The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean

The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean

Christian R. Belgrave

Global Connections

December 6, 2017
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Abstract
This research paper will examine the legacy of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in North America,

West Africa, and the Caribbean. To show these effect this paper will examine the: inconsistent

socioeconomic classification, virulent racial psychology and division, segregated neighborhoods,

disproportionate racial incarceration rates, and the economic and cultural devastation of African

countries. In examining these facets in the different societies it will show the how the paradox that

is the past influences the present and future a great much. It will convey the residual effects of

slavery and its ripple effects in modern day.

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Table of Contents
Cover Page .......................................................................................................................................1
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................2
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................3
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................4
Limitations .......................................................................................................................................4
Literature View ................................................................................................................................5

Discussion ......................................................................................................................................10
Global .........................................................................................................................................10
Local ......................................................................................................................................12
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................16
References ......................................................................................................................................16
Appendix ........................................................................................................................................18
References ......................................................................................................................................18
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Introduction

Being born into a life that one did not ask for is one that many people face in today’s society.

Being brought over from one country to the next and then being harassed beaten, taught to self-

hate and then put into a system that doesn’t help all but a certain racial group. That is the life many

African Americans, and afro-Caribbean are born into, after their ancestors have were forcibly

brought into the Americas and into the Caribbean. To be placed into a system that is not for, but

mostly against their entire race, and extra obstacles that are added in front of people to hop over

and to push through just to get a quarter of the way in life. While these are not the subjects that all,

but many African Americans or Afro Caribbean have to deal with it is still a prevalent issue. With

the ever-growing destruction of the afro descended communities, these issues have stemmed from

the epidemic of slavery. It is important to realize that in this day and age that to be black is a death

sentence in some places, it is to bring pain into one’s home, and it too always have to worry if a

child will make it home one night or the next. It is the thought of knowing that your children will

grow up far quicker than most kids will have to. It is to know that you will not have the same

freedoms or rights of everyone else. To know that you are unequal in every aspect of one’s life. It

is evident that the psychological effects of slavery effect many black or afro communities today

all across the world.

Limitation
The psychological effects of slavery are seemingly evident or obvious to see, there are a few

limitations.

Time- The author has a limit on the amount of time that is allowed to write this paper with the issue

of being able to compile all the information for this topic and bring everything to light. Due to this
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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there could be a lack of information or a brief description of certain aspects of the topic. The Time

allotted only allowed for some information, but not all.

Author Bias - Due to the authors place in the community that happens to be of afro Caribbean

decedent and living in North America, the author could only being seeing the issue from one

perspective instead off all point of view. Because the author has lived and witnessed these effects

and takes complete responsibility for this. The Author Is very deeply rooted in the African

American Society and the Afro-Caribbean society.

Geographical – The world is a vast place full of different communities, and a great amount of

people affected by slavery. Due to this there is a set location(s) in which the paper will be

discussing. These locations consist of North America, West Africa and the Caribbean.

Information- Do to the lack of acknowledgement from many people that there is an issue, there

can be in many cases hard to find information about what is wrong especially when people don’t

want to come forward. Also with the fact that this is still somewhat relatively new information

coming to light about how slavery affects people today

Literature Review
(n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2017, from

http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm

C. (2012, July 05). Retrieved October 20, 2017, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY&feature=youtu.be

The Atlantic slave trade was between the continents of North America, Africa, and South America.

5% of slaves that came from Africa ended up in North America, 48% were transported to the

Caribbean and the remaining 47% were transported to Brazil. The slaves that were obtained from
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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Africa were not stolen as many people believe. Due to the immense power in Africa were the

slaves were obtained, Europeans had to trade materials to obtain slaves.

There were many different ways in which people use the word slavery but it is concluded that from

Aristotle who had the idea that “ Some People are just born Slaves” and the large importation of

Africans by the Muslims helped to the ideology that darker skinned people were of lesser

importance. Not seen as people but seen as a commodity to help in society, to be owned and used

as a resource. The bible was used to justify slavery and bring light that this issue could be

hereditary.

“Slavery not only inhibited family formation but made stable, secure family life difficult if not

impossible. A father might have one owner, his "wife" and children another. Family separation

through sale was a constant threat. Many owners encouraged marriage to protect their investment

in their slaves.”

Moore, A. (2017, September 08). 5 Signs Showing You May Suffer From 'Mental Slavery' by Dr.

