – 2sin2θ
2sinθ cosθ (iv) – 5 + 5 < 2cosθ + sinθ + 5 < 5 + 5
= 2
1 – 2sin θ
3 (i) 4sinθ – 3cosθ ≡ 5sin(θ − 36.9°)
sin2θ
=
cos2θ (ii) θ = 73.8°, 180.0°

= tan2θ
(iii) Minimum value: 1 at θ = 306.9°
= RHS
Maximum value: 11 at θ = 126.9°
(ii) θ = 40.9°,130.9°
5 3
4 (i) T(θ ) = cosθ + sinθ
11 (i) sin50° = 2k 1 – k 2 2 2
3 5
(ii) cos50° =1 – 2k 2 A= ,B=
k 2 2
(iii) tan155° = – 3 5
1 − k2 (ii) T(θ ) = sinθ + cosθ ≡ 7 sin(θ + 70.9°)
2 2
10 (iii) Smallest positive angle is 131.3°.
5 (i) 3sinθ + 4cosθ ≡ 5sin(θ + 53.1°) 3 (i) 2cosec2θ ≡ secθ cosecθ
LHS : P2
(ii) (a) θ = –64.6°,138.4°
2
=
(b) c = 3, k = 8 sin2θ
2
2 cosθ + 7 sinθ ≡ 3cos(θ − 61.87°) =

Answers
6 (i)
2sinθ cosθ
(ii) (a) θ = 171.4° 1
=
(b) θ = 27.4° sinθ cosθ
1 1
= ×
cosθ sinθ
Stretch and Challenge = secθ cosecθ
1 (i) R=
2V 2
5
sin B cos B + ( )
π
4
= RHS

(ii) B = 0.272 = 15.6° (ii) θ =15°, 75°

2 (i) θ = 17.1°, w = 8.31 cm 4 θ = 33.7°,116.6°
(ii) 17 cm 5 (i) 8sinθ +15cosθ ≡ 17sin(θ +61.9°)
3 k = 78 (ii) θ = 353.5°, 62.7°
3 9 3
4 sin A + cos A = 16 (iii) k < −17  or  k > 17
tan 2θ – 3
5 1 6 (i) tan(θ + 60°)tan(θ – 60°) ≡
1 – 3tan 2θ
π
6 h(t ) = 35 + 20sin t +15sin
2
2π
3
t( ) ( ) LHS:
tan (θ + 60°) tan (θ – 60°)
7 A F
q  tanθ + tan60°   tanθ – tan60° 
=  
90 – q
x  1 – tanθ tan60°   1 + tanθ tan60° 
B
q
8 cm
 tanθ + 3   tanθ – 3 
90 – q =  
2q
 1 – 3 tanθ   1 + 3 tanθ 
tan 2 θ – 3
=
1 – 3tan 2 θ
C D E

AB
sinθ = ⇒ AB = x sinθ and BD = x sinθ = RHS
x
(ii) θ =37.2°,142.8°
∠ABF = ∠DBF = 90° – θ
∠CBD =180o − 2(90° – θ ) = 2θ tan 2 θ – 3
(iii) 2
= k2
BC BC 1 – 3tan θ
cos2θ = = ⇒ BC = x sinθ cos2θ
BD x sinθ tan 2θ – 3 = k 2 (1 – 3tan 2θ )
AC = AB + BC
tan 2θ – 3 = k 2 – 3k 2 tan 2θ
8 = x sinθ + x sinθ cos2θ
8 = x sinθ (1 + cos2θ ) (1 + 3k 2 )tan 2θ = 3 + k 2

8 = x sinθ (1 + 2cos2θ –1) 3 + k2

tan 2θ =
1 + 3k 2
8 = x sinθ × 2cos2θ
4 = x sinθ cos2θ 3 + k2
tanθ = ±
4 1 + 3k 2
x=
sinθ cos2θ 3 + k2
Since k2 ˘ 0, >0
1 + 3k 2
θ 1
8 tan = so there are two roots of the equation.
4 6
2tanα
7 (i) tan2α =
Exam focus 1 – tan 2α
α = 41.8°,138.2°
1 x = 135°, 225°
2 x = 164.1° (ii) (a) cosecβ = 76

(b) cot 2 β = 13
36
11
 Chapter 4 Differentiation
(ln x + x2 )
1
P2
x
(x) e2
Exercise 4.1 3(e3x –1)
3e3x ln (3x –1) –
1 (i) 3x2 + 8x − 3 3x –1
(xi)
ln (3x –1) 2
Answers

x 2 (2 x – 3)
(ii)
( x –1)2 7x
(xii) 2e + 5e5 x ln(1 + e 2 x )
(iii) x 2 (1 − 2 x )3 (3 − 14 x ) 2x
1+e
( x + 4) dy ln x –1 d 2 y ( 2 – ln x )
(iv) – 2 (i) ,
3x 3 = =
dx ( ln x )2 dx 2 x ( ln x )3
6 x (1 + 5 x )
(v) (ii) (a)  (e, e)
1 + 4x

(vi)
6x – 2 (b)  (e2, 12 e2 )
3
(6x –1)
dy d2 y –x 2
2 y = 84x − 320 3 (i) = xe– x ( 2 – x ), 2 = –e ( x + 4 x +2) 
dx dx

3 y = – 3 x + 2  4
2 (ii)  2, 2 
 e 

4 0, – 3, – 6 x = –2 ± 2 . These points represent the x values

(iii) 
5
where the gradient is a maximum or minimum.
5 (i) 0.8
dy 5  −
1
−
1
 1 1 
(ii) No, since = , which is always greater 4 e 2 , 12 e 2  or  , 
dx ( x + 2)2
   e 2 e
than zero, hence no stationary value.
 − 1   1
1 1
1– k 5 e 3 , –  or  3 , – 
6 (i) x= 3e   e 3e 
2k +1 
(ii) k=4
( x –1)( x + 3) 6 (i) x = e2
7 (i)
( x +1)2 (ii) (e, e)
(ii) ( –3, –7) or (1, 1) dy
(iii) =1 – ln x
dx
dy
at A, =1 – lne 2 = –1
dx
Exercise 4.2
1 dy
1 (i) at B, =1 – ln1 =1
x +4 dx
2 Since m1 × m2 = –1 tangents are perpendicular.
(ii)
x
1–x 1
(iii) –e x
2 x 3
+1
7 (i) 1 e2
2 (3 + x )
(iv) 9 x e
3  − 
3  
(v) – (ii) –3, –2e 2  or –3, – 2 
x ( x –1)    e3 
10 5
(vi) =
2 x + 2x x +x
Exercise 4.3
x–2
(vii) e (1+ x ) 1 (i) 6cos2 x
2 x
(viii) x e (3 – x ) =
x
2
(3 – x ) (ii) –3sin(1 + 3x )
2x
e ex 2 2
(iii) 2 x sec ( x )
e3x – 2e 2 x – e x e x – e − x – 2
(ix) =
12
e 2 x – 2e x +1 1– e − x 2 ( ) (iv) x 2 (3sin2 x + 2 x cos2 x )
 2 2 2  dy  y dy
(vii) sec ( xy ) ×  y + 2 xy –e
–5 x 2 sin5 x – 2 x cos5 x –5x sin5 x – 2cos5 x
(v) = dx  dx P2
x4 x3 x sin y  dy 
(viii) e ×  sin y + cos y × x 
sin 2 x (3x cos x – 2sin x )  dx 
(vi)
x3

Answers
sin x +1 2 (i) dy 6 x 2 3x 2
(vii) cos x e = =
dx 2 y y
4
(viii)
sin4 x dy 2 xy
(ii) =
cos(ln3x ) dx cos y – x 2
(ix)
x
dy 4 y –1
(x)
2
2 xe x sec 2 (e x )
2
(iii) = 2
dx 6 y – 4 x
sin2 x
(xi) –
cos2 x dy 2 y
(iv) = xy –
x −1 2 x −1 x −1 dx xe x
(xii) 6e sin (2e )cos(2e )

(xiii) –4e x cote x cos3[ln(sine x )]sin[ln(sine x )] 3 y = 32 x + 14

2
(ln x )
2sin(ln x )cos(ln x )e sin
(xiv) or can be simplified
x 4 (1, –2) and (–1, 2)
2
2 sin
further to sin(ln x ) ⋅ e (ln x )
x
( )
5 1, – 10 or (1, 2)
3
2 (i) x (2sin x + x cos x )
(ii) y = –π 2 x + π3 6 (i) (2, 2) and (–2, –2)
 dy  dy
3 3 3 (ii)   2x =  2 y + 2x  + 2 y
 dx  dx
e 2 x ( 2cos x + sin x )
4 (i) dy dy
cos2 x 2 x – 22xy –=2( 2yx=+( 22xy +
) d2xy )
dx
(ii) 2.03 (3sf) dy d2yx – 22xy – 2xy – yx – y
= = = =
dx d2xx +22xy + 2xy+ yx + y
5 0.685
Slope parallel to the y axis ⇒ x + y = 0 = y = –x
6 x = 83 π , 78 π
888+++xxx2222===222xxx(–(–xxx))+)++(–(–
(– xx)x2))222
(–
π 3π 5π 7π 888+++xxx2222===–2
–2
22 22
–2xxx 22+++xxx 22
7 (i) <x< and <x<  
4 4 4 4 22
888===–2–2xxx 22
–2
π 5 π 9 π 13π
(ii) x = , , , xxx2222===–4
–4
–4
8 8 8 8
(iii) All of the points are maximum points.   There are no real numbers that satisfy this
equation, hence the slope of the curve is never
parallel to the y axis.
Exercise 4.4
dy 7 ( –2, –2) and (4, –2)
1 (i) 6y2
dx 8 (i)   5 x 2 – 2 xy + 3 y 2 – 70 = 0
dy
(ii) 6 x – 20y 3  dy  dy
dx 10 x –  2 y + 2 x  + 6 y = 0
 dx  dx
dy
(iii) 2cos2 x – 2sin2 y dy dy
dx 10 x – 2 y – 2 x + 6 y = 0
dx dx
dy
(iv) 3e3 y dy
(6 y − 2 x ) = 2 y –10 x
dx dx
dy dy 2 y –10 x y – 5 x
(v) 8 xy + 4 x 2 = =
dx dx 6 y – 2 x 3 y – x
1 1 dy
(vi) +
x y dx (ii) (1, 5) or (–1, –5) 13
 dy 6 dx –3
=– 2 , =
dt t dt 2 –3t
dy dy dt 6 2 – 3t
P2 

(iii)  15,
3 
15 
or  – 15, –
 3 
 15 

= ×
dx dt dx
=– 2 ×
t –3
2 (2 − 3t )
=
9 (i) (2, –4) or (2, 3) t2
4 − 6t
Answers

= 2
dy 3x 2 + 2 t
(ii) =
dx 2 y +1
(ii) (ln8, –3)
dy 3 × 22 + 2 14
at ( 2, –4 ) = = – = –2 6 6
dx 2 × –4 +1 7 (iii) y = ⇒t =
t y
dy 3 × 22 + 2 14
at ( 2, 3) = = =2
dx 2 × 3 +1 7  6
x = ln  2 – 3 × 
 y
10 7 x –11 y + 4 = 0  18 
x = ln  2 – 
 y
2y – x2
11 (i) 18
y 2 – 2x ex = 2 –
y
 4 3  5 3  4   5  18
= 2 – ex
(ii)  2 3  +  2 3  = 6 2 3   2 3  y
      
      
y 1
=
24 + 25 = 6 × 23 18 2 − e x
LHS :16 + 32 = 48 18
y=
RHS : 6 × 23 = 48 2 − ex
So the point lies on the curve. 4 1
 5   4 2
5 (i) y = 2x – 3
2 2 3  –  2 3 
   
8 8
2
dy 2 y – x     23 – 23 (ii) (a) x 2 = (2sinθ + cosθ )2
= = = =0
dx y 2 – 2 x  5 2  4  10 7
3 3 2 2
 2 3  – 2 2 3  2 – 2 = 4sin θ + 4sinθ cosθ + cos θ
   
    2
y 2 = ( sinθ + 2cosθ )
(iii) a = 3
dy 2 × 3 – 32 –3 = sin 2 θ + 4sinθ cosθ + 4cos2 θ
At the point (3, 3), = = = –1
dx 32 –2 × 3 3 x 2 + y 2 = 4sin 2 θ + 4sinθ cosθ + cos2 θ
Exercise 4.5 + sin 2 θ + 4sinθ cosθ + 4cos2 θ
1 (i) t = 5sin 2 θ + 8sinθ cosθ + 5cos2 θ

(ii) – 32 cotθ = 5(sin 2 θ + cos2 θ ) + 8sinθ cosθ

= 5 + 4(2sinθ cosθ )
1 + 2sin2θ
(iii) = 5 + 4sin2θ
1 + cosθ
2 ( 2t +1) (b) Least value is 1, greatest value is 3
(iv)
2
3t
6 (i) (3sin2, 3cos6)
(v) 1 – 2e 2t
3et (ii) y
A
1 3
5
(vi) cosθ = 5 after cancelling by cos θ
sinθ 2sinθ 2
2
cosθ 1

2 (i) (2t + t2), (11+− tt ) ; t ≠ −1

2
–3 –2 –1 0

–1
1 2 3 x

(ii) (– 23 , –4) , (0, 0) –2

–3
M
3 (i) dy 6 dx –3
=– 2 , =
14 dt t dt 2 –3t
dy dy dt 6 2 – 3t
= × =– 2 ×
dx dt dx t –3
 cosθ +cos2θ
=
– ( sinθ + sin2θ )
(iii) 2π = 6.28 seconds cosθ +cos2θ
=–
sinθ +sin2θ P2
(iv) –0.784 (3sf)
 5 15 3 
3 3  (ii) A is  , 
(v)  , 3 2 2 
 2 

Answers
(iii) x 2 + y 2 =100cos2 θ +100cosθ cos2θ + 25cos2 2θ
(vi) 1.05 s
+100sin 2 θ +100sinθ sin2θ + 25sin 2 2θ

dy 2t 2 – 2 =100(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) +100(cosθ cos2θ + sinθ sin2θ )

