1. What are the three transport processes?

Energy transfer (Heat Transfer) – deals with the transfer of thermal energy
between physical systems from one location to another.
Mass transfer – deals with the transfer of mass from one phase to another distinct
phase.
Momentum transfer (Fluid Flow)- deals with the transfer of momentum, which
occurs in moving media, from one location to another.

2. What are the driving forces corresponding to these transport processes?

For transport phenomena, there are forces that are necessary to enable such
process to function. The respective driving forces for each process are:
temperature gradiance for heat or energy transfer, with thermal conductivity as
the constant of proportionality;
velocity gradiance for momentum transfer, with absolute viscoity as the constant
of proportionality and;
concentration gradiance, generally gradiance in the system’s potential, for mass
transfer with diffusivity coefficient as the constant of proportionality.
Additional driving forces may contribute with a drift velocity, such as the
forces created by migration, pressure, gravitational, and centrifugal forces.

3. What are the phenomenological laws that are governing these transport processes?
Transported quantityPhysical phenomenonEquation

MomentumViscosity

(Newtonian fluid)

EnergyHeat conduction

(Fourier's law)

MassMolecular diffusion

(Fick's law)

The transport of mass, momentum and energy are governed by simple phenomenological laws
such as those of Fick, Newton and Fourier respectively.
Fick’s Law (Mass Transfer)

1. The molar flux due to diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient.

2. The rate of change of concentration at a point in space is proportional to the
second derivative of concentration with space.
 Momentum – Newton
Energy - Fourier

 Newton's Law, fluid mechanics:

where

= viscosity of fluid

= velocity of fluid

= sheer stress on the fluid

 Fourier's Law, heat transfer:

 Fourier's law, states that the time rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional
to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area

where

= thermal conductivity

= area for heat transfer

= temperature

= heat flow per unit time

 Fick's Law, mass transfer:

where
 = diffusivity of A in B

= concentration of A

= molar flux with respect to molar average velocity

4. Identify at least 5 separation processes and describe each of them. Explain how energy,
momentum or mass transfer is involved in the process.

1. Evaporation. This refers to the evaporation of a volatile solvent such as water from a nonvolatile
solute such as salt or any other material in solution.
Heat transfer- Evaporation is great for separating a mixture (solution) of a soluble solid and a
solvent. The process involves heating the solution until the solvent evaporates (turns into gas)
leaving behind the solid residue.

2. Distillation. This is an operation whereby components of a liquid mixture are separated by

boiling because of their differences in vapor pressure
Mass transfer – Distillation heats raw (untreated) water until the water reaches its
boiling point and begins to vaporize. The heat is then kept at a constant temperature
to maintain water vaporization while prohibiting other undesirable elements from
vaporizing. Water has a lower boiling point than salt and other mineral sediments.
This process also separates the water molecules from microscopic, disease-causing
organisms. Once all of the water has vaporized, the vapor is led into a condenser,
where, upon cooling, the water reverts to the liquid form and runs into a receiving
container. The remaining elements, whose boiling point was too high to permit
vaporization, remain in the original container

3. Crystallization. This concerns the removal of a solute such as a salt from a solution by
precipitating the solute from the solution. Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid
separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure
solid crystalline phase occurs.
Mass transfer/ Heat transfer - Soluble components are removed from solution by
adjusting the conditions so that the solution becomes supersaturated and excess
solute crystallizes out in a pure form. This is generally accomplished by lowering the
temperature, or by concentration of the solution, in each case to form a
supersaturated solution from which crystallization can occur.

4. Drying - In this operation volatile liquids, usually water, are removed from solid materials.
Mass transfer – Drying refers to an operation in which the moisture of a substance is
removed by thermal means the removal of relatively small amount of water or other liquids
from the solid material. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of
water or another solvent[1] by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid.
 5. Liquid–liquid extraction. In this case a solute in a liquid solution is removed by contacting with
another liquid solvent that is relatively immiscible with the solution. Liquid–liquid
extraction also known as solventextraction and partitioning, is a method to separate
compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually
water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into
another liquidphase.
Mass transfer –

6. Adsorption. In this process a component of a gas or liquid stream is removed and adsorbed by a
solid adsorbent. The process of adsorption involves separation of a substance from one
phase accompanied by its accumulation or concentration at the surface of another.
Absorption - . Gas absorption essentially involved the transfer of materials from the gas phase to the
liquid phase. it is "defined" as the operation in which a gas mixture is contacted with a liquid for the
purpose of preferentially dissolving one or more components of the gas mixture and to provide a
solution of them in the liquid.

The gaseous component is said to be absorbed by the liquid. The transferred component is known as
the solute.

Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location, usually meaning a stream,
phase, fraction or component, to another. Mass transfer occurs in many processes, such
as absorption, evaporation, adsorption, drying, precipitation, membrane filtration,
and distillation.

1. Momentum transfer. This is concerned with the transfer of momentum which occurs in
moving media, such as in the separation processes of fluid flow, sedimentation, mixing, and
filtration.
2. Heat transfer. In this fundamental process, we are concerned with the transfer of heat from
one place to another; it occurs in the separation processes of drying, evaporation, distillation,
and others.
3. Mass transfer. Here mass is being transferred from one phase to another distinct phase; the
basic mechanism is the same whether the phases are gas, solid, or liquid. This includes
distillation, absorption, liquid–liquid extraction, membrane separation, adsorption,
crystallization, and leaching