Singly (review) 2015

Abbreviations
H Overall depth of beam
d Effective depth = distance from extreme compression fibre to the
centroid of the tension steel
d0 Effective depth for multi-layer steel, calculated to the CG of layers
of tensile reinforcement
b Width of beam in compression
a Depth of stress block
fy Yield stress of main reinforcement (eg 300MPa or 500MPa)
fyt yield stress of stirrups
f’c Specified strength of concrete (28 day)
As Area of steel in tension
Asc Area of steel in compression
Asb Area of steel for a balanced failure
ρt Tension steel ratio  t  As
(b)(d )
Asc
ρc Compression steel ratio  c 
(b)(d )
Asb
ρb Balance section rebar ratio  b 
(bw )(d )
εs Strain in steel
εy Yield strain of steel
εc Strain in concrete (=0.003)
Es Modulus of elasticity of steel = 200GPa
db Diameter of tension bar
Ast Total area of tension steel
Cc Compression force in concrete
T Tension force in steel
c or x distance from extreme compression fibre to neutral axis at ULS
cb Distance from extreme compression fibre to neutral axis at balance
failure
Mn Nominal strength of member in bending
ϕMn Reliable or effective moment capacity (ϕ is strength reduction
factor)
M* Design moment (from bending moment diagram at ULS (with load
factors) loads M* ≤ ϕMn
V* Design shear (from shear force diagram using ultimate strength
(with load factors) loads
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Singly (review) 2015

V* ≤ ϕVn
Vn Nominal shear force
ϕ Strength reduction factor, 0.85 for bending, 0.75 for shear,
α1 A factor to convert the curved compression stress block to a
rectangle stress block,
0.75≤ α1 ≤ 0.85
= 0.85 for f’c ≤ 55 MPa
= 0.85- 0.004(f’c -55) for f’c >55MPa α1(min) =0.75
β1 A factor to relate a to c i.e. a  1c 0.65≤ β1 ≤ 0.85
= 0.85 for f’c ≤ 30 MPa,
= 0.85- 0.008(f’c -30) for f’c > 30 MPa β1(min) =0.65
ku neutral axis parameter
γ ratio of depth of rectangular stress block to depth of neutral axis
  1.05  0.007 f c' where 0.67    0.85

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Singly (review) 2015

Singly reinforced rectangular section

Bending:
Design moment M* ≤ ϕMn

A s fy
a or a  ( )(ku )(d )  (1 )(c)
α1fc' b

For an under-reinforced section and tension yield

As f y (  t )( f y ) c
ku     0.4 Where
(1 )( )( f )(b)(d )
c
'
(1 )( )( f )c
'
d

c ≤ (0.75)*(cb) (ref C9.3.8.1 )

To find the area of reinforcement of a singly reinforced section, when As is

given M*

Method 1
a
M n  As f y (d  )
2
M*
Re-arrange area of tension steel: Mn  M*
As   
( f y )(d  0.5a) ( f y )(d  0.5a)  ( f y )(d  0.5a)

Method 2:
Level arm j*d=d-0.5a where 0.85 < j < 0.95

Step 1: Calculate effective depth d

Step 2: Assume j = 0.9,
From M* ≤ ϕ Mn = ϕ As(req)(fy)(jd), calculate As(req)
Step 3: From steel table, select bar size and number of bars, calculate
As(provide) > As(req)
Step 4: Check bar spacing ≥ db or 25mm
Step 5: Calculate a using As(provide)
Step 6: Calculate ϕ Mn, check that M* ≤ ϕ Mn

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Singly (review) 2015

Check Minimum area of steel,

As(min)  bwd And As (min)  f y bwd

f 'c 1.4
4 fy

Shrinkage and temperature (Sect 8.8)

As 0.7 As
 And  0.0014
bh fy bh

Check Maximum area of steel (C9.3.8.1)

 1 f ' c 1  600 
bw d Where f’c and fy must be in MPa
Asb 
fy  600  f 
 y 
As (max)  0.75 Asb

