BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 1

The Beneficial Effect of the Use of Sports Diplomacy

on World Affairs

Noah Geyer

Instructor: Gregory Falls

December 8, 2016
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 2

Abstract

This paper features a variety of sources relating to the use of sports diplomacy around the world.

Sports Diplomacy is defined as using the universal passion of sports as a way to transcend

linguistic and sociocultural differences and bring people together. The discussion of the paper

deals with how the use of sports affects a problem within a single country or global issues

relating two or more countries. The occurrences used in this paper where sports have made an

impact are from the late 20th century spanning to the early 21st century. These sources vary from

books to scholarly articles with the topics varying worldwide. The author used a variety of

different countries around the world to embrace the fact that sports have an underrated role in

politics. By the conclusion of this paper, the authors upholds the thesis to be true, that even with

the competitive nature of sports, these games make a sizeable impact on domestic issues and can

increase friendly relations among countries thereby setting up the framework for healthy foreign

affairs.
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 3

Table of Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..4

Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………...5

Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………6

Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………....9

United States……………………………………………………………………………....9

Africa…………………………………………………………………………………….13

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….19

References……………………………………………………………………………………….20
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 4

Introduction

In the past, foreign affairs have focused on major political issues such as military

spending and economic values. However, the essence of international relations has shifted

dramatically. Not only do high political areas affect international relations, but lower scale areas

such as social and cultural norms also have a significant on impact on relations. The role of these

social areas has increased in the 21st century, firmly impacting the world.

Because of the ever-increasing role of low political areas, sports have been able to take

on a bigger role in foreign affairs. Many consider sports aside from politics and would rather the

two stay separate, however, sports have been beneficial to foreign affairs at a much larger rate

than many around the world would believe. Sports have also influenced domestic issues in the

United States far more than is recognized throughout the globe. International sports contests have

increased worldwide in the 21st century, as opposed to the past, where most contests were simply

regional or national. It is worth noting that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has 202

member states, while the United Nations has only 192. Even with the competitive and combative

nature of sports, the games still make a sizeable impact on domestic issues and influence global

affairs between countries.

In a world filled with so many challenges, people continue to invest their time in these

sporting events. Why? Games are known for breaking down the cultural barriers, and joining

people together, despite the opposing philosophies in diplomacy, power, and economics.

Sporting events have created friendly rivalries throughout their existence, and recently have

helped people with opposing beliefs join together. The world has picked up on this trend by

recently creating different agencies that will continue to let sports thrive on the political stage.
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 5

With the creation of agencies and an emphasis on sporting events, it is clear that sporting

contests will be playing a role in international relations for years to come.

Limitations

Geographic Limitations. By the nature of the topic, it can only deal with countries in the

world that have problems with other countries. For example, the country of Switzerland is

regarded as one of the most peaceful countries in the world, thus, they cannot be studied for the

purposes of this paper. This eliminates a number of countries from being qualified under the

scope of this research. The area of research is also limited to countries that participate in sporting

events.

Time Period. The author of this paper understands that the role of sports in politics has

existed since the creation of sports. However, since the role that sports has played in the latter

half of the 20th century and through the 21st century is ever-increasing, this paper focuses on the

20th and 21st centuries. To be specific, only occasions that have occurred post 1935 will be used

within the scope of the author’s research.

Time. Due to the nature of international studies, the world does not fully understand the

effect of a single action on the political stage. It is only until years to come that people will

comprehend the impact that a decision has made. For example, the public did not fully

understand the devastation that Black Tuesday - the day the stock market crashed - had on the

economy until years to come during the Great Depression. Flash forward to today’s world,

people see current U.S. President Donald Trump arguing with the Supreme Leader of North

Korea, Kim Jong Un. Today we can study what is going on between them, but we will not grasp

a full understanding of how this will affect international relations for years to come. Due to this

phenomena, there are a limited number of recent occurrences that this paper can discuss. Not to
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 6

diminish the impact that sports are making in the world, rather for the purposes of this paper,

they cannot be used.

Literature Review

It is clear that sports have greatly impacted history on the political side of the spectrum.

An example of this would be the 1936 summer Olympics, better known as the, “Nazi Olympics.”

