Sodium silicate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sodium silicate

Names
IUPAC name
Sodium metasilicate
Other names
Liquid glass
Waterglass
Identifiers
CAS Number 6834-92-0 
Abbreviations E550
ChEBI CHEBI:60720 
ChemSpider 21758 
EC Number 229-912-9
Jmol interactive Image (http://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?
3D model=%5BNa%2B%5D.%5BNa%2B%5D.%5BO-%5D%5BSi%5D%28%5BO-
%5D%29%3DO)
MeSH Sodium+metasilicate
PubChem 23266
RTECS number VV9275000
UN number 3253
InChI
SMILES
Properties
Chemical Na2SiO3
formula
Appearance White to greenish opaque crystals
Density 2.61 g cm−3
 Melting point 1,088 °C (1,990 °F; 1,361 K)
Solubility in 22.2 g/100 ml (25°C)
water 160.6 g/100 ml (80°C)
Solubility insoluble in alcohol
Refractive index 1.52
(nD)
Thermochemistry
Specific 111.8 J/mol K
heat capacity (C)
Std molar 113.71 J K−1 mol−1
entropy (So298)
Std enthalpy of −1561.43 kJ mol−1
formation
(ΔfHo298)
Gibbs free -1427 kJ/mol
energy (ΔfG˚)
Hazards
Safety data sheet Avantor Performance Materials
(http://www.avantormaterials.com/documents/MSDS/USA/English/S4982_msds_us_Default.pdf)
EU classification
C
(DSD)

R-phrases R34, R37

S-phrases (S1/2), S13, S24/25, S36/37/39, S45
NFPA 704
0
2 0

Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (Median 1153 (rat, oral)
dose)
Related compounds
Other anions Sodium carbonate
Other cations Potassium silicate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

 verify (what is   ?)

Infobox references

Sodium silicate is the common name for compounds with the formula Na2(SiO2)nO. A well-known
member of this series is sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3. Also known as waterglass or liquid glass, these
materials are available in aqueous solution and in solid form. The pure compositions are colourless or
white, but commercial samples are often greenish or blue owing to the presence of iron-containing
impurities.
They are used in cements, passive fire protection, textile and lumber processing, refractories, and
automobiles. Sodium carbonate and silicon dioxide react when molten to form sodium silicate and
carbon dioxide:[1]

Na2CO3 + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + CO2

Anhydrous sodium silicate contains a chain polymeric anion composed of corner-shared {SiO4}
tetrahedral, and not a discrete SiO32− ion.[1] In addition to the anhydrous form, there are hydrates with
the formula Na2SiO3·nH2O (where n = 5, 6, 8, 9) which contain the discrete, approximately tetrahedral
anion SiO2(OH)22− with water of hydration. For example, the commercially available sodium silicate
pentahydrate Na2SiO3·5H2O is formulated as Na2SiO2(OH)2·4H2O and the nonahydrate Na2SiO3·9H2O
is formulated as Na2SiO2(OH)2·8H2O.[2]

In industry, the various grades of sodium silicate are characterized by their SiO2:Na2O weight ratio
(weight ratios can be converted to molar ratios by multiplication with 1.032), which can vary between
2:1 and 3.75:1.[3] Grades with this ratio below 2.85:1 are termed alkaline. Those with a higher
SiO2:Na2O ratio are described as neutral.

