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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CHARACTERISATION OF A SOLAR-
PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMP SYSTEM
By
THEUNIS ANDRIES HOOGENBOEZEM

STUDENT NO: 200700828
A dissertation submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
Degree
MASTERS INGENERIAE
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING SCIENCE
at
the
UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG
SUPERVISOR:
DR. D.C. PENTZ
FEB 2015
ENERGY EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISATION OF A SOLAR-
ABSTRACT:
PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMP
Theunis Andries Hoogenboezem
A performance indicator, such as the power efficiency characterisation, is used to

characterise many different systems and is a benchmark for efficiency
characterisation. Power is an instantaneous measure that only characterises a specific
operational condition of a system. Therefore, it is accurate and sufficient for
characterising systems with (as far as possible) constant operational conditions that
do not fluctuate on a frequent basis. To characterise the overall performance of a
system with fluctuating operational conditions another method is required to
measure and calculate the overall system efficiency. Non-battery assisted solar-PV
water pumping systems have fluctuating input as well as output operational
conditions. The solar-PV water pumping system experiences fluctuating input power
from the solar-PV panel’s exposure to solar irradiation and the water pump
experiences fluctuations in discharge pressure due to the fluctuating input power and
pumping height. In an attempt to better characterise the operation of a solar-PV
water pump and calculate the overall efficiency thereof energy efficiency
characterisation is a possible means that can be derived from the existing power
measurements and calculations. This study has derived a method of characterising a
non-battery assisted solar-PV water pump and calculating the overall energy
efficiency thereof more accurately.
Energy efficiency is a performance indicator that can be utilised to characterise the

performance of a system with non-constant input as well as load conditions. A solar
photovoltaic (PV) water pump consists of a matched motor and water pump that are
designed for non-battery assisted solar-PV applications where the input, as well as
load conditions, are non-constant due to the solar irradiation and pumping height of
operation. Solar-PV water pumping systems have been in use for the last two
decades and solar-PV technologies have been widely available for the past three
decades. This study will consider the field of solar-PV water pumping systems for
rural development to supply water to livestock.
Thean Hoogenboezem Page i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The following acknowledgements have to be made in regard to this research study’s
completion:
Firstly I would like to acknowledge the guidance of my supervisor, Dr. D.C. Pentz,
and the assistance in acquiring financing for the required components to construct the
solar-PV water pumping experimental setup. In this regard I would also like to
acknowledge my research group, the Group on Electronic Energy Processing (GEEP),
and colleagues at GEEP for their inputs, guidance and intellectual contributions
towards completing this research study. Acknowledgement must extend to Professor
D. van Wyk for the guidance towards the study field and contributions of many years
of experience and knowledge. To my fellow post graduate colleagues Andrew
Joannou, Theren Lam and Eduard Basson for their contributions during discussions
and evaluation of existing content.
The University of Johannesburg (UJ), the Faculty of Engineering and the Built
Environment as well as the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Science (EEES) for the opportunity to pursue post graduate studies and for creating an
intellectual environment for undergraduate as well as post graduate students.
The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this
research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are
those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF.
I would also like to acknowledge Eddie van Dyk for his assistance in obtaining the
final sets of results with an actual solar-PV panel to verify the emulated results
obtained. Finally I would like to thank my friends, family and in particular Liezl Nell
for continuous support, encouragement and assistance where possible in the
completion of my post-graduate work.
Thean Hoogenboezem
November 2014
Thean Hoogenboezem Page ii

Table of Contents
Abstract: ................................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgements:................................................................................................................................ ii
List of Figures: ........................................................................................................................................ vi
List of Tables: ....................................................................................................................................... viii
List of Abbreviations: ............................................................................................................................. ix
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Introduction and Context........................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 2
1.3. Project Objectives ................................................................................................................... 2
1.4. Scope of Project ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.5. Methodology Overview .......................................................................................................... 3
1.6. Document Overview ............................................................................................................... 3
1.7. Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................... 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.2. Applications............................................................................................................................. 5
2.3. Solar-PV water pumping system concepts ............................................................................. 6
2.3.1. Solar-PV Cell .................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.2. Solar Irradiation ............................................................................................................ 12
2.3.3. Solar Insulation ............................................................................................................. 13
2.3.4. Non-Battery-Assisted Operation ................................................................................... 14
2.3.5. Power versus Energy Efficiency (Performance Characterisation)................................. 14
2.3.6. System versus component efficiency............................................................................ 15
2.3.7. Propagation of experimental error: .............................................................................. 16
2.4. Components of the System ................................................................................................... 16
2.4.1. Solar-PV (Photovoltaic) Array ....................................................................................... 16
2.4.2. Converter/Inverter ........................................................................................................ 19
2.4.3. Motor/Pump Configuration .......................................................................................... 20
2.5. Literature investigation ......................................................................................................... 22
2.5.1. System Component Type Utilisation............................................................................. 22
2.5.2. Comparison of Completed Research ............................................................................ 26
Thean Hoogenboezem Page iii