The article, Berkes, H. (2008, June 07). Nazi Olympics Tangled Politics and Sport. Retrieved

November 05, 2017, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91246674,

examines how these games played out for Hitler’s Nazi Germany and the rest of the world. The

ruling of Hitler’s Germany caused many Jewish and black athletes to decide to boycott the

Olympics which served to unite minorities in the United States. However, a few decided to

participate just to prove Hitler's theory of Aryan Supremacy wrong. Still, countries were united

through the action of sports contests. Based on the article, countries were strongly united against

the Germans, and combined to defeat them in the games and thereby prove Hitler’s theory

inaccurate. The article also explains that the Nazis used the Olympics as a tool for propaganda,

trying to instill to the world that Hitler’s use of hatred and discrimination against Jews was not as

bad as it seemed to be. This propaganda only further united the western democracies together.

However, this article also explains the small victories for Hitler during these times, such as the

diplomatic theory of appeasement that was adopted by western democracies.

Following history, we come to the Cold War. Russians and Americans were locked in

hatred for decades, at least on the political side, but not in sports. In Chapter four of, Anderson,

S. (2015). The Politics and Culture of Modern Sports. Lexington Books, the author examines

how sports impacted relations during the cold war, mainly discussing how the players felt. The
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 7

Soviets focused on developing pride and patriotism through sport, however, when faced against

western democracies, it in fact created feelings of apathy and resentment. Soviets first saw

glimpses of life beyond the Iron Curtain through sport, and Anderson recounts stories of players

who wanted out of the Soviet Bloc after seeing the joys of living in a democracy. For this paper's

purpose, players reactions mean less than the actual change of diplomacy between countries;

however, Anderson states that these games, “contributed in a small way to keeping peace until

the end of the cold war in the late 1980’s.” She also stated that it was an important culture

medium that engaged and humanized the other side during a time when the two countries were

on the verge of nuclear war.

We can see that racism has greatly impacted our world, ranging from the dawn of time to

the black lives matter movement that has sparked in recent times. One of the greater and more

recent actions proving racism wrong was the revolution to end apartheid in South Africa. Many

are aware that Nelson Mandela was a strong influence in this, but few understand the role that

sports played. Chapter seven, titled, “Sports and South African Liberation,” in the book, Abrams,

R. (2013). Playing Tough: The World of Sports and Politics. Northeastern University Press, goes

in depth as to how Nelson Mandela used sport to change the lives of millions in South Africa.

Quoting Mandela himself, “Sport has the power to change the world… the power to unite people

that little else can. It is more powerful than governments in breaking down racial barriers.”

Nelson Mandela, the greatest revolutionary on the African continent, used his people's love of

sports to liberate his country to become a multi-racial democracy, founded on principles of

universal suffrage. By showing his love for rugby, Mandela gained the white minority’s trust,

and showed them that he was capable of being a leader of South Africa. It was not until his jail
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 8

sentence, however, that he chose to learn about the people of South Africa, and learned to love

what they loved.

The same Chapter also dives into how the world boycotted South Africa’s sports teams.

They were banned from the 1964 Olympics and the International Soccer Federation banned the

all-white team from playing as well. The author’s research shows that the world was united

against apartheid and that South Africa needed a change. This follows suit for my research,

agreeing that sports and politics work to break down the cultural barriers and unite the world.

Going further down the timeline of history, we make our way to the 2006 World Cup.

Most of the general public are ignorant of the state the Ivory Coast was in at that time. The

article, Bono, S. (2017, May 02). Playing For Peace: How Drogba Helped Bring a Civil War to a

Halt in the Ivory Coast. Retrieved November 05, 2017, from http://www.rabona57.com/playing-

peace-drogba-help-bring-civil-war-halt-ivory-coast/, sheds light on what was occurring, and how

one player put a stop to it. The article explains that the Ivory Coast was in a civil war, spanning

from 2002-2007, and ending with the help of Didier Drogba. The author’s work shows that

Drogba led the Ivory Coast national team to the World Cup for the first time in the country's

history. Instead of celebrating, he begged the two sides to unite as one. In 2007, the war came to

an end with the two parties united once again. The research done by the author once again

coincides with the research question at hand and argues that sports have a significant role in the

relationship among countries, parties, and individuals.

BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 9

Discussion

One knows and understands the many cases illustrating how sports have had extensive

impacts throughout the global community by now. Using sports as a means of diplomacy has

greatly improved the many problems of today’s world, both within one's country, and in the

relationships between countries. The author has chosen to separate the many cases laid out in this

discussion by region of the world.

United States: Civil Rights Movement.

Sports have made an impact on the culture of United States throughout history, from the

first interactions with Native Americans, to the political movements brought forth today in the

National Football League. Under the author’s scope of research, however, these examples cannot

be used. One aspect within the United States that was greatly impacted by sports was the Civil

Rights Movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s.One sport in particular affected this movement.