Amos Wilson. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/03/21/5-signs-

showing-you-may-suffer-from-mental-slavery-by-dr-amos-wilson/

Slavery while over contributes to the mindset that many African Americans have today. The

Mindset of many African Americans today whether knowingly or unknowingly, is called the Slave

mindset. “The Slave mindset” is caused by knowing one culture then being dropped into another

one, and being stripped of one’s culture in all aspects, language, names, food, religion, and even

the clothes that you wear. What one is accustomed too is completely obliterated and blanketed

over with something new.

T. (2015, July 27). Retrieved October 20, 2017, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkXseTHxusw&feature=youtu.be
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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Mental slavery requires the help of all not just a few. Mental slavery does not just only effect the

African Americans, it also shows how others view African Americans, or other people of afro

decent are seen as threats or lesser than others “It is the World in which black people everywhere

cant breath,”. To change the world and the value of black lives, there must be a change in the

thinking of black inferiority. Social indicators in income, heart disease etc, show the effects of in

the black. “Somebody told a lie one day. They couched it in language. They made everything

Black ugly and evil”. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The mentality of slavery may not always been

known to black people, and while not always intended the mentality can occur outside, and then

moved to internally. “As a people we can’t breathe, we are suffering under the weight of racism”

“When we revolt it’s not for a particular culture. We revolt simply because, for many reasons, we

can no longer breathe” Frantz Fanon. The effects of colonialism in Africa is one that is not far

removed from society. And while the blacks “free” all around the world they are still held at a

different value than those of a lighter color. Their lives have been devalued in every social aspect.

Which is to have been lead to the outcome of today.

(n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2017, from

http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm

The article gives a historical back ground on the issue of slavery and how it was in general. It

shows the different laws and acts that were in play and how they affected the slaves and their

families. Which in turn showed how the communities were also affected, by giving a historical

standpoint on the issue and that of which is accurate, and it is a good source for the paper being

written. The article is one that is useful for its lack of bias because it is historical. Where the article

come forms also gives the article in its own credibility. It also has evidence of this history and the
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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sources to back it up. The article could help to progress the paper to shed light on why there are

certain turn outs of African - Americans in the American society.

C. (2012, July 05). Retrieved October 20, 2017, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY&feature=youtu.be

The Slave trade video by john Green does show how slavery has been around since almost the

beginning, he also he speaks of how the Europeans traded slaves before they even took them to

the Americas. He spoke of how they were commodities of the time and necessary for economies

to grow as laborers. And there purpose to mainly deal in agriculture and how their owners treated

them and how they were expected to live and die. John Green is a non-bias party who speaks of

the slaves and how they were developed and how they are wrong and never right to do or at all ok.

He does show how they were useful to their owners and how the slaves were affected by their

work in agriculture. Mr. Green does also touch on the topic on how it is possible that slavery was

believed to be passed down hereditarily. This piece would be effective in my writing because this

one or more into detail about slavery with specific details needed.

T. (2014, December 22). Retrieved October 20, 2017, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NXC4Q_4JVg&feature=youtu.be

The video of the trans-Atlantic slave trade speaks of the different continents in which slavery has

mainly affected from the 1400s to the 1800s. The video shows how the slaves from Africa became

slaves in the Americas and the West Indians. It spoke of the African nations and how they fought

for slaves in order to gain materials from the Europeans. The video speaks of how there nations in

Africa became poor due their economies collapsing. Leading to war fare and still affecting Africa
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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today. The Video of the trans-Atlantic slave trade is notable source because of its lack of bias and

fact based information. And while holding a different point of view from just the Americas and

the Europeans, they also touch on how it affected Africa as a whole, and how it still influenced

them today.

T. (2015, July 27). Retrieved October 20, 2017, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkXseTHxusw&feature=youtu.be

The Video of Dr. Cheryl shows how slavery still effect society mentally. She speaks of different

atrocities from around the world speaking the different issues occurring steaming form the same

issue. While she doesn’t have sources as a written article does she has her education, her title, and

her experience firsthand with these issues. She while being a person is still a noteworthy source.