2.6. Analysis of Completed Research ........................................................................................... 28

2.6.1. System Aspects ............................................................................................................. 28
2.6.2. Component Matching ................................................................................................... 28
2.6.3. Operation Conditions .................................................................................................... 28
2.6.4. System Efficiency .......................................................................................................... 28
2.7. Identified Research Which Requires Further Investigation .................................................. 29
2.7.1. Energy Efficiency ........................................................................................................... 29
2.7.2. Pump Matching to Motor for the Application .............................................................. 29
2.8. Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................. 30
3 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION .................................................................... 32
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 32
3.2. Factors to consider affecting system component Choice ..................................................... 32
3.2.1. Application .................................................................................................................... 32
3.2.2. Power Rating of Application ......................................................................................... 32
3.2.3. Environmental Aspects ................................................................................................. 33
3.2.4. Socio-Economic Factors ................................................................................................ 33
3.2.5. Type ............................................................................................................................... 33
3.2.6. Orientation .................................................................................................................... 33
3.2.7. Maintainability .............................................................................................................. 34
3.2.8. Reliability....................................................................................................................... 34
3.2.9. Price Range.................................................................................................................... 34
3.3. Identification of Possible System Components .................................................................... 34
3.3.1. Solar-PV Panels ............................................................................................................. 35
3.3.2. Pump ............................................................................................................................. 35
3.3.3. Motor ............................................................................................................................ 37
3.3.4. Converter Topology ...................................................................................................... 37
3.3.5. Off the Shelf System...................................................................................................... 38
3.4. Analysis and Comparison of possible system components .................................................. 38
3.4.1. Water Pump (Motor and Pump) ................................................................................... 39
3.4.2. Measurement Equipment ............................................................................................. 41
3.5. Choice of System ................................................................................................................... 41
3.5.1. Solar-Photovoltaic ......................................................................................................... 41
Thean Hoogenboezem Page iv

3.5.2. Converter/Inverter ........................................................................................................ 42

3.5.3. System Overview........................................................................................................... 43
3.5.4. System Benchmark with Original Component Requirements ...................................... 43
3.6. Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................. 43
4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP .................................................................................................................. 45
4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 45
4.2. Required Measurements ...................................................................................................... 45
4.2.1. Measurements .............................................................................................................. 45
4.2.2. Experimental Measurement Equipment Required to Complete Characterisation and
Experimental Tests ........................................................................................................................ 47
4.3. Method of Characterisation of the Solar-PV water pump unit............................................. 47
4.4. Proposed Experimental Test Setup ....................................................................................... 48
4.5. Physical Construction ............................................................................................................ 48
4.6. Experimental Result Method ................................................................................................ 50
4.6.1. Measurements .............................................................................................................. 50
4.7. Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................. 51
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 52
5.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 52
5.2. Characterisation of the solar-PV water pump ...................................................................... 52
5.3. Experimental Error Calculations ........................................................................................... 54
5.4. Energy Efficiency Results and Analysis with Emulated Solar-PV Panel................................. 55
5.5. Energy Efficiency Result Comparison with Actual Solar-PV Panel ........................................ 60
5.6. Overview of Energy Efficiency Results .................................................................................. 62
5.7. Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................. 63
6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 64
6.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 64
6.2. Solar-PV Water Pumping Unit ............................................................................................... 64
6.3. Energy Efficiency Characterisation Results ........................................................................... 65
6.4. Future Work .......................................................................................................................... 66
6.5. Final Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 66
7. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 69
A. Appendix A: ................................................................................................................................. - 1 -
Thean Hoogenboezem Page v

a. Data Sheets ............................................................................................................................. - 1 -