Max steel ratio

A
 max  s (max)
(bw )(d )
or
0.75 Asb (1 )( f c' )(1 )  600 
 max   (0.75)  
(bw )(d ) fy  600  f y 

Balanced Failure when εc=0.003, s = y

Distance from the extreme compression fibre to the neutral axis c
cb d
Strain compatibility,  where cb  (kub )(d )
c c   y

0.003
Neutral axis parameter becomes k ub 
fy
0.003 
Es

0.003
Depth of neutral axis at balance failure cb  ( )(d )
fy
0.003 
Es
Depth of stress block at balance section:
ab = β1 cb
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Singly (review) 2015

or
A sb fy
ab 
α1fc' b

Depth of rectangular stress block a  ( )(ku )(d )  ( )(c)

Balance section steel area

1 f 'c 1  
Where Es  200000MPa
600 bw d
Asb 
fy  600  f 
 y 

Balance section rebar ratio (Sect 7.4.2.8)

Asb
b 
(bw )(d )
f c' 600
 b  (1 )(1 )( )( )
f y 600  f y
f c'
 b  (1 )(1 )(kub )( )
fy

Yielding of tension reinforcement

Yield strain of concrete at failure 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003
Depth of neutral axis, c a  1c
𝑓𝑦
Yield strain of steel 𝜀𝑦 =
𝐸
𝑐 𝑑
Design yield strain of steel 𝜀𝑠 =
𝜀𝑐 (𝜀𝑐 +𝜀𝑠 )

𝑐
Tension steel yield if 𝜀𝑦 < 𝜀𝑠 and < 0.4
𝑑

Compression steel
A fy
amax  s(max) A  0.75 Asb and 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒂𝒃
α1fc' b Where s (max)

If depth of stress block, a < amax design as singly reinforced

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Singly (review) 2015

Transverse Shear:
V*≤ ϕVn Φ= 0.75

Nominal shear stress

Vn Vn
vn   , lesser of [ v n  0.2 f c' , v n  1.1 f c' ]
Acv (bw )(d )

Nominal shear force

Vn = Vs + Vc

Ratio of tension steel area to shear area: p = As/(bw d)

Concrete stress

vb  (0.07  10 )( f c' ) Where

As
 And (0.08)( f c' )  vb  (0.2)( f c' )
(bw )(d )

Effective shear area Acv = (bw)(d)

Shear stress from concrete

vc  ka kd vb
 20mm aggregate concrete ka  1
 10mm or less aggregate concrete ka  0.85
 d ≤ 400 mm, kd = 1.0;
 d > 400 mm, k  ( 400) where d is in mm
d
0.25

Nominal shear strength provided by concrete (no axial load)

Vc  (vc )( Acv )

If V* >ϕVc, shear reinforcement is required

Steel stress:
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Singly (review) 2015

Nominal shear strength provided by steel

Vs = V*/ϕ - Vc

Re-arrange
( Av )( f yt )(d )
Vs  or
s
 (v  vb )(bw )(s) 
Av   n 
 f yt 
 

Av is the area of shear reinforcement in spacing s, s<Smax =d/2

fyt is the yield stress of the stirrups (ref 9.3.9.2) ≤500MPa
Minimum diameter of stirrup >5mm

Minimum area of shear reinforcement:

f 'c bw s
Beam Av (min)  (ref also 7.5.10 and 9.3.9.4.13)
16 f yt

Spacing of reinforcement (ref 8.3)

 Clear distant between parallel rebar ≥db or 25mm
 Clear distant directly above parallel rebar in layers ≥db or 25mm
 clear distance between a contact lap splice and adjacent splices or bars
≥db or 25mm

Concrete cover: Sect 3.11 or 3.12

To protect reinforcement, refer to the following tables in NZS3101
 Table 3.6- Minimum required cover for a specified intended life of 50 years
 Table 3.7- Minimum required cover for a specified intended life of 100 years
 Minimum cover shall be equal or greater than specified in Sect3.11.2.2

Exposure conditions: Sect 3.4

Exposure classification for the most severe exposure of any of concrete members’
surfaces. Refer to the following tables in NZS3101
 Table 3.1 Exposure classification