7 (i) =
dx 2t –1 + 25(cos2 2θ + sin 2 2θ )
=125 +100(cos(2θ – θ ))
(2 –ln2, 1)
=125 +100cosθ
(ii) (2 2 – ln2 2, 2 – ln2)
iv) Least distance is 25 m, greatest distance is 225 m.
(
π
8 (i) At A, θ =
2
At B, θ = 2 π Stretch and challenge
dy 1 (i) The x co-ordinate of any point on the curve
(ii) dx
= 2 + 2cos2θ , = 4cosθ = OD - AB
dθ dθ
= rθ – r sinθ
dy dy dθ
= × = r (θ – sinθ )
dx dθ dx
1 The y co-ordinate of any point on the curve
= 4cosθ ×
2 + 2cos2θ = CD - CB
4cosθ = r – r cosθ
=
2 + 2cos2θ = r (1 – cosθ )
4cosθ
= dx dy
2(1 + cos2θ ) (ii) = r – r cosθ = r (1 – cosθ ) , = r sinθ
dθ dθ
4cosθ
= dy dy dθ
2(1 + (2cos 2 θ –1)) = ×
dx dθ dx
4cosθ
= 1
2(2cos 2 θ ) = r sinθ ×
r (1 – cosθ )
4cosθ
= r sinθ
4cos 2 θ =
r (1 – cosθ )
1
= sinθ
cosθ =
= secθ ( cosθ )
1–
sinθ 1 + cosθ
 2π 3  = ×
(iii)  – – , –2 3  (1 – cosθ ) 1 + cosθ
 3 2 
sinθ (1 + cosθ )
=
1 – cos2 θ
9 (i) x =10cosθ + 5cos2θ , y =10sinθ + 5sin2θ sinθ (1 + cosθ )
=
dx dy sin 2 θ
 = –10sinθ –10sin2θ , =10cosθ +10cos2θ
dθ dθ =
(1 + cosθ )
sinθ
dy dy dθ
= ×
dx dθ dx
1
cos2θ = 2cos2 θ –1 ⇒ cosθ = 2cos2 (θ2 ) –1
cosθ +1 = 2cos ( )
=10cosθ +10cos2θ × θ
–10sinθ –10sin2θ 2
2
10cosθ +10cos2θ
sin2θ = 2sinθ cosθ ⇒ sinθ = 2sin ( ) cos ( )
= θ θ
–10sinθ –10sin2θ
2 2
cosθ + cos2θ
(1 + cosθ ) = 2cos ( 2 )
= θ2
–sinθ – sin2θ
∴
2sin (θ ) cos (θ )
cosθ +cos2θ sinθ
=
– ( sinθ + sin2θ ) 2 2
cos ( )
15
cosθ +cos2θ θ
=– 2
sinθ +sin2θ =
θ
 os
(1 + cosθ ) = 2
∴
sinθ 2sin
θ
2 () ()
cos
θ
2

P2 =
cos
θ
2 () (ii) a = 2.23, b = π, c = 2

()
θ (iii) 1.68 < k <4.4887
sin
2
= cot
θ
() Exam focus
Answers

2 1 x = 1 or 3
dy ln x (2 – ln x )
 3π  2 =
(iii) y = 3x + r  2 – dx x2
 3 
 4
M is e 2 , 2 
(iv) s = r 2 (1 – cosθ )  e 
π 5π
3 Stationary points at x = ,
r sinθ 3 6
(v) a=
2 (1 – cosθ ) π
x= is a maximum.
3
2 (i) x = t 3, y = t 2 5π
x= is a minimum.
dx dy 6
= 3t 2 , = 2t
dt dt 4 (i)       x 2 + y 2 – xy – 48 = 0
dy dy dt 1 2
= × = 2t × 2 = dy  dy 
dx dt dx 3t 3 t 2x + 2 y – y + x  =0
Equation of the tangent at t = p : dx  dx 
2 dy
y = mx + c ⇒ p 2 = × p3 +c (2 y – x ) = y – 2x
3p dx
dy y – 2 x
c = p 2 – 23 p 2 = 13 p 2 =
dx 2 y – x
2 1
y= x + p2 2x – y
3p 3 =
x – 2y
3 py = 2 x + p3
3
3 py – 2 x = p
(ii) (4, 8) and (–4, –8)
(ii) (−64, 16), (−1, 1), (125, 25) (iii) (8, 4) and (–8, –4)

2 3 dy –4 x – y
3 (i) l= + 5 =
cosθ sinθ dx x + 2 y
(ii) 8.13 m dy
Stationary points where =0
dx
4 x = 32.7 m
–4 x – y =0 ⇒ y = –4 x

5 The second term of

dT is always positive, so the only 2 x 2 + x (−4 x ) + (–4 x )2 =14
dt
critical point is at k = 12 2 x 2 – 4 x 2 +16 x 2 =14

dT 3 14 x 2 =14
When k = 0, = –nA – nB < 0 and when k =1
dk 2 x 2 =1
dT 3 x = ±1
= n A + nB > 0, so we have a minimum.
dk 2 y= ∓4
( k sinθ + cosθ ) Points are (1, –4) and (–1, 4)
6 (i) = [tan(θ + 2)]
( k cosθ − sinθ ) dy 27t + 36
6 (i) =
(ii) cos2 = k and sin2 = 1 dx 8
1 (ii) – 94
⇒ tanα =
k

α = tan
−1
( 1k )
7 (i) x = 0.920 or 2.22 or 3.82 or 5.60 (3sf) for 0 < x < 2

22 or 3.82 or 5.60 (3sf) for 0 < x < 2π
16
Chapter 5 Integration 4 ∫ –1 1 –93x dx = [–3ln|1 – 3x | ]1–1
1
P2
Exercise 5.1 = [(–3ln|1–3 × 1|) – (–3ln|1 – 3 × –1|)]
1 e2 x + c
1 (i) 2 = [(−3ln|–2|) – (–3ln| 4 |)]

Answers
(ii) – 13 e1–3x + c = [–3ln2 + 3ln4 ]
= ln2–3 + ln43 
(iii) 1 ln| x | +c
2
= ln 18 + ln64
(iv) 2ln| x |+ c
= ln ( 18 × 64 )
2
(v) – 2x + 3
+c = ln8
e
3 ln| 2 x +1|+ c
(vi) 2 5 ln| x +1|+ c

1 3x 1
(vii) e – x +c 2
3 e 6 x – 3x + 2ln|3x + 2|+ c
2
1
– x
(viii) –27e 3 +c
2e +1
7 k =
(ix) 1 e 2 x –2e x + x + c 3
2

1
x3 8 k = 17
2
(x) ln +c
1
(1 − 2 x ) 2
Exercise 5.2
2 (i) 3 e 4 (e 4 –1)
4 1 (i) – 14 cos4 x + c
ii) ln 25 or 2 ln 5
(
9 (3) (ii) 1 sin (3x –1) + c
3

(iii) 12 tan2 x + c
x x
∞e +2 ∞ e 2
3
∫1 e 2x
dx = ∫1 +
e2 x e2 x
dx (iv) – 6cos 1 x + c
3

∫1 (e–x + 2e–2x ) dx
∞
= (v) 8sin 12 x + x + c
∞
= –e– x – e–2 x  (vi) 12 sin2 x – 13 tan3x + 4 x + c
1
∞
 1 1 
= – x – 2 x 
 e e 1 2 (i) 1
2
 1 1   1 1 
= – ∞ – 2∞  – – 1 – 2  π 2
 e e   e e  (ii) –
16 8
  1 1 
= (0)–– 1 – 2 
  e e 
1 1 
= + 2 
e e 
e +1
= 2
e

17
 2 8 (i) cos3x = cos(2 x + x )
P2 (iii) 2 –
3 = cos2 x cos x – sin2 x sin x
(iv) 1 – π = (2cos2 x –1)cos x – 2sin x cos x sin x
4
= 2cos3 x – cos x – 2sin 2 x cos x
Answers

 3 π
3 0.342 or  –  exactly = 2cos3 x – cos x − 2(1 – cos2 x )cos x
 2 4
= 2cos3 x – cos x – 2cos x + 2cos3 x
4 1 – π = 4cos3 x – 3cos x
4
= RHS

5 (i) 1 x – 1 sin2 x + c
2 4 (ii) 2 – 3 3
3 8
(ii) 1 sin4 x + 1 x + c
8 2

(iii) –cos2 x + c 9 (i) A = 1, B = 4

(iv) 1 sin4 x + c (ii) π
4 2
3x 1 1
(v) – sin2 x + sin4 x + c
8 4 32
10 1 π – 2 3
(vi) x + 1 cos2 x + c 3 3
2
(vii) – 1 cos3x + c
3
Exercise 5.3
(viii) 1 sin4 x + 1 sin2 x + 3 x + c
32 4 8 1 3.575

π
6
∫4
0
1 + cos4 x d x 2 (i)
π x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
= ∫ 0
4 1 + (2cos2 2 x –1)d x
π f (x ) 1 0.9846 0.8888 0.7033 0.5
= ∫ 0
4 2cos2 2 x d x
π
(ii) 0.832 (3sf)
= ∫ 0
4 2 cos2 x d x
π (iii) Underestimate
1 4
= 2 ×  sin2 x 
2 0 3 (i) 5.9 m2 (1dp)
1 π 1  (ii) 295 m3/min
= 2 ×  sin2 × – sin0
2 4 2 
1  4 4.13 (3sf). This is an overestimate.
= 2 ×  – 0
2 
2 5 0.25 (2dp)
=
2
6 (i) 3.28 (3sf)

2π (ii) Chris is correct.

7 (i) 2 3–
3 The answer from (i) is an overestimate of the
2π2 true area.
(ii) 12.0 or + 3 π exactly
3
I ncreasing the number of strips would decrease
the value found.

18
Stretch and challenge π

x 3
1 dy 1 2 1
= 18 ∫ 04 (1 – cos4 x ) dx P2
1 If y = + , = x – 2 π
6 2 x dx 2 2x
= 18 x – 14 sin4 x  4
0
⌠2 1 2 1 2
L = 1 +  2 x – 2  d x
1
( π 1 π 
– sin4 × − 0 )

Answers
 = 
⌡1 2x 8 4 4 4 
⌠2 1
4
1 1 
=  1 +  x4 – + 4  dx
2 4x 
1
= 
8 ()π
4

– 0

⌡1
π
=
⌠2  1 1 1  32
=   x4 + + 4  dx
⌡1  4 2 4x  3π
3 (i) k=2, m= , t=π
2 4
⌠ 1 1 
2
2 (ii) 8
= 
 2 x +  dx
⌡1 2x 2 
(iii) 8r
⌠ 2 1 1 
=   x2 + 2  dx
⌡1  2 2x 
4 14 (cos3 φ –3cos φ + 2)
 x 3 1 2
= – 
 6 2x  1
 2 Exam focus
1   13
3
1 
=  –  – –  2

∫
4
d x = [ 2ln| 2 x +1|]0
2
 6 2 × 2   6 2 × 1  1 (i)
2 x +1
( )( )
0
 8 1 1 1 
= – – –  = [ 2ln | 2 × 2 + 1|–2ln | 2 × 0 + 1|]
 6 4 6 2 
13
= – –
12 ( )
1
3
= 2 [ ln 5 – ln 1]
= 2 ln 5 – 0
17
= = ln52
12
    = ln25

(ii) k = –3
π π
2
∫ 0
4 sin 2 x cos 2 xdx =
0 ∫
4 sin 2 x (1 – sin 2 x )dx

   2 (i) (2cos x + sin x )2

π
π ∫
= 4 (sin 2 x – sin 4 x ) dx = 4cos2 x + 4sin x cos x + sin 2 x
0 ∫
= 4 (sin 2 x 0– sin 4 x ) dx
= 3cos2 x + 4sin x cos x + sin 2 x + cos2 x
cos2 x =1 − 2sin 2 x = 2cos2 x –1
cos2 x =1 − 2sin2 2 x =12cos2 x –1
⇒ sin x = 2 (1 – cos2 x ) = 3cos2 x + 4sin x cos x +1
⇒ sin 2 x = 12 (1 4– cos2 x ) = 3( 12 (cos2 x +1)) + 2(2sin x cos x ) +1
⇒ sin x = 14 (1 – cos2 x )2
⇒ sin 4 x = 14 (1 – cos2 x )2 = 32 cos2 x + 32 + 2sin2 x +1
= 14 (1 – 2cos2 x + cos 2 2 x )
= 14 (1 – 2cos2 1
x + cos 2 2 x ) 1 = 2sin2 x + 32 cos2 x + 52
= 4 (1 – 2cos2 x + 2 (cos4 x +1))
= 14 (1 – 2cos2 x + 12 (cos41x +1)) 1 a = 2, b = 32 , c = 52
= 14 – 12 cos2 x + 8 cos4 x + 8
= 14 – 12 cos23x + 18 cos4 x + 18
= 8 – 12 cos2 x + 18 cos4 x (ii) 5 π + 2
= 83 –π 12 cos2 x + 18 cos4 x 4
π ∫
∴ 4 (sin 2 x – sin 4 x ) dx
0 ∫
∴ 4 (sin 2 x 0– sin 4 x ) dx
π
π ∫ ( ( ) (
= 4 12 1 – cos2 x – 83 – 12 cos2 x + 18 cos4 x )) dx
∫ ( ( 0
= 4 12 1 – cos2
0 π
) ( ))
x – 83 – 12 cos2 x + 18 cos4 x dx
π ∫ (
= 4 18 – 18 cos4 x dx )
∫ ( 0
= 4 18 – 18 cos4
0
x dx )

19
P2 3 LHS : tan 2 x + sin 2 x 6 (i) cosθ + 3 sinθ = 2cos θ – ( π3 )
= sec 2 x –1 + 12 (1 – cos2 x ) 1
⌠3π 1
= sec 2
x –1 + 12 – 1 cos2 x (ii)  dθ
2 ⌡0 (cosθ + 3 sinθ )2
= sec 2 x – 12 cos2 x – 12
Answers

1
= RHS ⌠3π
1
= dθ
( )
π   2
5 3 π
∫ 06 ( tan2 x + sin2 x ) d x = –
24 12 
π
⌡0  2cos θ – 
3 
1
⌠3π
1
4 (i) 6.26 (3sf) = dθ
(ii) T
 he first trapezium will overestimate the area
 2
( )
⌡0 4cos θ – π
3
π 1
from 0 < x < but the second trapezium will
=  sec (θ – ) dθ
π
2 1⌠ 3 2 π
π 4 ⌡ 3
underestimate the area from < x < π , so 0
2 1
= tan (θ – )
π
taken together the trapezium rule will give a 1 π  3

good estimate of the true value of the integral. 4  3  0

= tan ( π – ) – tan (0 – )
1 1 π π 
4 3 3 3 

= tan0 – tan (– )
5 (i) e x (5sin2 x ) 1 π 
4 3 
(ii) 1 e 4 π + 2
1
1
5 5 = 0 – – 3 
4
3
=
4

20
Chapter 6 Numerical (ii) f(x)

4 P2
solution of equations 3

Exercise 6.1 2

x–3 3
1 (i) f ( x ) = e – x

Answers
1

0–3 3 –3
(ii) f (0) = e – 0 = e > 0 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
1–3 3 –2
f (1) = e –1 = e –1< 0
Since there is a change in sign, the root must lie
between 0 and 1.
0–3
(iii) f (0) = e – 03 = e–3 > 0 Exercise 6.2
0.5–3 3
f (0.5) = e – 0.5 = –0.0429 < 0 1 (i) f(x)
12