i. Yokogawa Instrumentation Manual ................................................................................... - 1 -
ii. Current Automation Water pump specifications................................................................ - 1 -
b. Solar Irradiation Data .............................................................................................................. - 2 -
i. Measurements .................................................................................................................... - 2 -
ii. Graph .................................................................................................................................. - 3 -
B. APPENDIX B: ................................................................................................................................ - 4 -
a. Solar-PV Water pump Characterisation Data ......................................................................... - 4 -
i. Results ................................................................................................................................. - 4 -
ii. Graphs ................................................................................................................................. - 5 -
a. Energy Efficiency Measurement and Calculations .................................................................. - 6 -
i. Results emulated case ........................................................................................................ - 6 -
ii. Graphs Emulated Case ........................................................................................................ - 7 -
iii. Results actual solar-PV panel case .................................................................................... - 10 -
iv. Graphs actual solar-PV panel case .................................................................................... - 11 -
LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure 2-1: Solar-PV Array with Basic Cell Structure Demonstrated ...................................... 6
Figure 2-2: Illustration of a Solar-PV Cell P-N Junction [4], [21] ........................................... 6
Figure 2-3: Side View Illustration of Solar-PV Cell and Conducting Current Path [4], [21] .. 7
Figure 2-4: Solar-PV Cell Equivalent Circuits, Voltage and Current Representations [4] ...... 7
Figure 2-5: Equivalent Circuit Diagrams of (A) Short-Circuit and (B) Open Circuit Test ...... 8
Figure 2-6: Plot of Ideal PV Cell under Two Different Levels of Solar Irradiance (25C) [4]
.................................................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2-7: Solar-PV Equivalent Circuit Illustrating the Series, Parallel Resistances and the
Recombination Diode [4], [23] ................................................................................................ 11
Figure 2-8: Average Direct Nominal Irradiation (DNI) for a Daily Cycle ............................. 12
Figure 2-9: Block Diagram Illustrating the System while considering Encapsulation and
Internal Losses of a Solar-PV Cell/Panel/Array ..................................................................... 13
Figure 2-10: System versus Component Efficiencies............................................................... 15
Figure 2-11: Circuit Diagrams of the three Basic Converters (a) Boost- (b) Buck and (c)
Buck-Boost Converter Topologies ........................................................................................... 20
Figure 2-12: Block Diagrams of three Distinguishable Solar-PV Water Pumping Setups with
two Variations Each [26] ......................................................................................................... 24
Thean Hoogenboezem Page vi

Figure 3-1: Solar-PV Water Pumps (a) Franklin Electric, (b) ShurFlow, (c) Taifu TSQB2.0-
25-24/120, (d) 180 W Submersible Water Pump SP-JS3-1.8-60 (e) Lorentz PS150 Boost, (f)
Lorentz PS150C ....................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 3-2: Water Max DC150 Solar-PV water pumping solution......................................... 38
Figure 3-3: Graph of Solar Panel Internal Resistance (Ω) vs. Solar Irradiation (W/m2)....... 42
Figure 4-1: Final Proposed Experimental Setup..................................................................... 48
Figure 4-2 : Controlled Environment Experimental Setup...................................................... 49
Figure 4-3: Small Water Tank used for “Bucket Test” ........................................................... 50
Figure 5-1: Flow Rate versus Solar Irradiation ...................................................................... 53
Figure 5-2: Power Efficiency versus Solar Irradiation ........................................................... 54
Figure 5-3: Energy versus Time at Pumping Height 0m ......................................................... 56
Figure 5-4: Energy versus Time at Pumping Height 3.5m ...................................................... 57
Figure 5-5: Energy versus Time at Pumping Height 7m ......................................................... 57
Figure 5-6: Energy versus Time at Pumping Height 10.5m .................................................... 58
Figure 5-7: Energy versus Time at Pumping Height 14m ....................................................... 58
Figure 5-8: Power Efficiency versus Time from Emulated Results ......................................... 60
Figure 5-9: Power Efficiency versus Time for Actual Solar-PV panel ................................... 61
Figure A-1: Solar Irradiation for clear sky and actual operation for the daily annual average
............................................................................................................................................... - 3 -
Figure B-1: Water pump characterisation Flow Rate vs. incremental Solar Irradiation .... - 5 -
Figure B-2: Water pump characterisation Power Efficiency vs incremental Solar Irradiation -
5-
Figure B-3: Energy available, Energy input utilised and Energy Output of Water pump unit
at 0m discharge pressure ...................................................................................................... - 7 -
at 3.5m discharge pressure ................................................................................................... - 7 -
at 7m discharge pressure ...................................................................................................... - 8 -
at 10.5m discharge pressure ................................................................................................. - 8 -
at 14m discharge pressure .................................................................................................... - 9 -
Figure B-8: Power Efficiency plots for the five pumping heights over the daily operation
interval for the emulated case ............................................................................................... - 9 -
Figure B-9: Power efficiency plots of the five pumping heights for a morning operational
interval with an actual solar-PV panel ............................................................................... - 11 -
Thean Hoogenboezem Page vii