The video while can be seen as a bias due to her be African American it still gives a side to the

story occurring now in history. The video speaks of the inferiority of African Americans and shows

how the different issues from employment to housing, she speaks of how they stem from the mental

slavery. The video does make reference to historical figure like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Loury, G. C. (2016, July 28). An American Tragedy: The legacy of slavery lingers in our cities’

ghettos. Retrieved October 20, 2017, from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/an-american-

tragedy-the-legacy-of-slavery-lingers-in-our-cities-ghettos/

The article touches on the social, economic and the political issues faced in the African-American

community. In the article they speak of W.E.B Dubois and other Americans who saw the color

divide as something that is evident and will continue to grow in American society. They speak of

the ghettos and how they came to be due to slavery and what the people are like in those areas as
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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a result of American history. This article is a useful source because of the immense background

information and lack of bias in the piece. Also the broad perspectives it gives from both sides of

the issue, and a t points instead of saying one point or one side is absolutely 100% correct they ask

questions to see if what has occurred is right or wrong .While is factual and still relevant in society

today they also use evidence to support their points.

Discussion

The Legacy of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Modern Society

Four hundred years of servitude: humans subjugated—transported from their homelands

like livestock, sold as commodities, and used as captive tools in unfamiliar lands by obdurate

strangers. Approximately 12.5 million Africans were removed from their homelands by slave

traders between the 17th and 19th century and their descendants now populate the United States,

Brazil, and Caribbean islands (Pruitt). Modernism has exercised ineffective mental games in

separating itself from the evils of the past—”a black man was elected president, racism is

over.” However, slavery, one of the most horrendous examples of human evil, has had enduring

detrimental effects on black communities around the world that still saturate the present-day

landscape. The lingering stench of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade is evident in many facets of

modern society: inconsistent socioeconomic classification, virulent racial psychology and

division, segregated neighborhoods, disproportionate racial incarceration rates, and the economic

and cultural devastation of African countries.

Global

To understand the legacy of the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade on must understand the historiography

of the different regions. In the Caribbean islands—to which 48% percent of slaves were taken

during the era of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade—the descendants of enslaved African people suffer
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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similar problems as those living in the United States: poverty, low education rates, high

incarceration rates, etc. But even more disturbing is the fate of the native peoples of the Caribbean

islands. The Arawak, one of several groups of native people that were adversely affected by the

establishment of the sugarcane industry in the Caribbean, were virtually wiped out. Now only a

modest enclave of the Arawak survive on the mainland of South America as the island population

was eradicated by Europeans.

However, the modern implications of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade are not limited to the

Western Hemisphere. Still baring the scars of history, the countries from which enslaved blacks

were taken have never recovered from the economic and cultural damage dealt by the slave trade

during the era of imperialism. The majority of enslaved people were taken from the West African

regions of Senegambia (which includes the modern countries of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau,

and Mali), west-central Africa (which includes the modern countries of Angola, Congo, the

Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Gabon), and the “Gold Coast,” or modern day Ghana

(Pruitt). A comparison of the Gross Domestic Products (GDP’s) of these countries to those of the

countries that benefitted from the Trans-Atlantic slave trade shows the tragic economic effects of

slavery that still radiate in modern Africa. In Senegal, the GDP per capita is a meager 958.07 USD;

in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the GDP per capita is even lower at 444.5 USD (GDP

per Capita). The political instability left behind by the exploitation of these lands during the era of

imperialism has left them economically depressed—the people have little to no access to education

and many of the countries have no functioning infrastructure.

Furthermore, the Trans-Atlantic slave trade diminished and destroyed many of the

traditions of pre-existing African cultures. The enslavement of Africans reinforced the fallacious

distinctions of Europeans as civil and proper and Africans as backwards savages. As a result many
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of the traditional religions and mythologies of African nations have been lost to Christianity and

Islam and many traditional African languages have been snuffed out by English and other

European languages. African nations were not only robbed of their people, they were robbed of

their identities. The feelings of inferiority instilled by Europeans during the imperialist age were

internalized by Africans and continue to negatively affect Africans today.

In addition, the slave trade is still alive and well in Africa and continues to devastate lives

and raise violent conflict. In fact, over six million Africans are known to live in slavery in the

modern age (Widman). This modern slavery varies in form—child slavery, forced marriage, forced

labor, descent-based slavery, and human trafficking—but is still just as deplorable and devastating

in its implications as the slavery written textbooks. The country of Mauritania did not illegalize

slavery until the year 2007 and up until that year up to 20% of the country’s population had been

enslaved (Widman). Even after the illegalization of slavery in the country, those who were once

slaves or have been born to previously enslaved parents are treated as second class citizens. It is

appallingly clear that slavery continues to affect many African nations.