S ince there is a change in sign, the root must lie 10

between 0 and 0.5. 8

6
(iv) The root lies between x = 0.4 and x = 0.5 4

2
2 The first root is in the interval –2, –1 [ ] –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x

The second root is in the interval [1, 2] –2

–4
The third root is in the interval [ 2, 3]
–6

–8
3 The statement is false because the curve is not –10
continuous between x = 0 and x = 2. –12

4 (i) x

6
(ii) The root lies in the interval [–2, –1] .
4

2
(iii) xn = –1.8933
1 2 3
(iv) xn+1 = ( xn3 + 3) or –
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
2 xn xn 2
–2
2 2.849 (3dp)
–4
3 (i) x 3 – x 2 =15 ⇒ x 3 – x 2 –15 = 0
–6

f ( x ) = x 3 – x 2 –15
f ( 2) = 23 – 22 –15 = –11< 0
ii) Either 4 – x – ln x = 0 or ln x + x – 4 = 0
( f (3) = 33 – 32 –15 = 3 > 0
(iii) The integer bounds are 2 and 3. Change in sign
⇒ Root lies between 2 and 3.
(iv) f ( 2.9) = ln2.9 + 2.9 – 4 = –0.0353
(ii) xn = 2.770 (3dp)
f (3.0) = ln3 + 3 – 4 = 0.0986
Change in sign 4 (i)
3– xn
xn+1 =
⇒ Root lies between 2.9 and 3.0 xn

5 (i) f (–0.7 ) = (–0.7)2 – 3–0.7 = 0.0265 3– x

x=
x
f (–0.6) = (–0.6)2 – 3 –0.6 = –0.157 3– x
x2 =
Sign change ⇒ Root in the interval [−0.7, −0.6] x
x 3 = 3– x
x3 +x – 3 = 0
(ii) xn =1.21

21
 5 (i) Area of sector = 1 r 2θ Stretch and challenge
P2 2
f ( xn–1 )xn – f ( xn )xn–1
Area of triangle OAB = 12 r 2 sinθ 1 (i) In general, xn+1 =
f ( xn–1 )– f ( xn )
Area of segment It can also be shown that
f ( xn )[ xn – xn–1 ]
Answers

= 12 r 2θ – 12 r 2 sinθ xn+1 = xn –
f ( xn )– f ( xn–1 )
= 12 r 2 (θ – sinθ )
2
(ii) x3 = 2
e –1
1 πr 2
(ii) Area of segment = 6 Exam focus
1 r 2 θ – sinθ = 1 πr 2
2 ( ) 6
1 2.13 (2dp)
2 2
3r (θ – sinθ ) = πr
2 (i) An equation satisfied by α is
3(θ – sinθ ) = π
(θ – sinθ ) = 13 π α = 2ln(48 +16α 2 )

θ = 1 π + sinθ Starting with the original equation,

  
3
– 14 x
(iii) θn =1.97 y =e 3 + x2
6 (i) Iterations diverge. – 14 x
1
4 =e 3 +x2
(ii) Iterations do not converge to a single value.
1 2
(iii) Iterations do not converge. ( 14 )2 =  e– 4 x 3 + x2 

a
7 (i)      ∫ 0 (6e2x + x )dx = 42 – 12 x

1
16 =e (3 + x 2 )
 2x x 2 a
3e +  = 42 1
2 0 =16(3 + x 2 )
 − 12 x
e
 2a a2   0 02  1x
3e +  – 3e +  = 42 e 2 = 48 +16 x 2
 2  2 
1 x = ln(48 +16 x 2 )
2
a2
3e 2a + – 3 = 42 2
x = 2ln(48 +16 x )
2
a2 (ii) 16.87 (2dp)
3e 2a + = 45
2
3 (i) α = –1
a2
e 2a + =15
6 (ii) If α = –1 is a root of the equation f ( x ) = 0 , then
2
a ( x +1) is a factor of f ( x ) .
e 2a =15 –
6
Using polynomial division,
2a
 a2 
ln(e ) = ln 15 –  x 4 – 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 2x – 7
 6 = x 3 – 5x 2 + 9x – 7
x +1
 a2 
2a = ln 15 –  ∴ x 4 – 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 2x – 7
 6
1
(1
a = ln 15 – a2
2 6 )
= ( x +1)( x 3 – 5 x 2 + 9 x – 7)
To find β we need to solve
(ii) an =1.344 (3dp)
( x + 1)( x 3 – 5 x 2 + 9 x – 7) = 0
8 (i) xn = 2.877 (3dp) x = –1 or
(ii) 2x3 + 5x – 62 = 0 x 3 – 5x 2 + 9x – 7 = 0
x 3 = 5x 2 – 9x + 7
x = 3 5x 2 – 9x + 7

22
 (iii) 2.54 (2dp) (ii) f (0.6) = ( 2 – 2 × 0.3) tan2 × 0.3 –1 = – 0.042
dy –2sin2 x + 2 x sin2 x + cos2 x
P2
4 (i) = f (0.8) = ( 2 – 2 × 0.4 ) tan2 × 0.4 –1 = 0.236
dx (1 – x )2
Change in sign ⇒ Root lies between 0.3 and 0.4
dy
Maximum when =0
dx (iii) 0.315 (3dp)

Answers
–2sin2 x + 2 x sin2 x + cos2 x = 0 1 r 2θ
5 (i) = 12 r × r tanθ – 12 r 2θ
sin2 x ( 2 x – 2 ) + cos2 x = 0
2

1 r 2θ = 12 r 2 tanθ – 12 r 2θ
sin2 x ( 2 x – 2 ) cos2 x 0
2
+ = θ = tanθ – θ
cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x
tan2 x ( 2 x – 2 ) +1= 0 2θ = tanθ

tan2 x ( 2 x – 2 ) = –1
(ii) 1.17 (2dp)
–1 1
tan2 x = =
2x – 2 2 – 2x

23
P3 Chapter 7 Further algebra 9 (i)
1 2 3
– x + 4 x2 + . . .
a 2 a3 a
Exercise 7.1
(ii) a = – 32
1 (i) 1 – 2 x + 3x 2 – 4 x 3 + . . .
10 (i)
1
y=
Answers

Valid for | x |<1 1 – 2x – 1 – x

(ii) 1+ 2 x + 4 x 2 + 8 x 3 + . . .   
=
1
×
( 1 – 2x + 1 – x )
Valid for | 2 x |<1 ⇒ | x |< 12
1 – 2x – 1 – x ( 1 – 2x + 1– x )

2 3
(iii) 1+ 2 x – 2 x + 4 x – . . . =
( 1 – 2x + 1 – x )
1 – 2 x – (1 – x )
Valid for | 4 x |<1 ⇒ | x |< 14
=
( 1 – 2x + 1 – x )
2
(iv) 1+ 3x +18 x +126 x + . . . 3 –x

Valid for |9 x |<1 ⇒ | x |< 19

=–
1
x ( 1 – 2x + 1 – x )
5
(ii) 8
1 – 1 x + 5 x2 –...
2 (i) 16 8 32

1x
Exercise 7.2
Valid for 2 <1 ⇒ | x |< 2
2b
1 (i)
(ii) 1 x2 – . . .
3 – 12 x – 24 3a
(ii) 5c 2e
1x <1 ⇒ | x |< 3
3d
Valid for 3
f +4
(iii)
1 x + 3 x +... +
(iii) 12 + 16 2 f –2
256
(iv) 1
4
Valid for 1x <1 ⇒ | x |< 4
4 2h(h + 2)
(v)
h–2
(iv) 3 x – 3 x2 +...
2 4 (vi) ( j + k )2
1x 11
Valid for 2
<1 ⇒ | x | < 2 2 (i)
4m
3 (i) a = 5, b = −2 17n – 3
(ii)
12
(ii) Valid for |5 x |<1 ⇒ | x |< 15 2
(iii)
p +5p – 6
4 (i) 1 + x 2 + 32 x 4 + . . . 3p
2q 2 – 6q – 4
Valid for | 2 x 2 |<1 ⇒ | x |< 1 (iv)
2 (q +1)(q –1)

(ii) 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + 23 x 4 + 23 x 5 (v) 17r 2 + 25r – 40

20r 3
5 (i) n = 13
4 – 3s
(vi)
(ii) 1 – x – x 2 – 53 x 3 – . . . (s – 3)(s + 3)

6 (i) a = –2
Exercise 7.3
(ii) −4x3 2 3
1 (i) +
x +1 x + 2
7 (i) 1 + x + 2 x 2 + 143 x 3 + . . .
4 2
17 (ii) –
(ii) x –1 x + 3
3
2 2
8 (i) 1 – 4ax +10a x – . . . 1 2
(iii) +
x –2 x +2
1 7
(ii) a = , b =
3 3

24
 2 5 2 3
(iv)
x
 
– 2
–
x +3
2 (i) –
x – 2 x +1 P3
–4 + 52 x – 13 x2
4 4 4
(v) − +
x x –1 Valid for | x |<1

Answers
3 1 2
(vi)   3 1
– (ii) + –
2 x +1 x – 3 1– 2 x 1 + x (1 + x )2
4 1 3
(vii) – – 2 + 9x + 7 x 2 + . . .
x +1 x – 2 x – 4
Valid for | 2 x |<1 ⇒| x |< 12
2 4 1
(viii)   + –
x x –4 x +4 4 2 x +1
(iii) –
1+ x 1+ x 2
(ix) 2 x + 3 + 2
x –3 x +1 3– 6 x + 5 x 2 . . .

(x)
3 1 Valid for | x 2 |<1 ⇒ | x |<1
3+ –
x +2 x –2
3 2 5
2 1 3 3 (i) – +
2 (i) – + + 1– x 2 + x 1 + x
x x 2 x –1
1 5 1 (ii) 7 – 32 x + 31
4
x2 – . . .
(ii) + +
2( x –1) 2( x +1) ( x +1)2
4 (i) B = 1, C = 2
1 1
(iii) +
x ( x –1)2 x 2 terms ⇒ 2 = – 4 A +C ⇒ A = 0

1 2
(iv) – –
( x +1)2 ( x +1)3 (ii) 3 + 6 x + 35 x 2 + . . .
1 1– x
3 (i) +
2( x +1) 2( x 2 +1) Stretch and challenge
2 3 1 (i) 9 x2 – . . .
2 – 43 x – 64
(ii) + 2
x –1 x + 2

1 x +4 (ii) a= – 52
(iii) –
2( x – 4) 2( x 2 + 4) 2 k = – 4 or 8
2 x +1 1 2
(iv) + − 3 n > 7
x 2 +1 ( x –1)2 ( x –1)
4 (i) a = 3, b = – 13
Exercise 7.4
(ii) Valid for |3x |<1 ⇒ | x |< 13
1 (i) A = 3, B = −4
(ii) 1– 2 x + 4 x 2 – . . . Exam focus
Valid for |2x| < 1⇒ |x| < 1 . 1 (i) a = – 12
2

(iii) 1 + 1 x + 1 x 2 + . . . (ii) 1+ 32 x + 32 x 2 + . . .
2 4 8

Valid for | x |< 2. 2 (i)

4 3
–
2 2– x
2+x
(iv) 1– 7 x + 23
2
x2
(ii) 1 – 3 x – 11 x 2 – 3 x 3 + . . .
1. 2 4 8 16
Valid for | x |< 2

25
P3 Chapter 8 Further integration 2 u = 2 x +1 ⇒ du = 2dx
x =1 ⇒ u = 3, x = 0 ⇒ u =1
Exercise 8.1 u –1
1 (2 x +1)2 1
1 (i) +c ⌠ x dx = u=3 2 du
4 
⌡0 2 x +1 ∫u=1 u 2
Answers

( x 2 +1)5 1 3 u –1
(ii) +c = ∫ du
5 4 1 u
2 3
(iii) – 13 (1– x ) + c 1 3
= ∫ 1– du
4 1
1
u ( )
(iv) 16 ln|3 + 2 x 3 |+ c 1
= [u – ln u ]1
3
4
1
4 ( x + 4)5 16 ( x +4)3 = [(3– ln3)–(1– ln1)]
(v) – +c 4
5 3 1
2 2 = [(3– ln3)–1]
(vi) – + +c 4
3(4 – x )3 (4 – x )4 1
= (2 – ln3)
4
2 ( x –1)7 4 ( x –1)5 2 ( x –1)3
(vii) + + +c
7 5 3 3 9897.6
2 (i) 0.305 (3sf) 4 16
5
(ii) 144
5 (i) (0, 12 )
(iii) 42
1
(iv) 0.001 54 or 648 (ii) dy 2e 2 x
=
15 dx (1 + e 2 x )2
(v) 0.134 or 112
(vi) 14.28 dy 1
When x = 0, =
3 2.73 dx 2

4 (i) (−4, 0) 1 e2 x
(ii) 8.53
(iii) Area = ∫0 1 + e2 x dx

Let u =1 + e 2 x ⇒ du = 2e 2 x dx
Exercise 8.2
x 2 +3
x =1 ⇒ u =1 + e 2 , x =0 ⇒ u =2
1 (i) 4e +c
1
(ii) ln| x − x 2 |+ c ⌠ e2 x u=1+e 2 e 2 x du

x


⌡0 1+ e
2x
dx = ∫u=2 u 2e2 x
(iii) ln| e –1|+ c
1 1+e 1
2

2 ∫2 u
1 = du
(iv) – +c
6(1 + e 3 x )2 1
= [ ln| u |]2
1+e 2
1 2
(v) –e x + c 1
=  ln|1+ e 2 |–ln| 2|
2 3 2
(vi) – ln|1 − 3x |+ c
3
1  1 + e 
2
(vii) –e
1–cos x
+c = ln 
2  2 

26
Exercise 8.3 1 1
1 (i) – 12 cos( x 2 ) + c
8 (i) x=
y
⇒ dx = – 2 dy
y P3
⌠ 1
(1 + sin3x )4  dx
(ii) +c ⌡ x x 2 –1
12

Answers
cos x ⌠ 1  1 
(iii) –e +c
  – y 2 dy 
(iv) ln| sin x |+ c = 1  1 

 y  y 2 –1
(v) – 14 ln|cos4 x |+ c ⌡

cos6 x ⌠ 1
(vi) – +c dy
6 =–  1 
 y  2 –1
sin 4 3x  y 
(vii) +c ⌡
6
(viii) 1 tan2θ + c ⌠ 1 dy
2
=–   2
1– y
y
(1 – cos x )4 (1 – cos x )5   y 2 
⌡
2 – +c
4 5
⌠ 1
3 π dy
3 + =–  1– y 2
2 3 y
π ⌡ y
4
4
5 (i) x = sin 2 θ ⇒ dx = 2sinθ cosθ dθ ⌠ 1 dy
=– 2
x =1 ⇒ sin 2 θ =1 ⇒ θ = ,
π ⌡ 1– y
2