Contents

1 History

2 Properties

3 Production

3.1 Liquid phase

3.2 Solid phase (thermal process)

4 Uses

4.1 Adhesive

4.2 Drilling fluids

4.3 Concrete and general masonry treatment

4.4 Detergent auxiliaries

4.5 Water treatment

4.6 Refractory use

4.7 Dye auxiliary

4.8 Niche and hobby uses

 4.8.1 Passive fire protection

4.8.2 Food preservation

4.8.3 Metal repair

4.8.4 Automotive repair

4.8.5 Homebrewing

4.8.6 Aquaculture

4.8.7 Safe construction

4.8.8 Crystal gardens

4.8.9 Pottery

4.9 Sealing of leaking water-containing structures

4.9.1 Cartridges

5 References

6 Other reading

7 External links

History
Water glass[4] was defined in Von Wagner's Manual of Chemical Technology (1892 translation) as any
of the soluble alkaline silicates, first observed by Jean Baptist van Helmont circa 1640 as a fluid
substance made by melting sand with excess alkali.[5][6] Glauber made what he termed "liquor silicum"
in 1646 from potash and silica.[7] Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs, in 1818, obtained what is now known as
water glass by treating silicic acid with an alkali, the result being soluble in water, "but not affected by
atmospheric changes".[8][9] Von Wagner distinguished soda, potash, double (soda and potash), and
fixing (i.e., stabilizing) as types of water glass. The fixing type was "a mixture of silica well saturated
with potash water glass and a sodium silicate" used to stabilize inorganic water color pigments on
cement work for outdoor signs and murals.

Properties
Sodium silicate is a white powder that is readily soluble in water, producing an alkaline solution. It is
one of a number of related compounds which include sodium orthosilicate, Na4SiO4, sodium
pyrosilicate, Na6Si2O7, and others. All are glassy, colourless, and soluble in water.
Sodium silicate is stable in neutral and alkaline solutions. In acidic solutions, the silicate ion reacts with
hydrogen ions to form silicic acid, which when heated and roasted forms silica gel, a hard, glassy
substance.

Production
Sodium silicate is commonly manufactured using a reaction in liquid phase or in solid phase. Both
processes use alkaline and quartz sand as raw materials.

Liquid phase
A mixture of caustic soda, quartz sand, and water is prepared in a mixing tank, then fed into a reactor,
where steam is introduced. The reaction is
n SiO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2O•nSiO2 + H2O

Solid phase (thermal process)

Sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate melt at temperatures far below that of silica. (<900°C vs >1600°C)
Either is melted, and silica dissolved into the molten material, where it reacts to form sodium silicate.

Na2CO3 + x SiO2 → (Na2O)•(SiO2)x + CO2

2 Na2SO4 + C + 2 SiO2 → 2 Na2SiO3 + 2 SO2 + CO2

Uses
In 1990, 4M tons of alkali metal silicates were produced. The main applications were in detergents,
paper, water treatment, and construction materials.[3]

Adhesive

The largest application of sodium silicate solutions is a cement for producing cardboard.[3] When used
as a paper cement, the tendency is for the sodium silicate joint eventually to crack within a few years, at
which point it no longer holds the paper surfaces cemented together.

Drilling fluids
Sodium silicate is frequently used in drilling fluids to stabilize borehole wells and to avoid the collapse
of bore walls. It is particularly useful when drill holes pass through argillaceous formations containing
swelling clay minerals such as smectite or montmorillonite.

Concrete and general masonry treatment

Concrete treated with a sodium silicate solution helps to significantly reduce porosity in most masonry
products such as concrete, stucco, and plasters. A chemical reaction occurs with the excess Ca(OH)2
(portlandite) present in the concrete that permanently binds the silicates with the surface, making them
far more durable and water repellent. This treatment generally is applied only after the initial cure has
taken place (7 days or so depending on conditions). These coatings are known as silicate mineral paint.
Detergent auxiliaries

It is used in detergent auxiliaries such as complex sodium disilicate and modified sodium disilicate. The
detergent granules gain their ruggedness from a coating of silicates.[3]

Water treatment

Water glass is used as coagulant/deflocculant agent in wastewater treatment plants. Waterglass binds to
colloidal molecules, creating larger aggregates that sink to the bottom of the water column. The
microscopic negatively charged particles suspended in water interact with sodium silicate. Their
electrical double layer collapses due to the increase of ionic strength caused by the addition of sodium
silicate (doubly negatively charged anion accompanied by two sodium cations) and they subsequently
aggregate. This process is called coagulation/deflocculation.[3]