That sport was baseball. Many know that Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier of the

Major League of Baseball. In case one is unaware, Jackie Robinson became the first black

baseball player in the MLB in 1947. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers that season and faced

many hardships along the way. For example, a petition was started by some of his teammates to

not let him play and other teams throughout the MLB threatened to boycott the season. Even

through all the hatred and bigotry at the time, he managed to start a movement. Jackie Robinson

used the sport of baseball to show how segregation does not belong in the United States. Many

credit Robinson for starting the Civil Rights movement, and opening the door for many African

American men who wanted to take a stand against discrimination, for example, Dr. Martin

Luther King, Jr.

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Robinson was challenging society and influenced the American way of life for millions

through the use of sport. He did so even after he had retired from the MLB by joining and giving

many speeches for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Robinson worked with Dr. King, and King recognized that Robinson had empowered him to

become an activist for de-segregation. Shortly before his death, speaking to an MLB player who

had played with and accepted Robinson, Dr. King stated, “You'll never know how easy you and

Jackie and Doby and Campy made it for me to do my job by what you did on the baseball field."

Dr. King, the leader of the Civil Rights movement, credited Jackie Robinson and his teammates

for making it easier to fight for equality. The power of sport on domestic issues is truly great, and

is easily seen here through the impact that Robinson had made through baseball.

Robinson’s legacy is strong, not only with the retiring of the number 42 throughout the

MLB, but with desegregation and the civil liberties that we see today. His work directly

correlates to how sports greatly influence domestic issues and the society we live in. Robinson

may have broken the color barrier, but he had also broken the cultural barrier that had been

deemed unbreakable by many United States politicians throughout American history.

United States: US - Iran Relations.

The United States have had struggling foreign relations with Iran for many years now,

especially in the 1990’s. With the United States at war with Iraq and Saddam Hussein, the

President of Iran, Hashemi Rafsanjani, offered to serve as a mediator in peace talks. The United

States declined his offer. A few years down the road, in 1995, Iran signed a contract with Russia

to complete a nuclear power plant in Bushehr, Iran. Later, United States president Bill Clinton

signed a bill approving sanctions against Iran and Libya. With all of this going on, the power of

sport still managed to make promising advances between the United States and Iran.
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In these years, reformist President Mohammad Khatami wanted to build a healthier

relationship with the United States. He stated that he wanted to engage in a cultural exchange

and break down the wall of mistrust between Iran and the United States administration. Khatami

recognized that sports would be a starting point for a lasting relationship with the United States.

The United States responded by sending sports teams as embassies to Iran for tournaments and

games.

In particular, wrestling was a sport that had made an impact on the Iranian people.

Wrestling was a sport that many Iranian citizens could relate to and appreciate. In February of

2008, an American embassy of wrestlers accepted an invitation from Iran to wrestle in Tehran

for a tournament. This event was pushed aside in the American media, however, in Iran, it was

very important to the Iranians. Fans sold out the building to watch the Americans wrestle.

Patrons and fans of the sport cheered for the Americans just as much as they did for their home

town Iranians. After the match was over, the two wrestlers showed great sportsmanship and

recognized that life was more than the sport of wrestling.

The power of sport had just done more than any politician had done during the 1990’s;

the competitors had developed a friendly relationship and mutual respect even through the

artificial wall of mistrust that was presented to them by their leaders. They showed that sports

have the power to establish friendly relations and create a bond of respect. This action created a

basis for United States - Iran relations for years to come, not only through wrestling, but soccer

and ping pong as well. Most notably, however, was the ever-increasing number of wrestling

tournaments between the United States and Iran.

One of the most influential tournaments was held in 2014. Prior to 2014, one can see

growth in the relationship between Iran and the United States through various tournaments.
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 12

However, 2014 was a huge mark of progress for the two countries. The leader of the United

States national wrestling team was a woman named Christina Kelley. Iran was more than

shocked to see a woman leading such a prestigious team, and responded with reluctance on

accepting her in the arena. Prior to Kelley, the tournaments had been all male exclusive, with

both athletes and audience members. However, the Iranians welcomed her just as they would any

other American at the time, and applauded her every chance they had. The acceptance of women

as empowered individuals has been a struggle throughout the Middle East, but, the people of Iran

treated her with respect and this acceptance positively impacted the ever- increasing relationship

with the United States.

The actions of current United States President Donald Trump regarding his travel ban

executive order seems likely to hurt the relationship between the United States and Iran.