2
x = 0 ⇒ sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 (ii) –sin–1 ( 1x ) + c
1 1– x
∫0 x
dx
Exercise 8.4
π
θ= 1– sin 2 θ 1 (i) 2ln| x + 2|+ 5ln| x − 1| + c
=∫ 2 2 sin θ cosθ dθ
θ =0 sin 2 θ
(ii) ln| x + 3|+ 2ln( x 2 +1) + c
π 2
cos θ
=∫ 2 2 sin θ cosθ dθ 2 (i) 2
+
7
0 sin 2 θ x – 3 ( x – 3)2

π
= ∫ 2 cosθ 2sinθ cosθ dθ (ii) 2ln7 + 6
0 sinθ
x
π 3 (i) 2x + 3 +
= ∫ 0
2 2cos 2 θ dθ x2 + 4
A = 2, B = 3, C = 1, D = 0
π
(ii)
2 (ii) 14 + ln 13
5

6
1
4 ( 2
sin cos–1 + c
x )
π
7 +1– 3
6

27
 4 ln 43 e4
P3 2 (i)

1 (ii) 3π 1
5 (i) u = x ⇒ du = dx ⇒ dx = 2 x du –
2 x 24 8
(iii) 9ln3– 4
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1
Answers

( π6 , 0) Q is ( π2 , 0)
 dx =  2 2 x du
⌡ x (1 + x ) ⌡ u (1 + u) 3 (i) P is
⌠ 1 π
= 2 2u du (ii) –
⌡ u (1 + u) 2
2 π
(iii) – 2
=⌠
 du 18
⌡ u(1 + u)
5
(ii) ln 94 4 4e +1
25
6 (i) 1 5 (i) (–sin x )ecos x (ii)  1
u = 2 – x ⇒ du = – dx
2 2– x 2
6 u = x + 5 x + 7 v ′ = sin x
dx = – 2 2 – x du u′ = 2 x + 5 v = – cos x
2 2 π
∫0 (x
u = 2– x ⇒ x = 2–u 2
+ 5 x + 7)sin x d x
x = 2 ⇒ u = 0, x =1 ⇒ u =1 π
2 = – ( x 2 + 5 x + 7)cos x – ∫ (2 x + 5) × –cos x d x
⌠ 3 0
I = dx π
⌡1 x + 2 – x = – ( x + 5 x + 7)cos x + ∫ (2 x + 5)cos x d x
2
0
u =0
⌠
=
3
⌡u=1 2 – u2 + u
(–2 2 – x du) u = 2 x + 5 v ′ = cos x
u′ = 2 v = sin x

( )
0 π
⌠ 6u = – ( x 2 + 5 x +7)cos x + (2 x +5)sin x – ∫ 2 sin x d x
=− du
⌡1 2 – u2 + u 0
π
⌠ 6u
0 = –( x 2 + 5 x + 7)cos x + (2 x + 5)sin x + 2cos x 
=− du 0
⌡1 2 – u 2 + u =[−( π 2 + 5 π + 7)cos π + (2 π + 5)sin π + 2cos π
1
6u
=⌠
 du − (−(02 + 5 × 0 + 7)cos0 + (2 × 0 + 5)sin0 + 2cos0)]
⌡0 (2 – u)(1 + u)
= ( π 2 + 5 π + 7)– 2 – (–7 + 2)
1
⌠ 6u
(ii)  du = π 2 + 5 π + 10
⌡0 (2 – u )(1 + u)
1 7 (i) 1– 2ln x
⌠  4 2 
=  – du x3
⌡0  2 – u 1 + u 
1
(ii) u = ln x v ′ = 2
= [ –4 ln(2 – u)– 2 ln(1 + u)]
1
0
x
1 1
=[(–4 ln(2 –1)– 2 ln(1 +1)) u′ = v =–
x x
– (–4 ln(2 – 0)– 2 ln(1 + 0))]
⌠ ln x
= [(–4 ln1– 2 ln 2)– (–4 ln 2 – 2 ln1)]  2 dx
⌡ x
= [(0 – ln 4)– (– ln16)]
= ln16 – ln 4
1
= – ln x – ⌠
x
1 1
 × – dx
⌡ x x ( )
= ln 4 1 ⌠ 1 
= – ln x +  2  dx
= 2 ln 2 x ⌡ x 
1 1
= – ln x – + c
x x
Exercise 8.5 1
= – (1 + ln x ) + c
1 (i) – x cos x + sin x + c x
(ii) 4 xe x – 4e x + c
x3 x3
(iii) ln x – + c
3 9

28
8 u = e x v ′ = sin x π

u′ = e x v = – cos x
(ii)
4 P3
dy 2 x (1 + x ) – 2 x 2 3
2x
I = ∫ e x sin x d x 4 (i) = =
dx (1 + x 2 )2 (1 + x 2 )2
= – e x cos x – ∫ –e x cos x d x

Answers
When dy = 1
= – e x cos x + ∫ e x cos x d x dx 2
2 x 1
u = e x v ′ = cos x
2 2
=
(1 + x ) 2
u′ = e x v =sin x
x4 + 2x2 − 4x + 1 = 0
= – e x cos x + (e x sin x – ∫ e x sin x d x )
but x = 1 is a solution, so by division or otherwise
= – e x cos x + e x sin x – I + c
(x − 1)(x3 + x2 + 3x − 1) = 0
2 I = – e x cos x + e x sin x + c
  and any other solutions are from x3 + x2 + 3x − 1 = 0
2 I = e x (sin x – cos x ) + c
e x (sin x – cos x ) Let g(x) = x3 + x2 + 3x − 1, then
I= +c
2 ()
g 1 =
4
1 + 4 + 48 – 64
64
11
= – <0
64
Stretch and challenge
g(1 ) =
1 (i) 5 – ln2 1 + 2 +12 – 8 7
6 = >0
2 8 8
x2 1 1
Hence there is a root in the interval  4 , 2 
   (ii) (a) 2 x ln (1 + x ) +
1+ x
g(x) = 0 for some 1 < x < 12 .
(b) 2 ln2 – 5
3 18
4

2 (i) u = xn, v ′ = cos x (ii) π ( ln(2)– 12 )

u′ = nx n–1 , v = sin x
1π Exam focus
∫ 02 x n cos x dx
1
4 x 2 + 4 x –17
= 2–
6 x +11
2
= x n sin x – ∫ nx n–1 sin x 2x + 5x – 3 2x 2 + 5x – 3
6 x +11
= x n sin x – n ( x n–1 × –cos x )– ∫ (n –1)x n–2 × –cos x  = 2–
(2 x –1)( x + 3)
1
= x n sin x + nx n−1 cos x – n(n –1) ∫ x n−2 cos x d x  2
π  4 1 
= 2– + 
0  2 x –1 x + 3 
1π
= ( 12 π) + 0 − n(n − 1) ∫
n 2 x n−2 cos x d x 4 1
0 = 2– –
2 x –1 x + 3
= ( 12 π) − n(n − 1)In−2
n
2
2 4x + 4 x –17
∫1 2
2x + 5x – 3
dx
(ii) 1 π 4 – 3π 2 + 24
16
2 4 1 
= ∫ 2– – dx
3 (i) Consider I = ∫0
a
f (a – x )d x . 1  2 x –1 x + 3 
= [ 2 x – 2 ln(2 x –1)– ln( x + 3)] 1
2
Let u = a − x then du = –1,
dx 2
and when x = 0, u = a; when x = a, u = 0, so =  2 x – (ln(2 x –1)2 + ln( x + 3))
1
0 2
I = ∫ a –f (u) du 2
=  2 x – (ln(2 x –1) ( x + 3))
1
a
I = ∫ 0 f (u)du =
a = [ 4 – ln(9 × 5)– (2 – ln(1 × 4))]
∫ 0 f (x ) d x .
= [ 4 – ln 45 – 2 + ln 4 ]
OR
4
= 2 + ln 45
Let F(x) be an antiderivative of f
a a = 2 – ln 45
∫ 0 f (x )d x = [F(x )]0 = F (a) – F (0) 4

a a
∫0 f (a – x )d x = [ –F(a – x )] = –F ( 0 ) + F ( a )
0
29
and hence result.
 ( )
d d 1 3 (i) x = 0.685 (3sf)
P3 2 (i)
dx
(sec x ) =
dx cos x (ii) 8
15
0 × cos x – (–sin x ) × 1
= 4 (i) A = 2, B = −2
cos2 x
Answers

sin x (ii) 1 π – ln2

= 2
cos2 x
1 sin x 5 1
= ×
cos x cos x 3
= sec x tan x
2ln2 +1 1
1 sec x 3
6 (i) y= x–
(ii) 3
+c 2 ln2 ln2

π  2e3 +1 
(ii) π  
(iii) ∫ 0
3 (sec x + tan x )2 d x
 9 
π
= ∫0
3 (sec 2 x + 2sec x tan x + tan 2 x )d x

π
= ∫0
3 (sec 2 x + 2sec x tan x + sec 2 x –1)d x

π
= ∫0
3 (2sec 2 x + 2sec x tan x –1)d x

π
=[ 2tan x + 2sec x – x 03 ]

( π
3
π π
) 
=  2tan + 2sec – –(2tan0 + 2sec0 – 0)
 3 3 

( π
= 2 3 + 2 × 2 – –(2)
3 )
π
= 2 3 + 2–
3
π
= 2( 3 +1)–
3

30
Chapter 9 Differential 8 (i) 2.625 mins
P3
(ii) 4.5 mins
equations
9 (i) dx
Exercise 9.1 dt
=k x

Answers
dv (ii) 3150 (3sf)
1 (i) =k
dt 2 1
10 (i) −
2 x +1 x +1
(ii) dB = kB
dt dy y
(ii) =
dh dx (2 x +1)( x +1)
(iii) = k3 t
dt 1 1
∫ y dy = ∫ (2x +1)( x +1) d x
(iv) dV = k V
dt
1  2 1 
(v)
dr k
=
∫ y dy = ∫  2x +1 – x +1  d x
dt r
ln| y |= ln 2 x +1 − ln x +1 + c
(vi) dP = k (1– P ) 2 x +1
dt ln y = ln +c
x +1
(vii) dV = kS
dt x = 0, y = 2 ⇒ ln2 = ln1 + c ⇒ c = ln2
dA 2 x +1
(viii) = kr 2 ln y = ln + ln2
dt x +1

ln y 2 x +1
Exercise 9.2 e = e ln x +1
+ ln2

1 (i) y = x – x2 + c ln
2 x +1
x +1
2
y =e × e ln2
(ii) y = ± 4x + c
 2 x +1  4 x + 2
y = 2 =
1 2t
e
 x +1  x +1
(iii) x = Ae 2
1
– t
(iv) A = Ke0.01t 11 (i) v = 20 – 20e 2

(v) y = Ae x +cos x (ii) 20 m/s

1 1
(vi) y = tan–1 (–e–t + c ) (iii) –
9(w – 4) 9(w + 5)
2 (i) y = – ln(–e x + e–2 +1) dw 1
(iv) = − (w − 4)(w + 5)
dt 2
(ii) y = 2(1 + x 2 ) dw 1
⇒∫ = ∫ − dt
(w − 4)(w + 5) 2
3 (i) tan y = 14 sin4 x + x + c
 1 1 
(ii) (
y = tan–1 14 sin4 x + x +1 ) –1 
; tan 
3 2π 
+ + 1
⇒ ∫ − dw =
 9(w − 4) 9(w + 5) 
∫ − 12 dt
 8 3 
⇒ 19 ln(w − 4) − 19 ln(w + 5) = − 12 t + c
4 (i)
6–h
t = – 20ln w −4
5 ⇒ 19 ln = − 12 t + c
(ii) 4.46 years w +5

(iii) 2.97 m 6 = 1 ln 2
When t = 0, w =10 ⇒ c = 19 ln 15
9 5
(iv) 6 m
w−4 9 2
5 109C ⇒ ln = − t + ln
x w +5 2 5
6 (i) y=
1– cx 9 2 9
w − 4 − 2 t + ln 5 2 − 2 t
8 ⇒ =e = e = 0.4e−4.5t
(ii) w +5 5
5
(v) 4 m/s
7 (i)
2
( x – 4) +
x –1
x2
2 –4 x
(ii) (a) y = A( x –1) e2 +5
(b) 5 31
 t
– 350 5
e 2 – =
P 2
12 42 minutes ago = 3:18 pm Differentiating wrt t ,
P3 t
13 30 days 1 – 350 dP
– e 2 =– 2
14 5.45 g
2 P dt

( )
1 350 5 350 dP
– = 2
Answers

2 P 2 P dt
Stretch and challenge
700 ( P 2 ) dt
2
–1 P 350 5 dP
1 (i) x = a (1 + kt ) – =
dx dP P P 2
= – ka (1 + kt )–2 = –
dt dt 2 280

() ( )
2
x dP P P
=– ka = 1–
a dt 2 140
2
kx (iv) 14.3
=–
a
1
3 y =
(ii) a = 2.5, k = 0.5625 m m( k – x )

(iii) 0 Using the chain rule,

1 1 d n d dy
(iv) + ( y ) = ( yn ) = ny n–1 y m+1 = ny n+m , as required.
2 y 2(2 – y ) dx dy dx
⌠ 1 gx 2
(v)  dy = ∫ dt
⌡ 2y – y2 y = x tanα –
4 (i)  2
sec 2 α or
2V
⌠ 1 1 
⇒ + dy  = ∫ dt gx 2
y = x tanα – (1 + tan 2 α )
⌡  2 y 2( 2 – y )  2V 2
⇒ 12 ln y – 12 ln(2 – y ) = t + c (ii) (a) If the centre passes through