Refractory use

Water glass is a useful binder of solids, such as vermiculite and perlite. When blended with the
aforementioned lightweight aggregates, water glass can be used to make hard, high-temperature
insulation boards used for refractories, passive fire protection and high temperature insulations, such as
moulded pipe insulation applications. When mixed with finely divided mineral powders, such as
vermiculite dust (which is common scrap from the exfoliation process), one can produce high
temperature adhesives. The intumescence disappears in the presence of finely divided mineral dust,
whereby the waterglass becomes a mere matrix. Waterglass is inexpensive and abundantly available,
which makes its use popular in many refractory applications.

Dye auxiliary

Sodium silicate solution is used as a fixative for hand dyeing with reactive dyes that require a high pH to
react with the textile fiber. After the dye is applied to a cellulose-based fabric, such as cotton or rayon, or
onto silk, it is allowed to dry, after which the sodium silicate is painted on to the dyed fabric, covered
with plastic to retain moisture, and left to react for an hour at room temperature.[10]

Niche and hobby uses

Passive fire protection

Sodium silicates are inherently intumescent. They come in prill (solid beads) form, as well as the liquid,
water glass. The solid sheet form (Palusol) must be waterproofed to ensure long-term passive fire
protection (PFP).

Standard, solid, bead-form sodium silicates have been used as aggregate within silicone rubber to
manufacture plastic pipe firestop devices. The silicone rubber was insufficient waterproofing to preserve
the intumescing function and the products had to be recalled, which is problematic for firestops
concealed behind drywall in buildings.

Pastes for caulking purposes are similarly unstable. This, too, has resulted in recalls and even litigation.
Only 3M's "Expantrol" version, which has an external heat treatment that helps to seal the outer surface,
as part of its process standard, has achieved sufficient longevity to qualify for DIBt approvals in the US
for use in firestopping.
Not unlike other intumescents, sodium silicate, both in bead form
and in liquid form, are inherently endothermic, due to liquid water in
the water glass and hydrates in the prill form. The absence in the US
of mandatory aging tests, whereby PFP systems are made to undergo
system performance tests after the aging and humidity exposures, are
at the root of the continued availability, in North America, of PFP
products that can become inoperable within weeks of installation.
Indiscriminate use of sodium silicates without proper waterproofing
measures are contributors to the problems and risk. When sodium
silicates are adequately protected, they function extremely well and
reliably for long periods. Evidence of this can be seen in the many
DIBt approvals for plastic pipe firestop devices using Palusol, which
use waterproofed sodium silicate sheets.

Food preservation

Sodium silicate was also used as an egg preservation agent through

the early 20th century with large success. When fresh eggs are Expantrol proprietary sodium
immersed in it, bacteria which cause the eggs to spoil are kept out silicate suspended in about a 6.5-
and water is kept in. Eggs can be kept fresh using this method for up mm-thick layer of red rubber,
to five months. When boiling eggs preserved this way, it is well type 3M FS195, inserted into a
advised to pin-prick the egg to allow steam to escape because the metal pipe, then heated, to
demonstrate hard char
shell is no longer porous.[11]
intumescence, strong enough to
shut a melting plastic pipe
Metal repair

Sodium silicate is used, along with magnesium silicate, in

muffler repair and fitting paste. When dissolved in water, both
sodium silicate and magnesium silicate form a thick paste that is
easy to apply. When the exhaust system of an internal
combustion engine heats up to its operating temperature, the heat
drives out all of the excess water from the paste. The silicate
compounds that are left over have glass-like properties, making a
temporary, brittle repair.