Although, this action is new in the world of politics today, one can see the current use of sports

diplomacy between the United States and Iran dwindling away. This executive order has not

allowed many Iranians to be involved in the Archery World Cup held in Las Vegas. However,

one will only truly know the impact of this action in years to come.

The use of sports, specifically wrestling, between two countries struggling to cooperate

with each other on the global stage greatly improved the relations between them. This, once

again, directly correlates with the thesis at hand, and supports the statement that sports can

greatly impact international relations. The use of wrestling was used between the United States

and Iran to create a basis for friendly relations for many years to come and we still see the effects

today.
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Africa: South Africa

South Africa is a country whose history is plagued with colonization and slave trade,

such was the case for many African countries. Moreover, many are aware of the segregation and

mistreatment of blacks during the Apartheid era. This extended through the 1990’s until Nelson

Mandela rose in popularity and sparked a movement to end apartheid. Many understand the great

role that Mandela played in the revolution, however, the use of sports is less popularized than

one would think.

Mandela used the mutual love of sports between blacks and whites to influence the

public's decision to reform such drastic segregation. With the world’s help, Mandela successfully

used the sports he loved to make a major change in his country. Mandela recognized how the use

of sports can do some things that no politician is capable of, even stating, “Sport has the power to

change the world. It has the power to inspire, the power to unite people that little else can. Sport

can create hope. It is an instrument for peace… it is more powerful than governments in breaking

down racial barriers,” (Abrams, 175). Nelson Mandela, an inspirational leader whose name is

included among world renowned activists such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., credits the

use of sports to create hope and to break down the cultural barriers better than any government

could.

Rugby and soccer are two of the most popular sports in South Africa, with rugby

primarily having all-white players in past years. Mandela used rugby as a platform to unite his

people and to reform the government. While in jail, he learned of the importance rugby had in

the eyes of the government, and knew he could use this to unite the people against apartheid. He

recognized the importance of winning, and often met with the captain of the South African rugby
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 14

team, nicknamed the Springboks, to let him know that the black community would be cheering

for him, even though the all-white team primarily did not support him.

Mandela used a simple action of cheering for a sports team, as a means to establish trust

in the white community, and it worked. He understood the great role that rugby had in rebuilding

his nation, telling the team, “You have the opportunity of serving South Africa and uniting our

people. Just remember, all of us, black and white, are behind you,” (Abrams, 191). Mandela had

created a bond that could not be broken, because it was created by the mutual love of sport, and

he used this bond to establish trust, and ensure that the future would hold justice for South

Africa.

Throughout the competitive year of rugby, Mandela met with the team, and the team

responded, recognizing what they had done in the past was wrong. The Springboks won more

and more games, and the black people of South Africa began to take pride in their national team.

Through the apartheid era, blacks were not allowed to play on the Springboks, and the team was

notorious for being all-white. This caused the black community to lose interest in the sport until

Mandela fully recognized the potential that rugby had on the global stage of politics. Mandela

knew that advising his people to support the segregated Springboks would be tough, but his self -

confidence proved too strong. (Abrams)

Mandela used his platform to take a stand, and doing so, recognized the true potential that

sports possessed. He managed to have blacks support an all-white national team, creating a bond

of trust, fabricated on the sport of rugby. Nelson Mandela, the greatest revolutionary in South

Africa, used his people's love of sport to break down the cultural barriers, and join opposing

parties together, something that the government was incapable of handling at the time.
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 15

Mandela had the help of the world on his shoulders, with many countries boycotting

South Africa for its strict apartheid rule. With the world exploiting the civil injustice of South

Africa, Nelson Mandela had the perfect opportunity to revolutionize and unite his country as one.

For he would not have obtained such astounding work without the help of the world, and the

world would not see South Africa liberated without Mandela. The two are interwoven; one

knows Mandela used his platform and sports to unite his people under a common government,

however, sports were used on the global political stage to signal opposition to the South African

way of apartheid as well.

As the author has stated before, rugby is one of the nation’s most popular sports,

simultaneously, being an all-white sport. Like Mandela, the world recognized the love of rugby,

and the importance of winning, and knew they could exploit this on the global stage. The rugby

boycott of South Africa came to major importance in 1985, when New Zealand cancelled a series

of matches between the Springboks. This was the first of its kind; New Zealand had regularly

played and supported the Springboks participation in international rugby, until the pressure of the

world’s opinion was felt. Because of New Zealand’s role as the premier international rugby

team, choosing the option to cancel the matches was significant, and severely damaged the

Springbok’s motivation. The playing and winning of the sport of rugby was a key to the South

African way of life and it had been cut off.