When t = 0, y =1 ⇒ 0 – 0 = 0 + c ⇒ c = 0 the point (kh, h),

then from the above
⇒ ln y – ln ( 2 – y ) = 2t
g (kh)2
⇒ ln
y
= 2t h = kh tanα – (1 + tan 2 α )
2– y 2V 2
which is a quadratic in tan a ,
y
= e 2t so rearranging
2– y
⇒ y = 2e 2t – ye 2t g (kh)2 tan 2 α – 2V 2 kh tanα + 2V 2h + g (kh)2 = 0

g (kh)2 tan 2 α – 2V 2 kh tanα + 2V 2  h + g (kh)2 = 0 and, h ≠ 0
⇒ y + ye 2t = 2e 2t
ghk 2 tan 2 α – 2V 2 k tanα + 2V 2 + ghk 2 = 0
⇒ y(1 − e 2t ) =2e 2t
2e 2t 2 This has two distinct real solutions
⇒ y= 2t
= if and only if b 2 – 4ac > 0
1+e 1 +e–2t
(2V 2 k )2 – 4 ghk 2 (2V 2 + ghk 2 )> 0
(vi) 2000
4V 4 k 2 – 4 ghk 2 (2V 2 + ghk 2 )> 0
2 (i) 100
(ii) 140 V 4 – 2 ghV 2 – g 2h2 k 2 > 0 (k 2 > 0)

t The LHS of which is a quadratic in V 2 ,

700 – 700
(iii) P = t
⇒ 5 + 2e 2 = and has the form (V 2 – a)(V 2 – b)
– P
5 + 2e 2 where a, b arise from

–
t
350 5 2 gh ± (2 gh)2 + 4 g 2h2 k 2
e 2 – = V2 =
P 2 2

Differentiating wrt t ,
gh ± gh 1 + k 2
t V2 =
1 –
350 dP 1
=– 2 – e 2

( )
2 P dt
V 2 = gh 1 ± 1 + k 2 but 1– 1 + k 2 < 0
2 P 2 (
1 350 5 350 dP
– = 2
P dt
) so 4V 2 – 8 ghV 2 – 4 g 2h 2 k 2 > 0 when

( )
2

( )
P 350 5 dP
– = V 2 > gh 1 + 1 + k 2
32 700 P 2 dt
2
dP P P
= –
dt 2 280
 (b) Use 1 1
2 (i) –
3(3– x ) 3(6 – x ) P3
g (kh)2 tan 2 α – 2V 2 kh tanα + 2V 2h + g (kh)2 = 0
(ii) (a) dx
= k(3– x )(6 – x )
Let tanα1 , tanα 2 be the two roots, then by dt
the sum and the product of the roots: ⌠

Answers
1
 dx = ∫ k dt
⌡ (3– x )(6 – x )
2V 2 kh 2V 2
tanα1 +tanα 2 = = ⌠ 1 1 
gk 2h 2 gkh  –  dx = ∫ k dt
⌡ 3(3– x ) 3(6 – x ) 
and – 13 ln(3– x ) + 13 ln(6 – x ) = kt + c
2V 2h + gk 2h 2
tanα1 × tanα 2 =
gk 2h 2
1
3 [ln(6 – x )– ln(3– x )] = kt + c
2V 2 + gk 2h 1  (6 − x ) 
ln = kt + c
= 2 3  (3 − x ) 
gk h
t = 0, x = 0 ⇒ 13 ln 63  = k × 0 + c
and, since
tanα1 + tanα 2 ⇒ c = 13 ln2
tan (α1 + α 2 ) =
1– tanα1 × tanα 2 t =1, x =1 ⇒ 13 ln 52  = k + 13 ln2
2
2V ⇒ k = 13 ln 52  – 13 ln2
gkh
tan (α1 + α 2 ) =
2V 2 + gk 2h ⇒ k = 13 ln 52 – ln2
1–
gk 2h ⇒ k = 13 ln 54
2kV 2 (b) 1.59
=
gk h – 2V 2 – gk 2h
2

=–k
–1
and α1 + α 2 = tan (–k ).

5 117
2
3 y = 12 ln(ln(cos x ) +1)
6 17.3 litres
dA
4 (i) = k 3A – 2
Exam focus dt
1 (ii) 34 m2
1 (i) y = cosec x =
sin x 3 x3
5 y = +1
dy –cos x 1 cos x 8
= =– ×
dx sin 2 x sin x sin x
= – cosecx cot x

 1 
(ii) x = sin–1  
 ln sin t + 2 

33
P3 Chapter 10 Vectors (ii) Equating i, j, and k components

5 + 3s = 2 + 2t 1
Exercise 10.1
−2 − 4s = −2 − t 2
 3   –2 −2 + 2s = 7 − 5t 3
1 (i) r =  +t 
Answers

 –1  5 
Solving 1 and 2 simultaneously gives
 –2  2
(ii) r =  +t  s = 53 , t = 12
 1  7 5

 4  1 Substituting into 3 ,
   
(iii) r = –3 + λ  0  –2 + 2 × 53 = 7 – 5 × 12
    5
1  4
– 54 ≠ –5
 2 1
Hence there is no point of intersection.
(iv) r = 0 + λ  –9
 
    The lines are not parallel so the lines are skew.
 –1  4 
3 (−1, 6, 5)
 2  –5 
4 Line through (9, 7, 5) and (7, 8, 2):
(v) r = 3 + λ  –7 
 
   
 0   5   7   9   −2
Direction =  8  –  7  =  1 
 2  8      
 2  5   –3 
(vi) r = 3 + λ  –2
 
   
 –2  1   7   –2
r =  8 + s  1 
1  5    
 2  –3
(vii) r = 9 + λ  7 
 
   
 –5  –5 Equating i, j, and k components
2 (i) The point lies on the line. 2 + t = 7 − 2s 1

(ii) The point does NOT lie on the line. −3 + 4t = 8 + s 2

3 a = 5, b = 2 5 − 2t = 2 − 3s 3

Solving 1 and 2 simultaneously gives

Exercise 10.2
t = 3, s = 1
1 (i) (8, –5, 7) Substituting into 3 ,

(ii) The lines do not intersect. 5–2×3=2–3×1

Since the direction vectors are not multiples, –1 = –1
the vectors are skew. So the lines intersect.
(iii) (–7, –9, –1)  7   –2  5 
r =  8  +1 1  =  9 
(iv) There is no point of intersection.      
The direction vectors are multiples of each  2  –3  –1
other so the lines are parallel. Point of intersection is (5, 9, –1)
(v) (−8, 4, 7)
 5  2
2 (i) (3i − 4j + 2k) . (2i − j − 5k) 6 (i) r = 1 + λ  –1
 
   
= 3 × 2 + –4 × –1 + 2 × –5  3  1 
=0
(ii) P is (1, 3, 1)
7 (i) k=8
(ii) (7, 6, 5)
34
8 (i) a=1
(ii) a = −2
(ii)
 0  1 
OT is r =  0 + s  2 
P3
   
9 (i) Equating i, j, and k components  0  –1
−3 + λ = 7 + aµ 1 –1  1 

Answers
   
2 + 2λ = 3 + bµ 2  2  .  2  = 0 ⇒ Lines are perpendicular
   
 3  –1
3 + λ = 3 − 2µ 3

1 − 3 gives  0  1   3 
– 6 = 4 + (a + 2)µ (iii)  0 + 3 2  =  6 
     
–10 = (a + 2)µ  0  –1  –3

10 (iv) 54
µ=–
a+2
4 (i) 0.611 km
2 − 2 × 3 gives
(ii) 32 seconds
–4 = –3 + (b + 4)µ
–1 = (b + 4)µ 5 (i) 10 seconds

1
µ=– (ii) The eagle catches the rabbit.
b+4
So – 10 = – 1 Exercise 10.5
a+2 b+4
10(bbb+++4)
10(
10( 4)===aaa+++222
4) 1 (i) 2x + 4 y – z = 4
10
10bbb+++40
10 40===aaa+++222
40
(ii) 3x – 2 y – z =1
aaa–10
–10bbb===38
–10 38
38
(ii) a = 8, b =–3 (iii) 2 x + y – 4 z =11
(iii) r = −i + 6j + 5k 2 (i) r . (5i − 2j + k) = 10
(ii) r . (3i − j − 7k) = 15
Exercise 10.3
3 (i) 140 = 11.83
1 33.2°
(ii) 9.5 = 3.08
2 (i) b = 4, c = −12
 2
(ii) 36°  
4 (i) 2 x + y – 3z = 5; r .  1  = 5
3 42.5°  
–3
4 a = −4 or 6
5 54.7°
(ii) 0.53 km
Exercise 10.4

1 (i) (4, –5, –1) Shortest distance = 24 3 

 
(iii) 3x − y − z = −8; r . –1 = – 8
(ii) (0, 0, 5) Shortest distance = 41  
–1
(iii) (2.5, – 0.5, 2) Shortest distance = 37
2
4 
2 (i) 35.3°  
(iv) 4x + y − 4z = 10; r .  1  = 10
7   –4 
1 
(ii) Q is 5 
3 
–1 4 
 
(v) 4x − 5y + 3z = 17; r . –5  = 17
(iii) 5 3  
3 3 

 5   –1  –27 
3 (i) r = 2  +t 2  (vi) −27x + 68y + 35z = 115; r .  68  = 115
     
 –9  3   35  35
  2 (iv) 103° or 77°
P3 (vii) 2x − 11y − 5z = 3; r .  –11 = 3 (v) 1.60
 
 –5 
(vi) ( 327 , 57 , 277 )
 2 + 2λ 
Answers

  (vii) 1.60
5 r = –λ   , (0, 1, 1)
  3 (i) k=7
2 + λ 
(ii) 57.1°
6 (i) The line is parallel to the plane.
(iii) 1.56
(ii) Point of intersection is = (−1, 0, 2)
(iv) (2, 0, −6)
(iii) The line lies in the plane.
(iv) Point of intersection is (2, 3, 0) (v) x +2 y – z = 8
7 (i) 7.8°  0  1
(ii) 10.9° 4 r = 8 + λ  −2
 
   
 6  2 
(iii) 64.6°
8 (i) Point is (3, −1, 6); distance is 3. 5 4; 2 x – y + 2z +10 = 0
(ii) Point is (4, 5, −3); distance is 6. 6 a = 4,  b = −3,  c = −15,  d = 5,  k = 5

( )
(iii) Point is – 32 , 0, 12 ; distance is 1.87. 7 (i) 25

9 (i) k = −24  −1   15 
(ii) Point is (7, 3, −8); distance is 8.19. (ii) BD: r = −7 + λ  −20 ; D is (8, −19, 11)
 
   
 11   0 
(iii) –62 x + 33 y + 5z = 27

(iii) At A: –3(0) + 4(0) + 5(6) = 30

Exercise 10.6
At B: –3(–1) + 4(–7) + 5(11) = 30

 3  −1 At C: –3(–8) + 4(–6) + 5(6) = 30
1 (i) r = 2 + λ  1  ; Acute angle = 78.5°
 
    −3
 –2  2 
 
Normal vector is  4 
 
 0  13  5
(ii) r =  2 + λ  11 ; Acute angle = 64.0° 4 4  15 
         
 −5  7  (iv) 3  . AE = 3  . −20  = 0
     
5  5   0
 3   0  4 4 −1 
(iii) r =  3  + λ  2  ; Acute angle = 65.9°
     
3  . AB = 3  . −7  = 0
         
 0   1  5  5   5

 1 −1  4
   
2 (i) n p =  3  nπ = − 3 ∴ 3  is normal to the plane
     
 
−2   2 5 
Since np = nπ the normals to the planes are (v) 60°
parallel, hence the planes are parallel.
 2  −2
(ii) p:5+3×2−2×3=5
8 (i) r = 0 + λ  −2
 
π : – 4 – 3 × – 3 + 2 × 2 =1    
 −1  1 
−1 
  (ii) 15
(iii) AB = −5  ; | AB|= 51
 
−5  (iii) k = 50; D is (16, 8, 4)
36
Stretch and challenge 0  1  −1 
3 (i)
     
AB = 0  –  2  = −2 
P3
1 (i) (–1, 0, 1) and (–1, –1, 2)      
 2  2  0 
(ii) 1.41 km 0  1 
   

Answers
2 (i) P(0, 10, 30); Q(0, 20, 15); R(−15, 20, 30) AB is r = 0  + λ  2 
   
 0  0  0   2 0 
     
PQ = 20 – 10 = 10 
      1 
 15   30  −15
 
(ii) n = 0  ; θ = 71.6°
 −15  0   −15  
  1 
PR = 20  –  10  =  10 
     
 30   30  0     
−2  1 
(iii) −2  . 0  =–2 + 0 + –1 = –3
   
 0  −15  150   2 −1  1 
       
(ii)  10  ×  10  =  225  = 753  –3 = 9 × 2 × cosα
       
 − 15   0  150   2 ∴α =135°
∴ 2x + 3 y + 2z = k ∴φ =180 –135 = 45°
20 × 0 + 3 × 10 + 2 × 30 = 90 = k (iv) k = 1.34
∴ 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 90
(v) Point is (–2, –2, 1); Distance is 3 cm.
4 a is any real number.
−7.5 
 
(iii) OS =  20 
  Exam focus
 22.5 
1  −5  6 
      
1 (i) PQ =  2  – −1  = 3 
−7.5   0  −7.5       
       4   3  1 
PS =  20  – 10  =  10 
     
 22.5  30  −7.5  1  6 
   
OT = OP + PT PQ is r =  2  + s 3 
   
2  4  1 
= OP + PS
3
 0 −7.5  1   1 
  2     
= 10  +  10  l is r = 3 + t −2 
  3      
30  −7.5  5   2 
 − 5 To intersect,
 
= 16 23  1+ 6s =1+ t 1
  2 + 3s = 3 – 2t 2
 25 
4 + s = 5 + 2t 3
 −5   2 6 + 4s = 8 2+3
 
(iv) r = 16 3 + λ  3 
2
  s = 12
 
 25   2
t = −41

Substitute into 1
At C(−30, 0, 0)
–5 + 2λ = – 30 ⇒ λ = −225 inconsistent ⇒ 1+ 6 × 12 =1+ − 14 ( )
16 32 + 3λ = 0 ⇒ λ = −950 4 ≠ 43

So the line does not pass through C. ∴ Lines don’t intersect.