Local

While it is important to understand the legacy of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in a glob view it is

also important to examine the legacy through a more local lens. Perhaps the most prominent among

the residual effects of slavery is the classification of racial groups on the socioeconomic spectrum.

In spite of various legislative attempts over the decades, black communities in America have not

fully recovered from the economic devastation caused by generations of enslavement. According

to Pew Research Center, the average white household earns thirteen times that of the average black

household in the United States and black Americans are twice as likely to live in poverty when

compared to white Americans. This gap is not shrinking either; since the Great Recession, the
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disparity between white and black incomes in America has steadily increased (On Views of Race

and Inequality). Worse yet, black Americans are far more likely to suffer from employment than

their white counterparts. 11.6% of black men and 9.3% of black women are unemployed but only

5.l% of white men and 3.8% of white women are unemployed (On Views of Race and Inequality).

In the land of opportunity, those descended from slaves will never have the same opportunity as

those descended from slave owners. Wealth, knowledge, reputation, and nepotistic( the practice

among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them

jobs.) advantages are all inherited and those whose families have owned land and wealth for

generations inherently possess greater amounts of all of those attributes than those whose families

were split up, sold, and labeled property.

In fact, over 98% of land in the United States (approximately 856 million acres or 1 trillion dollars’

worth of land) is owned by white Americans whereas less than 1% (approximately 14 billion

dollars’ worth, a measly sum by comparison) is owned by black Americans (Who Owns Almost

All America’s Land?). This is an appalling disproportion when considering that black Americans

make up 13.3% of the population and white Americans make up 76.9% of the population

(Population Estimates). The reason for this gross imbalance in land ownership is this: land is

passed down from generation to generation and those whose ancestors were enslaved and not

allowed to purchase the land for the first four hundred years of the country’s history are at an

undeniable disadvantage.

Furthermore, the inherent difference in opportunity between races has stifled levels of

education—an essential component of upward mobility in society—attained by black Americans.

White Americans are about 1.5 times as like to carry college degrees than black degree which

means for every 100 black Americans with college degrees, there are about 150 degree holding
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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white Americans (On Views of Race and Inequality). This is the result of a vicious cycle within

the black community initiated by the educational deprivation of enslaved Africans and continued

by the deficient schools forced upon black Americans during the Jim Crow era. It is a well-

established fact that children raised by parents that did not complete higher education are far less

likely to pursue it themselves. So in other words, education is another trait that is to some extent

inherited and therefore another field in which slavery has affected the opportunity of black

Americans in modern society.

Another unfortunate consequence of the racist background pollution left behind by slavery

and the Jim Crow era is the passionate and at times violent racial division of whites and blacks in

modern day society. This racial division manifests itself in many complex issues; one of the most

blatant and current examples of this is the struggle between Americans over the display of

Confederate statues. The statues themselves are little more than pieces of stone; however, the racial

tension left behind by the era of slavery and Jim Crow has vested in these stones enough

significance to inspire violent conflicts and even death—such as the death of Heather Heyer in

Charlottesville, Virginia. Black Americans, separated from slavery by several generations, still

feel the pain of enslavement and oppression and Confederate statues to them represent an outdated

stronghold of old-fashioned, racist ideals.

Not all manifestations of slavery that inspired racial division are violent. When observing

the distributions of racial groups in residential areas, it is shocking how segregated America

remains despite segregation being long since illegalized. In fact, the Brookings Institute (using a

system that ranks the segregation of an area from zero, complete integration, to 100, complete

segregation, by the “percentage of blacks that would have to change neighborhoods to match the

distribution of whites”) found that the majority of urban areas surveyed fell between segregation
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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ratings of 50 and 70 (Frey). Although these numbers are certainly better than the near total

segregation of American neighborhoods prior to the illegalization of segregated public facilities,

they show that the average American city is still more racially segregated than integrated.