New Zealand was not the only country to boycott South African sports, and rugby was

not the only sport boycotted. The Federation Internationale de Football Association - FIFA -

banned the all-white South African team from participating in international soccer matches in

1963. Some years later, South Africa attempted to regain participation through one all-white
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 16

team and one all-black team. The proposal was rejected. This ban hit the hearts of many in South

Africa, as the ban was not released until 1992, when racial barriers began to fall.

There are many cases such as these where the world has abruptly boycotted South

African sports because of apartheid. The international Olympic movement banned South African

from participating in any Olympic games in 1964, another ban that would not be lifted until

1992. These bans and protests ignited the revolution that led to justice and equality. The world

used the power of sport to seemingly put an end to mistreatment of people based on the color of

their skin. Racism has been one of the biggest social problems in global history and this

incidence was remedied through the use of sport. The world had isolated South Africa, and

sparked a revolution through sport, that struck deep in the hearts of many. They had taken the

pride away from the nation, and the love of sports had ultimately triumphed more than any world

leader could.

Africa: Ivory Coast

In 2006, Ivory Coast had qualified for the World Cup for the first time in the country’s

history. They were led by star Didier Drogba, who was rising in popularity and would soon

become a celebrity. Drogba would rise to popularity because of his soccer skills, but what would

eventually put him in the history books was his peace resolutions. In 2002, the Ivory Coast began

a Civil War, raging between the Islamic north, and the Christian south. The fighting raged for

four years, until one man, changed his country.

Didier Drogba knew there would not be an end to the fighting for many years and the

country he loved would become weak from the shackles of war. He was determined to do

something about it. Global peace-keeping agencies such as the United Nations and the African

Union stepped in to help make a change and bring about a ceasefire, but they failed. From
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history, one knows that religious based wars cannot be stopped through peaceful negotiations

and a ceasefire, as there will always remain differences and aggression. Drogba was still

determined to do something unprecedented to end the war.

In 2005, with the war raging on, the Ivory Coast was one win away from qualifying for

the World Cup. Drogba was determined to win, and they did, beating Sudan by a score of three

to one. Instead of celebrating, Drogba begged both parties to stop the fighting for the sake of the

country, and for the sport. He dropped to his knees on live television, and the sides answered.

Both sides had cherished and loved Drogba for his leadership on the field, and once again, the

power of sport took over. The two sides agreed to a ceasefire in 2006, to lay down their arms in

support of Drogba and the rest of the national team, as they took off for Germany.

With the announcement that was made regarding the ceasefire, Drogba stated, “I have

won many trophies in my time, but nothing will ever top helping win the battle for peace in my

country.” Drogba and the sport of soccer did more than any government, rebel leader, or

peacekeeping organization could do by ending a war. The power of sport once again triumphed

in the face of war and hatred, and has done more than any government could.
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 18

Conclusion

The world of politics is an ever-changing art of diplomacy and militarism. Countries

participate on the global stage and sports play a role. Both within one’s own borders, and

outside, sports and politics are intertwined together. The two have been connected since their

creation, and are inseparable. Sports have played a significant, but unrecognized, role in politics

worldwide, and the author has shed light on a mere fragment of the total occurrences. Sports will

always affect politics, and vice versa, some with more powerful effects than others.

Sports themselves are not good nor evil, they are just sports, and even with the

competitive nature, can draw two opposing sides together, to unite as one. Whether it is ending a

war or simply setting a precedent for the future, sports have impacted politics and public policy

for many years.

One can see the many different ways where sports have influenced public policy. In the

United States in the 1960’s, one can see the impact that one baseball player had on millions of

people today. Not only through sport, but through the inspiration he gave to others. Or perhaps in

South Africa, where Nelson Mandela saw the popularity of rugby and used it to combine two

opposing sides.

Sports have impacted and influenced domestic issues throughout their existence, while

also making their mark on the international side as well. One can see this through the United

States - Iranian relationship of the 1990’s through the 2000’s. While the role of sports is

primarily to have fun in a competitive way, the true nature of these games are brought to light in

the right situation. Not only do sports increase friendly relations and mutual respect, the games

break down the cultural barriers between opposing forces, and humanize each side. Sports leave
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 19

their mark in a positive way on public policy and international relations and they have since their

creation.
BENEFITS OF SPORTS DIPLOMACY Geyer 20

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