37
 (ii) (−1, 7, 1) 3 (i) 14 x + 24 y – 3z = 71
P3
 5 (ii) 9.59
2 (i) A is  −6 4 (i) k = −5; point is (8, −1, 5)
 
 −1
Answers

(ii) 2 x – 8y + 5z = 49
(ii) 23.2°

 5 6 
   
(iii) r = −6  + λ  4 
   
−1  1 

38
Chapter 11 Complex numbers Exercise 11.2
P3
1 (i) −2i
Exercise 11.1 (ii) −225
1 (i) −i (iii) 32 + 32 i

Answers
2 – 3i
(iv) 13
(ii) 4 13

(iii) 2 (v) – 15 + 53 i

(iv) 5i (vi) 29 3
25 – 25 i

(v) −9 (vii) –27 31

10 – 10 i
6
(vi) 0 (viii) – 25 + 17
25 i

2 (i) 9i + 2 (ix) –6
5
– 23i
5

2 (i) (a, b) = (2, – 3) or (–2, 3)

(ii) 8 − 4i − 6 − 3i = 2 – 7i
(ii) (a, b) = (1, 5) or (–1, –5)
(iii) 12i2 = −12
3 (i) z = 3 + 2i
(iv) −1 + 7
(ii) z = –3 + 5i
(v) 17 + i
(iii) z = 5 + 6i
(vi) −5 − 12i
(iv) z = –4 – 4
(vii) 61
4 z = 12 – 2i or – 12 – 2i
(viii) –1 + 3i
z = 0 + 0i or 4i
(ix) 2 3 – 2 + (2 3 – 2)i
5 a = 3, b = −1
3 (i) z = ±3i –12 4a
6 u = 2 + i
(ii) z =1 ± i a + 9 a2 + 9

(iii) z = 32 ± 12 i
Exercise 11.3
(iv) z = 2 – i or –2 – i
1 Im

4 (i) 11– 29i 5

4 4i 3 + 4i
(ii) 1 + 41i
3
(iii) 29
−5 + 2i 2
(iv) 0 1
−4
(v) 58
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re
–1
(vi) −5 + 8i 1−i
–2
(vii) 6
−4 − 3i –3
(viii) −42 –4

(ix) −1682i –5

(x) −17 − 144i

5 (i) Let z = a + bi, a, b ∈
zz* = ( a + bi )( a – bi )
= a 2 – abi + abi – b 2i 2
=a2 + b2
(ii) z + z* = a + bi + a – bi
= 2a
39
 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 2 y + 2
P3
Im
(iii)
5
(iv) 1
4

3 Exercise 11.4
Answers

z+2
2 1 (i) Im
z
iz 4
1
2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re
–1 z − 3i 0
–4 –2 2 4 Re

–2 –2
z*
iz 2
–3 –4

–4

–5 (
ii) Im

3 Im
zw
7 –4 –2 0 2 4 Re
6 –2

5 –4

4
w−z
3
w
2
(iii) Im

z+w 4
1

2
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Re
–1
z z* − w 0
–4 –2 2 4 Re
–2
–2
–3
–4
–4

–5

–6
(
iv) Im
–7 4

4 (i) 2 0 Re
–4 –2 2 4
–2
(ii) 13
–4
(iii) 4

(iv) 7
(
v) Im

5 (i) 2 4

2
(ii) 5

(iii) 13 –4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–2

(iv) 2 –4

(v) 2

(vi) 45 vi)
( Im

4
2
(vii)
2 2

(viii) 50 or 5 2 0 Re
–4 –2 2 4
–2
6 (i) 5
–4
(ii) x 2 – 2x + 2
40
2 (i) Im
4 (i) w 2 = –3– 4i
4
2 2
P3
2
w 2 = (–3) + (–4 ) = 5

0
(ii) Im
–4 –2 2 4 Re
8

Answers
–2
6
–4
4

2
(
ii) Im

4 0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 Re
–2
2

–4
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–6
–2
–8
–4

5 (i) Im

(iii) Im
4
4
2
2

–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–2
–2
–4
–4

(
iv) Im Minimum value of | z |is 13 – 2

4
Maximum value of | z |is 13 + 2
2
(ii) Im

4
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–2 2

–4
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–2

(
v) Im
–4
4

2
Minimum value of | z |is 3 – 2
0 Re
–4 –2 2 4
Maximum value of | z |is 3 + 2
–2

–4 6 Im

vi)
( Im 2

4
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
2 –2

0 –4
–4 –2 2 4 Re
–2

–4
| z |=| z –(2 + 2i)|

Minimum value of | z |is 2
3 If the < or > inequality signs had been used, the
boundary curves or lines would need to be dashed,
representing the fact that the actual boundary curve
or line is not included in the region.

41
 7 (i) Im

P3 4
(iii) P = 4 – 2 + (2 + 2)i
3π
(iv) 0 < arg( z − 4 − 2i)< and z – 4 – 2i < 2
2
4
10 (i) Im
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re 3
Answers

–2
2

–4 1
Re

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
(
ii) Im
–2
4
–3

0
ii)
( The equation of the half-line is y = x − 1.
–4 –2 2 4 Re
–2
When x = 43, y = 42 so the point 43 + 47i would
–4 be outside the region.

11 Im
7

(iii) Im 6
4 5
4
2 3
2
1 Re
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–2 –1
–2
–4 –3
–4
–5
–6
(
iv) Im
–7
4

2
12 (i) (ii) (iii) Im

6
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–2 4
A
–4 2
Re

–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6

(
v) Im –2
B
4
–4

2
–6

–4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–2
(iv) α = 48.6ο
–4

β = –48.6ο

vi)
( Im 13 (i) Im
4
4
3
2
2

1
–4 –2 0 2 4 Re Re

–2 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
–4
–2

–3

π –4
8 arg(z − 2 + 2i) =
4
9 (i) z – 4 – 2i = 2 ii)
( 2

(ii) arg(z – 4 – 2i) = 0 14 (i) a = 18 or 3 2

π
42
arg a = –
4
 (ii) Im

6
(iii) –6 + 6 3 i
P3
4
(iv) –0.5 i

2 (v) 2.30 + 5.54i

Re

Answers
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 (vi) –1+ i

u* = 4cis(−30  )
–2
3 (i)
–4

–6
(ii) u × v = 8 cis 90 
(iii) v × w = 2cis(–30 )
15 (i) Im
(iv) u × w = 4cis(–60)
5

u × w * = 4cis120 
4
(v)
3
v 1
2
(vi) = cis30
1 u 2
Re

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 (vii) u =2cis90
–1 v*
–2
 3 u2 
–3 (viii) u 2 =16cis60 ; v =8(150+isin15); 3 =2cis(–120 )
v
(ix) w 3 = cis90 
–4
–5

(x) iu =4cis120 
ii)
( (a) Maximum value of z is 10 + 2
1 1
(xi) = cis – 60
 Minimum value of z is 10 – 2 v 2

(b) Maximum value of z – 3 is 3 (xii) iv = 1 cis120

u 2
 Minimum value of z – 3 is 1 4 (i) T
2
(c) sinθ = ⇒ θ = 39.23  (ii) F
10
(iii) T

 tanα = 13 ⇒ α =18.43
(iv) T
 Maximum value of arg(z) is 39.23° − 18.43°
= 20.8° (v) T

 Minimum value of arg(z) is −(39.23° + (vi) T

18.43°) = −57.7° 5 (i) | α |= 2
Exercise 11.5 –5 π
arg α =

( )
6
π π
1 (i) 2 cos– + isin– (ii) | β |= 4
2 2
(ii) 5(cos– 0.644 + isin– 0.644) arg β = 12 π
(iii) 13(cos1.97 + isin1.97)
(iii) | αβ |= 8

(iv) ( π
2 cos + isin
3
π
3 ) arg | αβ |= – 13 π
(v) 8(cos0 + isin0) α 1
(iv) =
(vi) (
2 cos
–3π
4
+ isin
–3π
4 ) β 2
 α  2π
arg   =
2 (i) 2 + 2i β 3
1 3
(ii) – i
2 2

43
 π
1 1 1 i
P3 6 (i)
m
=– – i
5 10
13 (i)   12e 2
(ii)   (a)     3 – i
(ii) m = 20 cis153.4 ο or 20 cis2.68
(iii) (iv) Im
(b)   2 cis ( )
–π
6
Answers

4 Exercise 11.6
2 1 1 − 2i; k = 15, k = 3
Re

–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 2 p = −78
–2
Other roots are 2 + 3i and 2 − 3i.
–4

–6 3 (i) z = −2i or i
(ii) The coefficients of the polynomial are not real
numbers.
7 Let z = x + iy
1= 1 x – iy 4 (i) z = 2, −2, 2i, −2i
×
z x + iy x – iy
(ii) Im
x – iy 3
= 2 2 2
x –i y 2

1
x – iy Re
= 2
x + y2 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3

z*
= 2 –2

|z | –3

8 (i) z 2 =13cis(–1.176) or 13cis(–67.4 )

 The solutions are all 90° apart.
1
(ii) z = (13cis –1.176) 2 (iii) k = –4; other solutions are –1 + i, –1 – i, 1 – i
(iii) z = 13 cis (–0.588)
5 (i) Roots 2 + i , 2 – i, –2i, 2i
(iv) z = 13 cis (2.554)
(ii) A = –4, B = 9, C = –16, D = 20
(v) z = –3 + 2i or 3 – 2i
6 (i) α 2 = 2i α 3 = –2 +2i
9 5 – 2i or –5 + 2i
6 3a z 3 + 3z 2 + pz + q = 0
10 (i) – i
4 + a2 4 + a2 –2 + 2i + 3(2i) + p(1 + i) + q = 0
(ii) (a) a = 2 –2 + 2i + 6i + p + pi + q = 0
1 (–2 + p + q ) + (8 + p)i = 0
(b) a = ±
2 –2+ p+q=0 8+ p=0
π
i –2–8+q =0 p =–8
11 (i) 2e 2
q =10
3π
i
(ii) 2e 4 (ii) 1– i and –5
(iii) 13e–0.983i (iii) Im
5
π
i 4
(iv) 5e 2
3
1 3 2
12 (i) + i
2 2 1
Re

(ii) 1.08 –1.68i –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

–1
(iii) –4 –2
–3
(iv) 3 3 – 3 i –4
2 2
–5

44
7 (i) 1– 2i 1
zn + = z n + z –n
2 (i)
z n P3
(ii) The equation has 3 roots. Since roots occur in
= (cisθ )n + (cisθ )–n
conjugate pairs, we have two roots so the other
= cis nθ + cis(–nθ )
must be a real number.
= cos nθ + isin nθ + cos(–nθ ) + isin(–nθ )

Answers
(iii) x = –3; A =1 , B = –1
= cos nθ + isin nθ + cos nθ – isin nθ
8 (i) 33 + 32 – 7 × 3–15 = 2cos nθ
1
= 27 + 9 – 21–15 zn – = z n – z –n
zn
=0
= cis nθ – cis(–nθ )
∴ z = 3 is a root
= cos nθ + isin nθ –(cos nθ – isin nθ )
z 2 + 4z + 5 = 2isin(nθ )
z – 3 z 3 + z 2 – 7 z –15
(z + 1z ) = z
4
4 1 1
(ii) + 4
+ 4(z 2 + 2 ) +6
z z
z 2 + 4z + 5 = 0
(2cosθ )4 = 2 cos 4θ + 4(2cos2θ ) + 6
(z + 2)2 = –1
16 cos4θ = 2 cos 4θ + 8cos 2θ + 6
z + 2 = ± –1
cos4θ = 18 cos 4θ + 12 cos 2θ + 83
z =–2 +i
∴ Other roots are –2 + i and –2 – i = 18 ( cos 4θ + 4cos 2θ + 3)
1
z–
(ii) Im z = 2isinθ
( )
(iii) (a)
3
1 i(2cosθ )
i z+
2 z
1 2sinθ
Re =
0
2cosθ
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 = tan θ
–2
 z – z –1  2
–3
1–  –1 

(b) 1– tan 2 θ  i( z + z ) 
=
9 (i) α +β =3 1 + tan 2 θ  z – z –1  2
1 +  –1 

αα * = (1 + i)(1– i) =1 –i 2 =1 − (−1) = 2  i( z + z ) 
αβ = (1 + i)(2 – i) = 2 – i + 2i – i 2 = 3 + i  2 1 
 z + z2 − 2 
(ii) x 2 – 2 x + 2 = 0 1– 
1 
 i 2 ( z 2 + 2 + 2) 
(iii) α =1 + i is a root so 1– i is a root  z 
=
 2 1 
β = 2 – i is a root so 2 + i is a root  z + z2 – 2 
1+ 
1
z 4 – 6z 3 +15z 2 –18z +10 = 0  i 2 ( z 2 + 2 + 2) 
 z 
3 1  2cos2θ – 2 
10 n = 4, a = ,b= 1+
2 2 
 2cos2θ + 2 
=
 2cos2θ – 2 
1–  
Stretch and challenge  2cos2θ + 2 
1 If y = ... –3π, – π, π, 3π, 5 π ...
2cos2θ + 2 + 2cos2θ – 2
2cos2θ + 2
x =
then (cos y = –1)(e ) = 3 has no solutions 2cos2θ + 2 –(2cos2θ – 2)
If y = ... − 4 π, − 2 π, 0, 2 π, 4 π, 6 π ... 2cos2θ + 2
then cos y =1e x = 3 ⇒ x = ln3 4cos2θ
=
4
= cos 2θ

45
 3 (i) 4096 3 2
f (0) = (−1 + i) + i = −2i + i = −1
P3
(ii)
1
2
cis ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
π 1 1 1
, cis π , cis
10 2 2 2
9π 1
, cis −
10 2
3π 1
, cis –
10 2
7π
10
and | f 3 (0)|=1< 2, so OK so far.

f 4 (0) = (–i)2 + i = –1 + i and so the process


(iii) (a) (cosθ + isinθ )5
will loop continually with | f n (0)|< 2 for
Answers

= cos5 θ + 5icos4 θ sinθ all n, and z = i is part of the set.

–10cos3 θ sin 2 θ 3a  a
(b) f 2 (0) = a + + i a 3 +
2
–10icos θ sin θ 3 2  2 

+ 5cosθ sin 4 θ + isin5 θ 1 1 3  3 1

and when a = , f 2 (0) = + +i +
8 8 16  8 4 
(b) (cisθ )5 = cis5θ = cos 5θ + isin 5θ
∴ sin5θ = 5cos4θ sinθ –10cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5θ 1+ 2 3  3 + 2
+ i
8  8 
= 5(1– sin 2θ )2 sinθ
– 10(1– sin 2θ ) sin3θ + sin5θ so | f 2 (0)|= 18 (1 + 2 3)2 + ( 3 + 2)2

= 5(1– 2sin 2θ + sin 4θ )sinθ = 18 (13 + 4 3) + (7 + 4 3)

– 10sin3 θ +10sin5 θ + sin5 θ
= 5sinθ –10sin3θ + 5sin5 θ
– 10sin3θ +10sin5 θ + sin5 θ
5 3
= 16sin θ – 20sin θ + 5sin θ
= 18 (20 + 8 3) = 14 (5 + 2 3)
Exam focus
5
1 (i) (a) –8 + i

( ) ( )
π π 9π –7 π –3π (b) 1– 7i
(c) x= sin , sin , sin , sin , sin 3 1
10 2 10 10 10 (c) 10 + 10 i
(d) 1 – 7i
4 (i) Γ ( 12 ) = π 5 5

(ii) (a) – 12 – 32 i
Γ ( 52 ) = 43 π
(b) Im
3
(ii) c , – c , – c , k and – k
2
8 8
(iii) p(z ) = (z − (a + bi)) + r 1
Re
8
  1   1   4 –1 0
=  z − 1 +  – 1 +  i + (2 + 2)
–3 –2 1 2 3
  2   2   –1

–2
2 a a |b |
5 (i) z = + + 2i = a + i | b | –3
2 2 2
(ii) (a) f (0) = c =1 +
i
2 2 u = 2 + 3i, w = 2 – 3i
2 2
f (0) = c + c = 1 +
i 2
2
+ 1+
i
2 ( ) ( ) u = – 2 + 3i, w = –2 –3i

7 3i 3 (i), (ii) and (iii) (a) Im

f 2 (0) = +
4 2 4

and 2

Re
| f 2 (0)|= 1
4
( )
49 + 36 =
85
4
> 2, –4 –2 0 2 4
–2
i
so z =1 + is not part of the set.
2 –4

f (0) = c = i
f 2 (0) = c 2 + c = ( i )2 + i = –1 + i
and | f 2 (0)|= 2 < 2, so OK so far.