Moreover, incarceration in America illustrates another facet of society in which the slavery

era of history continues to affect the black community. Black Americans have been freed from the

physical chains of slavery; however, they still make up 37.9% of the imprisoned despite making

up a considerably smaller section of the overall U.S. population (BOP Statistics). This

disproportion in American prison populations is the result of a convergence of factors. The most

forceful of said factors are the economic and educational disadvantages many black Americans

face and subconscious racial biases held over from less enlightened periods of history. The latter

of these factors, racial biases, becomes deliberately apparent when one observes arrest statistics in

America; a study of seventy police departments found that black Americans are on average ten

times more likely to be arrested than any other race (Heath). Surely black Americans, a group that

makes up little over 13% of the population, cannot be committing ten times the crime as any other

race. It is clear that even if they are not overtly racist, many law officers possess inherent biases

against blacks that influence their arrests. These subconscious biases are remaining from the period

in which blacks were regarded as subhuman—in which whites viewed blacks as livestock. It is

evident that despite the abolishment of slavery, there is still the visceral influence of “us vs. them”

psychology in America and it affects the lives of blacks every day, many of whom living fearful

of those tasked with the duty of protecting them. And with a fear such as this, living in those

societies that are split apart how is there ever going to be a change between the two.
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Conclusion

Slavery has been abolished in most developed nations for approximately 200 years but its effects

are still felt deeply by black communities around the world. Descendants of enslaved Africans

suffer from disadvantaged economic opportunity and racial division and millions of Africans

continue to live under enslavement. The devastation of slavery is far from over and continues to

impact the contemporary world every day. The modern societal effects of slavery has rippled

throughout time and has made an impact like no other. The ripple effects are still present today in

many black communities around the world from North America, the Caribbean, and West Africa,

and any other places around the world. It is important to realize these effects and make them aware

to all. To change these imprints placed upon by past ancestors, and inherited throughout the years,

whether you be black or white or any person of color. There are problems such as this all over the

world and it is up to the people to help make a change and bring to light for all people, to show the

past and change the present day. There is just one question left, how can we change these ripple

effects of the disease that is slavery? How can we stop the spread of this problematic issue in the

many different societies around the world?

Reference
“On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart.” Pew Research
Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project, Pew Research Center, 27 June 2016,
www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/1-demographic-trends-and-economic-well-being/.

“Who Owns Almost All America's Land?” Inequality.org, Institute for Policy Studies, 15 Feb.
2016, inequality.org/research/owns-land/.

“Population Estimates.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau, 1 July 2016,
www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045216.
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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Frey, William H. “Census Shows Modest Declines in Black-White Segregation.” Brookings,

Brookings, 8 Dec. 2015, www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2015/12/08/census-shows-
modest-declines-in-black-white-segregation/.

“BOP Statistics: Inmate Race.” Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal Bureau of Prisons, 23 Sept.
2017, www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_inmate_race.jsp.

Heath, Brad. “Racial Gap in U.S. Arrest Rates: 'Staggering Disparity'.” USA Today, Gannett
Satellite Information Network, 19 Nov. 2014,
www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/11/18/ferguson-black-arrest-rates/19043207/.

Pruitt, Sarah. “What Part of Africa Did Most Slaves Come from?” History.com, A&E Television
Networks, 3 May 2016, www.history.com/news/ask-history/what-part-of-africa-did-most-slaves-
come-from.

“GDP per Capita (Current US$).” The World Bank, World Bank Group,
data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.

Widman, Miriam. “As Slave Trade Abolition Is Celebrated, Millions of Africans Continue to
Live as Slaves.” DW.COM, Deutsche Welle, 23 Mar. 2015, www.dw.com/en/as-slave-trade-
abolition-is-celebrated-millions-of-africans-continue-to-live-as-slaves/a-18337189.

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signs-showing-you-may-suffer-from-mental-slavery-by-dr-amos-wilson/
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tragedy-the-legacy-of-slavery-lingers-in-our-cities-ghettos/
 The Societal Effects of Slavery in North America, West Africa, and the Caribbean
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(n.d.). Retrieved December 08, 2017, from https://www.library.yale.edu/~fboateng/akata.htm

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[Personal interview].

Appendix

Interview

Interviewer: Do you feel that there are groups of people who are put at a higher place in life by
birth?

David: Yes

Interviewer: Do you feel that there are groups of people that have put at a higher place in life by
the race they are born into.

David: Yes

Interviewer: Does the racial divide of these groups stem from slavery and why?

David: Yes the racial divide stemmed from slavery because of the people being spread out at
losing their own communities and then with later on in history the Jim Crow era exacerbated the
issue as well.

Interviewer: Do you feel that the racial divide and the placement of people in societies occur all
over the world and why?

David: Yes, the racial divide is worldwide because those who were taken by the Europeans and
where distributed or placed around the world because the Europeans where put into new societies
where they were automatically belittled and seen as a commodity.