LIST OF TABLES:
Table 2-1: Comparison of Photovoltaic Cell Technologies
Table 2-2: Solar-PV Cell Problems and Possible Solutions
Table 2-3: Basic Converter Topology
Table 2-4: Comparison between AC and DC Motors
Table 2-5: Comparison of AC Single and Three phase Motors
Table 2-6: Comparison between Brushed and Brushless DC Motors
Table 2-7: Comparison of water pumps
Table 2-8: Literature paper review and comparison of the work that has been done
Table 3-1: Comparison of available Solar-PV Water pumps
Table 3-2: Comparison of Water Pump Motor
Table 3-3: Comparison of Water pump factors
Table 3-4: Measurement Equipment and Standard Deviation
Table 3-5: Specifications of the Solar-PV module
Table 3-6: Benchmark of Chosen Components
Table 5-1: Standard Deviations of the Different Measurement Instruments
Table 5-2: Summary of energy efficiencies at pumping heights with performance analysis
Table 5-3: Summary of Energy Efficiencies results obtained from the actual solar-PV panel test case
in comparison to the emulated energy efficiency results for the same pumping heights
Thean Hoogenboezem Page viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:
• PV – Photovoltaic
• GaAs – Gallium Arsenide
• CaTe – Cadmium Telluride
• Rpm – Revolutions per minute
• AC – Alternating Current
• DC – Direct Current
• SRM – Switched Reluctance Motor
• MPP – Maximum Power Point
• MPPT – Maximum Power Point Tracking
• CSP – Concentrated Solar Power
• DNIc – Clear Sky Direct Nominal Irradiation
• DNI – Direct Nominal Irradiation
Thean Hoogenboezem Page ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.1. I NTRODUCTION AND C ONTEXT

Energy efficiency is a performance indicator that can be utilised to characterise
the performance of a system with non-constant input as well as load conditions. A
solar photovoltaic (PV) water pump consists of a matched motor and water pump
that are designed for non-battery assisted solar-PV applications where the input,
as well as load conditions, are non-constant due to the solar irradiation and
pumping height of operation. Solar-PV water pumping systems have been in use
for the last two decades and solar-PV technologies have been widely available for
the past three decades. The cost effectiveness of solar-PV technology has only
become feasible in the last decade, the installation of such systems are used for
rural development in areas of the world where there is no grid electricity
available. The water pumping systems are required for communities requiring
irrigation systems as well as systems for supplying water to livestock [1]–[12].
For solar-PV applications the important factors to consider are: cost effectiveness;
performance; reliability; maintainability and lifespan of the solar-PV system
components. The return on investment needs to be considered (which does not
only involve the financial cost thereof but also how much the system will benefit
the user and for what duration of time). This study will consider the field of solar-
PV water pumping systems for rural development to supply water to livestock.
The supply of water to livestock has been identified due to the fact that rural
African farmers do not have access to electricity from a grid. The rural
communities involved possess small herds of cattle and, therefore, farm on a
small scale.
Solar-PV water pumping systems already exist and are available for use in rural
development. The performance of the solar-PV water pumping systems are
important as the solar-PV panels only utilise a fraction of the available energy
from the solar irradiation, other system components must therefore utilise the
converted energy efficiently to make the usage of the system feasible. The
performance has to be measured in an effort to properly determine the actual
achieved efficiency of the system components. To understand the presently
characterised performances and performance indicators different methods have to
be considered and these different methods - to characterise the performance of a
solar-PV water pumping system - have to be compared. Present performance
indicators considered when analysing and comparing non-battery assisted solar-
PV water pumping systems are: power efficiency; flow rate and daily volume of
water supplied from the system. [2], [10], [12]–[16]. The first chapter of this
dissertation will define the problem and explain the project objectives; scope of
the project and research methodology.
Thean Hoogenboezem Page 1

1.2. P ROBLEM S TATEMENT

The short comings on the topic of non-battery assisted solar-PV water pumping
systems must be investigated in effort to understand the research that have
already been done by other individuals in the field. The focal points already
identified comprise of performance indicators, performance analysis and
component choices. Other researchers in this study field have already considered
the problems, pitfalls and some short comings of solar-PV water pumping
systems. These relevant research papers will be analysed in an attempt to identify
existing performance analyses and utilised performance indicator methods. This
study will however focus on identifying and utilising an alternate performance
indicator [6], [17].
1.3. P ROJECT O BJECTI VES