Automotive repair

Sodium silicate is also used currently as an exhaust system joint

and crack sealer for repairing mufflers, resonators, tailpipes, and
other exhaust components, with and without fiberglass Palusol-based intumescent plastic
reinforcing tapes. In this application, the sodium silicate (60- pipe device used for commercial
70%) is typically mixed with kaolin (40-30%), an aluminium firestopping
silicate mineral, to make the sodium silicate "glued" joint
opaque. The sodium silicate, however, is the high-temperature adhesive; the kaolin serves simply as a
compatible high-temperature coloring agent. Some of these repair compounds also contain glass fibres to
enhance their gap-filling abilities and reduce brittleness.

Sodium silicate can be used to fill gaps within the head gasket. Commonly used on aluminum alloy
cylinder heads, which are sensitive to thermally induced surface deflection. This can be caused by many
things including head-bolt stretching, deficient coolant delivery, high cylinder head pressure,

overheating, etc.
overheating, etc.

"Liquid glass" (sodium silicate) is added to the system through the

radiator, and allowed to circulate. Sodium silicate is suspended in the
coolant until it reaches the cylinder head. At 100–105°C, sodium silicate
loses water molecules to form a glass seal with a remelt temperature
above 810°C.

A sodium silicate repair can last two years or longer. The repair occurs
rapidly, and symptoms disappear instantly. This repair only works when
the sodium silicate reaches its "conversion" temperature at 100–105°C.
Contamination of engine oil is a serious possibility in situations in which
a coolant-to-oil leak is present. Sodium silicate (glass particulate)
contamination of lubricants is detrimental to their function.

Sodium silicate solution is used to inexpensively, quickly, and

permanently disable automobile engines. Running an engine with about
World War I poster
2 liters of a sodium silicate solution instead of motor oil causes the
suggesting the use of
solution to precipitate, catastrophically damaging the engine's bearings waterglass to preserve eggs
and pistons within a few minutes.[12] In the United States, this procedure (lower right).
was used to comply with requirements of the Car Allowance Rebate
System (CARS) program.[12][13]

Homebrewing

Sodium silicate flocculant properties are also used to clarify wine and beer by precipitating colloidal
particles. As a clearing agent, though, sodium silicate (water glass) is sometimes confused with isinglass
which is prepared from collagen extracted from the dried swim bladders of sturgeon and other fishes.
Eggs preserved in a bucket of waterglass gel, and their shells, are sometimes also used (baked and
crushed) to clear wine.[14]

Aquaculture

Sodium silicate gel is also used as a substrate for algal growth in aquaculture hatcheries.

Safe construction

A mixture of sodium silicate and sawdust has been used in between the double skin of certain safes. This
not only makes them more fire resistant, but also makes cutting them open with an oxyacetylene torch
extremely difficult due to the smoke emitted.

Crystal gardens

When crystals of a number of metallic salts are dropped into a solution of water glass, simple or
branching stalagmites of coloured metal silicates are formed. This phenomenon has been used by
manufacturers of toys and chemistry sets to provide instructive enjoyment to many generations of
children from the early 20th century until the present. An early mention of crystals of metallic salts
forming a "chemical garden" in sodium silicate is found in the 1946 Modern Mechanix magazine.[15]
Metal salts used included the sulfates and/or chlorides of copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, and manganese.
Pottery

Sodium silicate is used as a deflocculant in casting slips helping reduce viscosity and the need for large
amounts of water to liquidize the clay body. It is also used to create a crackle effect in pottery, usually
wheel-thrown. A vase or bottle is thrown on the wheel, fairly narrow and with thick walls. Sodium
silicate is brushed on a section of the piece. After 5 minutes, the wall of the piece is stretched outward
with a rib or hand. The result is a wrinkled or cracked look.

It is also the main agent in "magic water", which is used when joining clay pieces, especially if the
moisture level of the two differs.[16]

Sealing of leaking water-containing structures

Sodium silicate with additives was injected into the ground to harden it and thereby to prevent further
leakage of highly radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan in April,
2011.[17] The residual heat carried by the water used for cooling the damaged reactors accelerated the
setting of the injected mixture.