46
 (iii) (b) sinθ = 23 ⇒ θ = 41.8° (b)
∴α = 90° – 41.8° = 48.2°
P3

q b

Answers
18
2

3i
2 2

q a
g
p = 18 – 2 or 3 2 – 2

4 (i) 1– 2i is another root q = 18 + 2 or 3 2 + 2

α = – 73.1 
(ii) x = –1 and x = 2
β = –16.9
5 (i) w = ± 18i
6 (i) k=3
(ii) (a) z –(3– 3i) < 2
(ii) (a)   (z – 3)(z 2 + 2z + 9) = 0

Im if (z 2 + 2z + 9) = 0
5
4 –2 ± 4 – 4(1)(9)
⇒ z=
3
2
2
–2 ± 4 – 36 –2 ± –32
1 = =
Re
2 2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2 ± 32i 2
–2 =
2
–3
–2 ± 4i 2
–4
=
–5 2
z = –1 + 2 2i or –1 − 2 2i

z = 3, –1 + 2 2i, –1– 2 2i

(b) Roots are 3, – 3, 1 + 2i, –1 – 2i,

1– 2 i, –1 + 2i

47
P2 Past examination questions 3 Trigonometry
1 (i) cos4θ + 4cos2θ ≡ 8cos4 θ – 3
1 Algebra
LHS
2
1 a = 4.  Other factor is x – x + 2 = (2 cos2 2θ –1) + 4(2cos2 θ –1)
Answers

2 –1< x < – 17 = (2(2cos2 θ –1)2 –1) + 8cos2 θ – 4

3 (i) a=3 = 2(4cos4 θ – 4cos2 θ +1)–1 + 8cos2 θ – 4
(ii) x < – 12 = 8cos4 θ – 8cos2 θ + 2 –1 + 8cos2 θ – 4

4 –3< x <1 = 8cos4 θ – 3

= RHS
5 –7 < x <1
(ii) θ = 27.2° or 332.8° or 152.8° or 207.2°
6 (i) a = −7
(ii) Quotient is x 2 + 5 x – 2 2 (i) tan( x + 45)– tan(45 – x ) ≡ 2tan2 x
LHS
7 (i) a = –1, b = –21
tan x + tan45  tan45 – tan x 
p( x ) = ( x + 2)(3x –5)(2 x –1) = –
(ii)
1– tan x tan45  1 + tan45tan x 
8 x < –8 and x > 0 tan x +1 1– tan x
= –
1– tan x 1 + tan x
9 (i) a = 2, b = 6
(tan x +1)2 –(1– tan x )2
(ii) p( x ) = ( x + 2)(2 x –1)( x – 3) =
(1– tan x )(1 + tan x )
2 Logarithms and exponentials tan 2 x + 2tan x +1–(1– 2tan x + tan 2 x )
=
(1– tan x )(1 + tan x )
1 (i) 4 x = y 2
4 tan x
=
(ii) x = –1.58 or x =1.58 (2dp) 1– tan 2 x
2 0.313 (3sf)  2tan x 
= 2
 1– tan 2 x 
3 −1.68 (2dp) = 2tan2 x
4 0.107 = RHS
(ii) x = 22.5° or 112.5°
5 (i) 2 x + 3(2– x ) = 4
3 3 (i) 5sin x +12cos x =13sin( x + 67.38°)
2x + x = 4
2 (ii) θ = 27.4° or 175.2°
3
y + =4
y 4 x = 48.2° or 120°
y2 + 3 = 4 y 5 (i) 3cos x + 4sin x = 5cos( x –53.13°)
y2 – 4 y + 3 = 0
(ii) x = 78.9°, 27.3°
(ii) x = 0 or x = 1.58
6 (i) tan( x + 45°) = 6tan x
0.763
6  tan x + tan45°
= 6tan x
A = 1.11, b = 1.65
7 
1 − tan x tan45°
tan x +1
= 6tan x
3.42
8  1 − tan x
tan x +1= 6tan x (1 − tan x )
tan x +1= 6tan x − 6tan 2 x
6tan 2 x − 5tan x +1 = 0
(ii) x =18.4° or 26.6°

48
7 θ = 48.6° or 131.4° or 270° 1
6 (i) = 
–
dy 1  1– x  2
 .
 –2 
 
P2
8 θ = 9.9° or 189.9° dx 2  1 + x  2
 (1 + x ) 
9 (i) LHS 1
1 + x  2 1
sin 2 2θ (cosec2θ – sec 2 θ ) =–   .

Answers
 1– x  (1 + x )2
 1 1 
=sin 2 2θ  2 –  1+ x 1
 sin θ cos2 θ  =– .
1– x (1 + x )2
 cos2 θ – sin 2 θ 
=sin 2 2θ   1
 sin 2 θ cos2 θ  =–
1– x (1 + x )3
 4(cos2 θ – sin 2 θ ) 
=sin 2 2θ  2 2
 =–
1
 4sin θ cos θ  (1– x )(1 + x )3
 4cos2θ 
=sin 2 2θ  2  =−
1
 sin 2θ 
(1– x )(1 + x )(1 + x )2
=4cos2θ
1
= RHS =−
(1– x )(1 + x )2
2

(ii) (a)  θ = 20.7° or 159.3°

1
=−
(b)  8 3 2
(1– x )(1 + x )

4 Differentiation ∴ Gradient of normal = (1 + x ) 1– x 2

y=x
1 
(ii) x = 12
2 x = a(2θ – sin2θ ) y = a(1– cos2θ )  –
1 
–1
dx dy 7 e 3 , – 13 e 
= a ( 2 − 2cos2θ ) = a(2sin2θ )  
dθ dθ
dy dy dθ 2a sin2θ dy dy
= ⋅ = 8 (i) 2x + 2 y + 2x – 2y = 0
dx dθ dx a(2 − 2cos2θ ) dx dx
2sin2θ At (−2, 2)

=
2(1 − cos2θ ) dy dy
2(–2) + 2(2) + 2(–2) – 2(2) = 0
2sinθ cosθ dx dx
=
(1 − (1 − 2sin 2 θ )) dy dy
–4 + 4 – 4 – 4 = 0
sinθ cosθ dx dx
=
sin 2 θ dy
–8 = 0
cosθ dx
=
sinθ dy
=0 ∴
=cotθ dx
So tangent is parallel to the x axis.

2
3 x =
3 (ii) y = 2x – 2
4 x =1.206 or 0.365
dy
9 (i) = 2sin 2 t cos2 t
5 (i) x2 y + y2 = 6 dx
dy dy
2 xy + x 2 + 2y = 6 (ii) y = 12 x + 12
dx dx
2 dy
( x + 2 y ) = 6 – 2 xy 10 9 x + 2 y –16 = 0
dx
dy 6 – 2 xy
=
dx x 2 + 2 y

(ii) 2 x –5 y + 8 = 0

49
 dx dy 2 (i) (a) LHS:
P2 11 (i)
dθ
= 4sinθ cosθ
dθ
= 4sec 2 θ  sec 2 x + sec x tan x
1 1 sin x
dy dy dθ = + ⋅
= ⋅ 2
cos x cos x cos x
dx dθ dx
1 sin x
Answers

1 = +
= 4sec 2 θ ⋅ cos x cos2 x
2
4sinθ cosθ
4 1 1 + sin x
= ⋅ =
cos2 θ 4sinθ cosθ cos2 x
 
1 = RHS
=
sinθ cos3 θ
(b)    sec 2 x + sec x tan x
(ii) y = 4x – 4 1 + sin x
=
2x cos2 x
12  y = e
1 + e2 x 1 + sin x
=
2x 2x 2x 2x (1– sin 2 x )
dy 2e (1 + e )– 2e (e )
= 1 + sin x
dx (1 + e 2 x )2 =
(1– sin x )(1 + sin x )
2e 2 x
= =
1
(1 + e 2 x )2 1– sin x

W hen x = ln3 (ii)

d 1
( )
dx cos x
=
0 ⋅ cos x –(–sin x ) ⋅1
cos2 x
dy 2e 2ln3 sin x
= =
dx (1 + e 2ln3 )2
cos2 x
2
2e ln3 =
1 sin x
⋅
=
(1 + e ln3 )2
2
cos x cos x
= sec x tan x
2(9)
=
(1 + 9)2 π
1
18
(iii) ⌠
4 dx
= 100 ⌡0 1– sin x
9 π
= 50
= ∫ 4 (sec 2 x + sec x tan x )d x
0
  π
5 Integration = [ tan x + sec x ] 4
0

1 (i)
dy
dx
= 2sec 2 2 x ( π π
= tan + sec –(tan0 +sec0)
4 4 )
1
π 1
=1 + 1 –1
(ii)
∫
0
6 sec 2 2 xdx
2
1
π = 2
[
= 12 tan2 x 06 ]
π 3 (i) 0.98
= 12  tan 
 3 
(ii) Using 6 intervals would be closer to the actual
= 12 3 value of the integral. Since the value from
1
π (i) overestimates the true value, the value using
∫
0
6 tan 2 2 x d x
6 intervals would be less than E.
1
π
∫
= 6 (sec 2 2 x –1)d x
0
1
π
[
= tan2 x – x 06 ]
= 12 3 – 16 π

1
(iii) 3
4

50
4 (i) LHS 6 (i) cos(3x − x ) = cos3x cos x + sin3x sin x
=1– 2sin 2 2θ – 4(1– 2sin 2 θ ) + 3 cos(3x + x ) = cos3x cos x – sin3x sin x
P2
=1– 2(2sinθ cosθ )2 – 4 + 8sin 2 θ + 3 1 (cos2 x − cos4 x )
2
=1– 2(4sin 2 θ cos2 θ )– 4 + 8sin 2 θ + 3 [
= 12 cos(3x – x )– cos(3x + x ) ]

Answers
2 2 2
=1– 8sin θ (1– sin θ )– 4 + 8sin θ + 3 = 12 [(cos3x cos x + sin3x sin x )–
=1– 8sin 2 θ + 8sin 4 θ – 4 + 8sin 2 θ + 3 (cos3x cos x – sin3x sin x )]

= 8sin 4 θ = 12 [ 2sin3x sin x ]

= RHS = sin3x sin x

= RHS
1
(ii) 32 (2 π – 3) 1
π
∫
(ii) 3
sin3x sin x d x
cos x 1
π
5 (i) y = cot x = 6
sin x
1
π
dy –sin x ⋅ sin x – cos x ⋅ cos x
= ∫
= 3 12 (cos2 x – cos4 x )d x
1
dx sin 2 x 6
π

–(sin 2 x + cos2 x ) 1
π
= = 12  12 sin2 x – 14 sin4 x  3
sin 2 x 1
π
6
1
=– 2
sin x ( ) (
= 14 sin 23 π – 18 sin 43 π – 14 sin 13 π – 18 sin 23 π )
= – cosec x2  3 3  3 3
= +  – – 
 8 16   8 16 
(ii) cot 2 x = cosec 2 x –1
3
1
π
=
8
∫ cot 2 x d x
2
1
π 7 (i) 3.41 (2dp)
4
1
π
(ii) Area B ≈ 2.59 (2dp)
∫
= 12 (cosec 2 x –1)d x
π
4 Since the calculation of Area A overestimates

1
π
the true value of A, this approximation will be
[
= –cot x – x 12 ]
π an underestimate of the true value of B.
4
( ) (
= –cot 12 π – 12 π – –cot 14 π – 14 π ) 8 k =
ln3
2
= ( 0 – 12 π ) – ( –1– 14 π )
6 Numerical solution of equations
=1– 14 π y
1 (i) 4

(iii) cos2 x =1– 2sin 2 x 2

1 1
∴ =
1– cos2 x 1–(1– 2sin 2 x ) –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2
1
=
2sin 2 x
(ii) f (1.4) = – 0.264 f (1.7) = 0.231
= 12 cosec 2 x
where f ( x ) = ln x + x − 2
⌠ 1
 d x = ∫ 12 cosec 2 x d x
⌡ 1– cos2 x Change of sign so root is between 1.4 and 1.7.

=–12 cot x + c
   (iii) x = 1 (4 + x – 2ln x )
3
3x = 4 + x – 2ln x
2 x = 4 – 2ln x
x = 2 – ln x
ln x = 2 – x

(iv) 1.56 (2dp)

51
 2 (i) y = x 2 cos x 4 (i) 1.82 (2dp)
P2 7x 5
dy (ii) Equation is x = +
= 2 x cos x + x 2 (–sin x ) 8 2x 4
dx
∴ M satisfies 8 x 5 = 7 x 5 + 20
x 5 = 20
Answers

2 x cos x – x 2 sin x = 0
  x = 5 20
2 x cos x = x 2 sin x
2cos x = x sinx 5 (i) Area shaded region
2 sin x = Area triangle OCT – Area sector OBC
=
x cos x = 12 ⋅ r ⋅ r tan x − 12 r 2 x
2
= tan x
x
= 12 r 2 (tan x − x )

(ii) f (1) = – 0.443 f (1.2) = 0.905 ∴ 12 r 2 (tan x − x ) = 12 πr 2
−2 tan x – x = π
where f( x ) = tan x +  
x tan x = x + π
Change of sign so root is between 1 and 1.2.
 (ii) 1.35 (2dp)
(iii) 1.08 (2dp) 6 (i) y

2
3 (i) y

3 1

2 0
π π 3π π x
4 2 4
1

(ii) f (1.1) = –0.018 f (1.2) = 0.0987

–π 0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2
–1
2
Change of sign so root between 1.1 and 1.2.


–2 (iii) 1.11 (2dp)

–3

(ii) f (0.6) =1.022 f (1) = − 2.36

where f( x ) = cos x + 1 − 4 x 2

 Change of sign so root is between 0.6 and 1.