On June 3, 1958, the USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear submarine, visited Everett and Seattle. In
Seattle, crewmen dressed in civilian clothing were sent in to secretly buy 140 quarts of an automotive
product containing sodium silicate (originally identified as Stop Leak) to repair a leaking condenser
system. The Nautilus was en route to the North Pole on a top secret mission to cross the North Pole
submerged.[18]

Cartridges

A historical use of the adhesive properties of sodium silicates is the production of paper cartridges for
black powder revolvers produced by Colt's Manufacturing Company during the period from 1851 until
1873, especially during the American Civil War. Sodium silicate was used to seal combustible nitrated
paper together to form a conical paper cartridge to hold the black powder, as well as to cement the lead
ball or conical bullet into the open end of the paper cartridge. Such sodium silicate cemented paper
cartridges were inserted into the cylinders of revolvers, thereby speeding the reloading of cap-and-ball
black powder revolvers. This use largely ended with the introduction of Colt revolvers employing brass-
cased cartridges starting in 1873.[19][20] Similarly, sodium silicate was also used to cement the top wad
into brass shotgun shells, thereby eliminating any need for a crimp at the top of the brass shotgun shell to
hold a shotgun shell together. Reloading brass shotgun shells was widely practiced by self-reliant
American farmers during the 1870s, using the same waterglass material that was also used to preserve
eggs. The cementing of the top wad on a shotgun shell consisted of applying from three to five drops of
waterglass on the top wad to secure it to the brass hull. Brass hulls for shotgun shells were superseded by
paper hulls starting around 1877. The newer paper-hulled shotgun shells used a roll crimp in place of a
waterglass-cemented joint to hold the top wad in the shell. However, whereas brass shotshells with top
wads cemented with waterglass could be reloaded nearly indefinitely (given powder, wad, and shot, of
course), the paper hulls that replaced the brass hulls could be reloaded only a few times.

References
1. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-
Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
2. Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-
855370-6
3. Gerard Lagaly, Werner Tufar, A. Minihan, A. Lovell "Silicates" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_661
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a23_661)
4. See also:
Leopold Wolff, Das Wasserglas: Seine Darstellung, Eigenschaften und seine mannichfache
Anwendung in den technischen Gewerben [Water-glass: its preparation, properties, and its manifold
uses in technical commerce] (Leipzig, (Germany): Quedlinburg, 1846).
Emile Kopp (1857) "Sur la préparation et les propriétés du verre soluble ou des silicates de potasse et
de soude; analyse de tous les travaux publiés jusqu'a ce jour sur ce sujet" (On the preparation and
properties of water-glass or the silicates of potash and soda; analysis of all works published until today
on this subject) Le Moniteur scientifique, 1 : 337-349 (http://books.google.com/books?
id=zS5EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337#v=onepage&q&f=false), 366-391
(http://books.google.com/books?id=zS5EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337#v=onepage&q&f=false).
Hermann Krätzer, Wasserglas und Infusorienerde, deren Natur und Bedeutung für Industrie, Technik
und die Gewerbe [Water-glass and soluble earths, their nature and significance for industry,
technology, and commerce] (Vienna (Wien), Austria: Hartleben, 1887).
Hermann Mayer, Das Wasserglas; Sein Eigenschaften, Fabrikation und Verwendung auf Grund von
Erfahrungen und Mitteilungen der Firma Henkel & Cie. [Water-glass: Its properties, production, and
application on the basis of experiences and communications of the firm of Henkel & Co.]
(Braunschweig, Germany: Vieweg, 1925).
Morris Schrero, Water-glass: A Bibliography (http://books.google.com/books?
id=WYkmAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false) (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie
Library, 1922).
5. Johannes van Helmont, Opuscula medica inaudita, (Cologne (Coloniæ Agrippinæ), (Germany): Jost
Kalckhoven (Jodocum Kalcoven), 1644), part I: De Lithiasi. On page 53 (http://books.google.com/books?
id=2wo5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false), van Helmont mentions that alkalis dissolve
silicates: "Porro lapides, gemmae, arenae, marmora, silices, &c. adjuncto alcali, vitrificantur: sin autem
plure alcali coquantur, resolvuntur in humido quidem: ac resoluta, facili negotio acidorum spirituum,
separantur ab alcali, pondere pristini pulveris lapidum." (Furthermore, stone, gems, sand, marble, silica, etc.,
become glassy by the addition of alkali: but if roasted with more alkali, they are dissolved in moisture: and
the former weight of the stone powder is separated from the alkali and released by simply adding acid.)
6. A number of other alchemists supposedly discovered potassium silicate before van Helmont. See:
Giambattista della Porta in his book Magia naturalis sive de miraculis rerum naturalium (1567),
mentions that cream of tartar (tartari salis) causes powdered quartz (crystallum) to melt at a lower
temperature. See: Baptista Porta, Magia naturalis sive de miraculis rerum naturalium, libri iiii
[Natural magic or on the miracles of nature, in four books] (Lyon (Lugdunum), France: Guillaume
Rouillé (Gulielmum Rovillium), 1569), pages 290-291, "Crystallus, ut fusilis fiat" (quartz, so made
molten) (http://books.google.com/books?id=Z9j1m8oXBlEC&pg=PA302#v=onepage&q&f=false).
Some evidence indicates the alchemist Basil Valentine prepared potassium silicate in 1520. See:
Kohn, C. (1862) "Die Erfindung des Wasserglas im Jahre 1520" (The invention of waterglass in the
year 1520), Zeitschrift des Oesterreichischen Ingenieur-Vereins (Journal of the Austrian Engineer
Association), 14 : 229-230.
However, subsequently an article pointed out that the substance prepared by Basil Valentine in 1520, by
Agricola in 1550, by van Helmont around 1640, and by Glauber in 1648 was not the waterglass that Fuchs
produced in 1818. See:
Anon. (1863) "Die Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520,"
(http://books.google.com/books?id=ew8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-
PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false) Kunst- und Gewerbe-Blatt, 49 : 228-230.
Reprinted in: Anon. (1863) "Die Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520,"
(http://books.google.com/books?id=AAQ1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA394#v=onepage&q&f=false)
Polytechnisches Journal, 168 : 394-395.
Reprinted in: Anon. (1863) "Die angebliche Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520"
(http://books.google.com/books?id=uwQ9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271#v=onepage&q&f=false)
(On the alleged invention of waterglass in the year 1520), Neues Repertorium für Pharmacie,
12 : 271-273.