(iii) 0.73 (2dp)

52
7 Further algebra 3x A B
1 2x
(b) ≡ +
( x +1)( x – 2) x +1 x – 2 P3
1 (i) f ( x ) =1 – +
x –1 x 2 +1 3x ≡ A( x – 2) + B( x +1)
3
⌠  1 2x  x = 2 ⇒ 6 ≡ 3B ⇒ B = 2

(ii)  1– x –1 + 2  d x x = −1 ⇒ −3 ≡ −3A ⇒ A = 1


Answers
⌡2  x +1 
4 3x 4 1 2 
=  x – ln| x –1|+ ln| x 2 +1|
3
2
∫ 3 (x +1)( x – 2)
dx = ∫  +  dx
3  x +1 x – 2 

= [(3– ln2 + ln10)–(2 – ln1 + ln5)] =[ln| x +1|+ 2ln| x – 2|]3 4

=1 + ln10 – ln2 – ln5 = [(ln 5 + 2ln 2) − (ln 4 + 2ln 1)]
=1 + ln ( 102 ) – ln5 = ln 5 + ln 22 − ln 4
=1 + ln5 – ln5 = ln 5 + ln 4 − ln 4
= ln 5
=1
3 x + 3 x2 + . . .
4 18 − 16
1 4 2 16
2 (i) f (x ) = − + −
x −1 x − 2 x +1 1 − 2x + 6x2 − 20x3 + . . .
5 

(ii) f ( x ) = –( x –1)−1 + 4( x – 2)−1 – 2( x +1)−1 5x – x 2 −2 x +4

6 (i) ≡ +
(1 + x )(2 + x ) 1 + x 2 + x 2
2
=–(–1 + x )–1 + 4(–2 + x )–1 – 2(1 + x )–1
=–(–1)–1 (1– x )−1 + 4 (ii) 5 x – 3x 2
2
+ 74 x 3 . . .
−1
×(–2)−1 (1– 12 x ) – 2(1 + x )–1 7 (i) a = 2
−1  p(x) = (2x − 1)(x2 + 2)
= (1 − x )−1 – 2 (1– 12 x ) – 2(1 + x )−1
8 x –13 –4 2x + 5
−1 (–1)(−2) (ii) ≡ + 2
(1 – x ) =1 + (–1)(–x ) + (−x )2 p( x ) 2 x –1 x + 2
2!
(−1)(−2)(−3)
+ (−x )3 + . . .
3! 8 Further integration
2 3
=1 + x + x + x + . . . 1 (i) x 2 1– x 2 = 0 , where x = 0, 1, –1

( ) =– 21 + (–1)(– 12 x )
–1
1
–2 1– x  x = sinq
2
dx
2! ( 2 )
(–1)(–2) 1 2  = cosθ ⇒ dx = cosθ dθ
+ – x dθ
π
( 2 ) 
(–1)(–2)(–3) 1  3  1 = sinθ ⇒ θ =
+ – x + . . . 2
3!
0 = sinθ ⇒ θ = 0
=– 2 (1 + 12 x + 14 x 2 + 18 x 3 +... ) 1
A = ∫ x 2 1– x 2 dx
0
=– 2 – x – 12 x 2 – 14 x 3 – . . . π

(
–2(1 + x )–1 =– 2 1 + (–1)( x ) +
(–1)(–2) 2
2!
x ∫
= 2 sin 2θ 1– sin 2 θ cosθ dθ
0
π

+
(–1)(–2)(–3) 3
3!
x +... ) ∫
= 2 sin 2θ cos2 θ cosθ dθ
0
π
= –2(1– x + x 2 – x 3 + . . .) ∫
= 2 sin 2θ cos2 θ dθ
0
2 3
= –2 + 2 x – 2 x + 2 x + . . . π

f ( x ) = –3 + 2 x – 32 x 2 + 11 x3
∫
= 2 14 (2sinθ cosθ )2 dθ
0
4
π

A Bx + C 0∫
= 14 2 sin 2 2θ dθ
3 (a) (i) +
x + 4 x2 + 3 π
(ii)
16
A B C
(ii) + +
x − 2 x + 2 ( x + 2)2

53
 2 (i) 2 1 1 3 u = x2 v ′ = e− x
P3 = –
( x +1)( x + 3) x +1 x + 3 5 (i) A= ∫ 0 x 2 e− x d x u′ = 2 x v = − e− x
= − x 2e− x − ∫ −2 xe− x d x
{ }
2
(ii) 2 u = 2x v ′ = e− x
( x +1)( x + 3) = − x 2e− x + ∫ 2 xe− x d x u′ = 2 v = − e− x
Answers

2
 1 1 
= –  = − x 2e− x + −2 x e− x − ∫ −2e− x dx 
 x + 1 x + 3
3
=
1
–
2
+
1 = −x 2e− x − 2 xe− x − 2e− x 
2 ( x +1)( x + 3) 0
( x +1) ( x + 3)2 3
= −e− x ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
=
1
– 1 – 1 + ( 1
( x +1)2 x + 1 x + 3 ( x + 3)2
) −3
0

= [−e (3 + 2 × 3 + 2) − {−e0 (02 + 2 × 0 + 2)}]

2
1 1 1 1
= – +
2 x +1 x + 3
+ =[−e−3 (17) + 2]
( x +1) ( x + 3)2
17
=2−
e3
∫ 0 (x +1)24(x + 3)2 dx
1
(iii)
(ii) x=2
1 1 1 
= ∫ ( x +1) − + −2
+ ( x + 3)−2  dx (iii) x = 1
0 x +1 x + 3 
 1  1 
1 6 (i) u = tan x
= − − ln( x +1) + ln( x + 3) −  π
 x +1  x + 3 0 u = tan =1 u = tan0 = 0
4
= (− 12 − ln2 + ln4 − 14 ) − (−1 − ln1 + ln3 − 13 ) du = sec 2 x dx
= (− 43 + ln2) − (− 43 + ln3) dx =
du
⇒ dx = cos2 x du
7 + ln 2 sec 2 x
= 12 3 π
7
= 12 − ln 32 ∴ ∫ 4 (tann+2 x + tann x ) d x
0
π
=∫ 4 tann x (tan 2 x +1) d x
3 4ln2 − 15
16 0
1 n
1 = 2 sin θ ⇒ θ = π
 = ∫ u (sec x ) cos x du
2 2

4 (i) x = 2 sinθ 0
6
1 n
0 = 2sinθ = > θ = 0 =∫ u du
0
dx u +1 1
= 2cosθ u 
dθ = 
dx = 2cosθ dθ  n +1  0

⌠
1 1n+1 0n+1
x2 = −
∴ dx n +1 n +1
2
⌡0 4 − x 1
π
=
n +1
⌠ 6 4sin 2 θ
= 2 cos θ dθ (ii) (a)  13
2
⌡0 4 − 4sin θ
π 25
(b) 
24
⌠6 4sin 2 θ
= 2cosθ dθ
2
⌡0 4(1 − sin θ )
9 Differential equations
π 1 (i) 1000h = 30 = > h = 0.03
⌠ 6 4sin 2 θ
= 2cosθ dθ dh
⌡0 4(cos2 θ ) = 0.03 – k h
dt
π
2
6 4sin θ
0.02 = 0.03 − k × 1
=⌠
 2cosθ dθ
⌡0 2cosθ k = 0.01
π dh
∴ = 0.03 – 0.01 h
= ∫ 6 4sin 2 θ dθ dt
0
= 0.01(3– h )
π 3
()
(ii) − 3
3 2  3 
54 (ii) 200  ln + x − 3
 x 
 (iii) 4 min 19 s dA dA
2 (i)
dx
= kx − 25
6 (i)
dt
∝V ⇒
dt
= kV P3
dt
dA dA dr dA
75 = k × 1000 – 25

= × A = 4 πr 2 ⇒ = 8 πr
dt dr dt dr
dr

Answers
100 = k × 1000
 kV = 8 πr ×
dt
k = 0.1
 4 3 dr
k × πr = 8 πr ×
dx 3 dt
= 0.1x − 25
dt dr 4 kπr 3
=
dx dt 24 πr
= 0.1( x − 250) dr k 2
dt = r
dt 6
(ii) x = 250(1 + 3e0.1t )
dr
r = 5, =2
dh 1 dt
3 (i) = k (9 − h)3
dt k
1 ⇒ 2 = × 52
0.2 = k(9 − 1) 3 6
12
k = 25
0.2 = k × 3 8

0.2 = k × 2 dr 25 2
12
∴ = r
k = 0.1 dt 6
1 dr
∴
dh
= 0.1(9 − h) 3 = 0.08r 2
dt dt

5
(ii) h=9− ( 4 − 151 t )3 (ii) r=
1 − 0.4t

(iii) 9 metres after 60 years (iii) 0 < t < 2.5

(iv) 19.1 years

dy
4 (i) N = 125e50k sin(0.02t) 7 (i) = kxy
dx
(ii) k = 0.010  4=k×1×2⇒k=2
(iii) N = 125e0.502 sin(0.02t), least value of N is 75.7 dy
∴ = 2 xy
dx
5 (i) Area ∆PTN = 12 TN × PN 1
∫ y dy = ∫ 2x dx
tan x = 12 TN × PN
2tan x ln y = x 2 + C
= TN
PN ln 2 =12 + C
dy y y C = ln 2 –1
= =
dx TN 2tan x
∴ ln y = x 2 + ln2 –1
PN
2
y y = e( x + ln2 – 1)
=
2tan x 2
y
y = e x × e ln2 × e–1
x 2−1
y2
y = 2e
=
2tan x
= 12 y 2 cot x (ii) −4

y
(ii) 2
y=
1 − ln (2sin x )

0.736

O x

55
 8 (i) N = (40 – 30e–0.02t)2 When t = –2
P3 –2 –2(–2)= 2
(ii) N = 1600
2 + –2 = 0
1 + –2 = –1
Answers

10 Vectors ∴Q lies on m

1 (i) To intersect,  –2  –2 

    
PQ = 1 – 2  = –1 
 1 + 2s = 6 + t 1    
–5 + 2  –3 
 s = −5 − 2t 2 –2  –2 
   
 −2 + 3s = 4 + t 3 –1  .  1 = –2(–2) + –1(1) + –3(1)
   
 −3 + s = −2 3 − 1 –3   1
= 4 –1– 3
 ⇒ s = 1, t = −3
=0
 Check in 2 , 1 = −5 − 2(−3)

∴ PQ is perpendicular to m.
       1 = 1
 2 + –2(–1)  4 
 ∴ The lines intersect at 4 (i)    
C is  2 + –2(2)  = –2  or 4 i – 2 j – k
 1  2   3    
 1 + –2(1)   –1
 r =  0  + 1 1  = 1  or 3i + j + k
 
−2   3  1  (ii) θ = 65.9°
(ii) 7 x + y –5z =17 (iii) A

2 (i) 2 x + 3 y – 6z = 8
q D
C
(ii) N is (1, 2, 0)
2 2 2 l
SN = (3–1) + (5 – 2) + (–6 – 0)
= 49
=7 AC = (4 – 2)2 + (–2 – 2)2 + (−1 − 1)2
= 24
3 (i) To intersect,
∴ In ∆ACD ,
2 + s = –2 –2t 1
AD
−1 + s = 2 + t 2 sin24.1° =
24
4 – s =1 + t 3
∴ AD = 24 sin24.1°
3 = 3 + 2t 2 + 3
AD = 2
∴t = 0, s = 3
 OR
Substitute into 1
 Using the formula for distance from a point
2 + 3 = –2 –2 (0)
 x1 i + y1 j + z1 k to plane ax + by + cz = d
5 ≠ –2
 ax1 + by1 + cz1 – d
⇒ the lines don’t intersect Distance =
a2 + b2 + c 2
 2 + 2  4 
    1(2) + − 2(2) + 2(1)– 6
(ii) P is −1 + 2  =  1  or 4 i + j + 2k =
    12 + (–2)2 +22
 4 − 2  2 
2–4 + 2–6
=
–2 – 2t   2  9
   
(iii) If Q lies on m,  2 + t  =  0  –6
    =
 1 +t  –1 9
6
=
3
=2
56
  2   1 11 Complex numbers
   
5 (i)   r =  1 + λ –3 or r = 2i + j – 2k + λ (i – 3 j + 3k) 1 (i)
P3
1+ 2i
   
 2   1  –2   3 
(ii) Im
   
r =  1 + λ –3 or r = 2i + j – 2k + λ (i – 3 j + 3k) 4

Answers
    3
–2   3  3  1  5 
     
2

(ii) P is  2  + 2 –5  = –8  or 5i – 8 j + 7k 1

     
–3  5   7  –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 Re
–1

6 (i) To intersect, –2

1 + s = 4 + 2t 1
–3

–4
1– s = 6 + 2t 2
1 + 2s =1 + t 3
2 =10 + 4t (iii) 126.9° or 2.21
1 + 2
–8 = 4t
t = – 2, s = –1 1 3 1 3
2 (i) + i or – i
2 2 2 2
Check in 3 π
(ii) z1 =1 arg(z1 ) = 60° or
1 + 2( –1) =1 + –2 3
–1 = –1 π
z 2 =1 arg(z 2 ) = – 60° or –
∴ The lines intersect 3
3 3
(ii) θ = 74.2° 1 3  1 3 
(iii) z13 =  + i z 23 =  – i
2 2  2 2 
(iii) 5 x – 3 y – 4 z = –2

( ) ( )
3 3
π  π 
= 1cis =1cis – 
3  3 
1   2 
    =cisπ = cis(– π)
7 (i) r = 2  + λ  2 
    =− 1 = −1
 2  –2 

(ii) P is 13 (2i + 5 j + 7k) 3 (i) u–v =–3+i

u 1 1
(iii) 2 x + 5 y + 7 z = 26 = + i
v 2 2
l is parallel to p if normal to plane and vector in
8 (i)  π
(ii) 45° or
the direction of the line are perpendicular 4
(iii) OC and BA are equal in length and are parallel
 4  2
    (iv) ∠AOB = arg u – arg v
 ie 3
  . –2  = 4(2) + 3(–2) + –2(1)
   
–2   1 = 8 – 6 – 2
=0

= arg ( uv )
(ii) a=4 π
=
4
(iii) a = 13 or a = −5

57
 4 (i) k = 20 π
P3 5 (i) u = 2 2; arg u =
4
(ii) –2 – i
(ii) Im
(iii) u = 5 arg (u ) = 2.68 or 153.4° 4

3
Answers

(iv) Im 2 u
4
1
3 Re

2 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
u 1
Re –2

–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –3
–1
–4
–2

–3

–4 (iii) 7
π
6 (i) w2 = 2 arg w 2 =–
2
π
w3 = 2 2 arg w 3 =
4

(ii) (
1 1
z– – – i =
2 2
10
2 )

58