 7. Johann Rudolf Glauber, Furni Novi Philosophici [New philosophical furnace] (Amsterdam: Johan Jansson,
1646). In the 1661 German-language edition, see Chapter "LXXIX. Wie durch Hülff eines reinen Sandes
oder Kißlings / auß Sale Tartari ein kräfftiger Spiritus kan erlanget werden."
(http://books.google.com.au/books?id=DxBKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false) (How with
the help of a pure sand or silica / a powerful solution can be gotten from cream of tartar). Glauber's recipe for
liquor silicum (potassium silicate) appears on pages 164-166. The recipe is simple: Potassium hydrogen
tartrate (cream of tartar, Sale tartari, Weinstein ) is heated in a furnace until it is converted to potassium
carbonate. The potassium carbonate is mixed with sand in a crucible and heated until the mixture melts. The
mixture is maintained in a liquid state until it ceases to bubble (due to the release of carbon dioxide from the
potassium carbonate). The mixture is allowed to cool and then pulverized to a fine powder. When the powder
is exposed to moist air, it gradually forms a viscous liquid, which Glauber called "Oleum oder Liquor
Silicum, Arenæ, vel Crystallorum" (i.e., oil or solution of silica, sand or [quartz] crystal).
8. See:
Joh. Nep. Fuchs (1825) "Ueber ein neues Produkt aus Kieselerde und Kali"
(http://books.google.com/books?id=-aE8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA385#v=onepage&q&f=false) (On a
new product from silica and potash), Archiv für die gesammte Naturlehre, 5 (4) : 385-412. On page
386, Fuchs states that he first prepared potassium silicate in 1818: "Ich erhielt es zuerst, vor ungefähr
7 Jahren, …" (I first obtained it about 7 years ago, … ); since the Fuchs' paper was published in 1825,
7 years earlier would be 1818.
Reprinted in: Joh. Nepomuk Fuchs (1825) "Ueber ein neues Produkt aus Kieselerde und Kali; und
dessen nüzliche Anwendung als Schuzmittel gegen schnelle Verbreitung des Feuers in Theatern, als
Bindemittel, firnißartigen Anstrichen u.s.w." (http://books.google.com/books?id=zbs-
AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA465#v=onepage&q&f=false) (On a new product from silica and potash; and its
useful application as a protection against the rapid spread of fire in theaters, as a glue, varnish, etc.)
Polytechnisches Journal, 17 : 465-481.
9. VonWagner, Rudolf (1892 translation of 13th edition by Willian Crookes) Manual of Chemical Technology
[1] (http://www.archive.org/details/manualchemicalt00croogoog)
10. Burch, Paula (March 22, 2010). "Sodium silicate as a fixative for dyeing". Retrieved March 22, 2010.
11. How To Store Fresh Eggs (http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/fresh-eggs.aspx)
12. Helliker, Kevin. "The Killer App for Clunkers Breathes Fresh Life Into 'Liquid Glass'
(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124934376942503053.html#mod=loomia?
loomia_si=t0:a16:g2:r5:c0.077553:b26935024)" The Wall Street Journal, 4 August 2009.
13. Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS program (http://www.cars.gov/files/disposal-salvage/engine-
disablement-procedures.pdf), cars.gov
14. SM Tritton (1956) Amateur wine making.
15. "Magic garden". Mechanix Illustrated: 88. April 1946.
16. http://lakesidepottery.com/HTML%20Text/Tips/pottery-magic-mud-magic-water-paper-clay.htm
17. Daily Mail Reporter. "Liquid glass successfully plugs radioactive leak at crippled Fukushima nuclear plant"
(http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1373901/Fukushima-nuclear-power-plant-Liquid-glass-used-plug-
leak.html#ixzz1IlSiOwOk), "Mail Online News", April 6, 2011, accessed April 7, 2010.
18. Commander William R. Anderson with Clay Blair Jr., Nautilus 90 North (Cleveland and New York: The
World Publishing Co., 1959), pp. 133-137; Commander William R. Anderson with Clay Blair Jr., Nautilus
90 North (New York: The New American Library, 1959), 89-90
19. Tom Kelley (August 1995). "Making and using combustible paper pistol cartridges".
20. Kirst, W.J. (1983). Self consuming paper cartridges for the percussion revolver. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
Northwest Development Co.

Other reading
Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, third edition, 2011, page 8369.

External links
Centre Européen d'Etudes des Silicates (http://www.cees-
silicates.eu) Wikimedia Commons has
 International Chemical Safety Card 1137 media related to Sodium
silicates.

(http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1137.htm)
ChemSub Online : Silicic acid, sodium salt
(http://chemsub.online.fr/name/silicic_acid,_sodium_salt.html)
ChemSub Online : Sodium metasilicate (http://chemsub.online.fr/name/sodium_metasilicate.html)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate&oldid=694744775"

Categories: Cement Concrete Drilling technology Glass compositions

Inorganic silicon compounds Sodium compounds Silicates

This page was last modified on 11 December 2015, at 07:24.

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