• The identification of solar-PV water pumping system components and factors
influencing the operation of the systems
• The revision of previous research completed in solar-PV water pumping
systems in effort to understand its operation
• The discussion of problems previously identified and problems not previously
recognised by researchers
• Considering and analysing existing performance indicators
• The identification of specific existing system components
• Comparison of components
• Selection of components to set up a controlled experimental environment
setup
• Experimental validation of alternative performance indicator
1.4. S COPE OF P ROJECT

There are many different aspects and factors currently in existence within the
solar-PV water pumping field of study that have to be considered before and
during the process of performing research. As this literature study progresses
some topics will be identified as focal points while others will only be presented
from an operational perspective. For example, if an in depth study of the water
pump is conducted the solar-PV panel as well as the environment of operation
thereof will be considered but not studied in depth.
The focus of this study will be the solar-PV water pumping application for the
supply of water to livestock. A small system rated at less than five hundred Watt
(500 W) of power will be utilised for experimental purposes. The experimental

setup will be constructed in a controlled environment to eliminate uncontrollable

variables.
1.5. M ETHODOLO GY O VERVI EW

Pragmatic research approaches will be used:
The methodology that will be utilised throughout this study includes analysing
literature from different sources and researchers as well as considering the
different perspectives to critically understand the existing research in solar-PV
water pumping systems. From the above mentioned sources the weaknesses,
problems and future work of solar-PV water pumping systems may be identified
and investigated.
1.6. D OCUM ENT O VERVIEW

The following chapter will concentrate on performing a literature review of the
solar-PV water pumping system and then the relevant research papers will be
analysed. The focal points identified from a review of these research papers were:
performance indicators, performance analysis and component choices. Further
focussed investigations will be conducted on how to improve upon methods or
solve the problems experienced in previous studies (with respect to the focal
points identified).
The controlled experimental environment will be based upon the required

measurements and outcomes of the study. Specific system components, water
pump, etc., will be identified and compared based on the requirements of the
controlled experimental environment. Thereafter the solar irradiation will be
investigated in attempt to understand how the experimental environment can be
controlled. To establish how the desired level of experimental error may be
achieved in performing measurements to obtain results.
The chapter will then continue to identify possible component choices for the
controlled experimental environment and these components will be analysed and
compared. Components will be selected for the controlled experimental setup
based on the comparison and analyses. The layout, or structure, of the controlled
experimental environment setup will be formulated from the experimental
procedure which includes the identification of the measurements and the factors
effecting the measurements.
Once results have been obtained they will be analysed in an attempt to establish
whether the desired outcome of the experimental work has been achieved.
Thereafter the results will be compared to some performance indicator results and
based on the experimental choices to determine whether further results might be

required. In conclusion this research study will summarise what has been
achieved by the efficiency characterisation of a solar-PV water pump and identify
future work that may follow from it.
1.7. C HAPTER S UMMARY

The field of study on non-battery assisted solar-PV water pumping systems for
supplying water to livestock in rural African communities has been a
concentration topic within certain research groups for the past two decades. Much
work has been done in considering the feasibility, performance, reliability and
cost effectiveness of these systems for users. Many performance analyses,
performance comparisons and investigations on the problems affecting the
technology have been performed [2], [3], [6], [7], [9]–[11], [15], [16], [18]–[20].
The solar-PV water pumping systems require better operational efficiencies

which can only be achieved by the proposal and utilisation of better performance
indicator methods and techniques to understand the operational cycles of each
independent system and its components. These performance indicators will be
required to design better systems and to overcome problems observed with these
systems.
In the following chapter a literature review will be done on solar-PV water

pumping systems’ to establish the focus points of the research study.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. I NTRODUCTION
In the preceding chapter the topic of performance indicators, for non-battery
assisted solar-PV water pumping systems with non-constant input and output
conditions, has been identified. A brief introduction of the study field of solar-PV
water pumping systems has been done to present the technology and the purpose
of the technology being considered for the application of water pumping. The
performance of these systems is clearly important - due to the small amounts of
energy that are actually harvested from the sun. This energy has to be utilised
better by the system and the system has to be reliable, independent and well
suited to the application it was intended for to justify the usefulness of the system.
Supplying water to livestock is an important problem for rural farmers in many
parts of the world. In many of these rural areas no or little surface water is
available and underground water sources are frequently available. These
underground water sources are utilisable via conventional techniques such as
hand pumps which are however not capable of supplying sufficient volumes of
water to allow agricultural development.
Solar-PV technologies have been used in water pumping systems for the past two
decades and have been considered for a variety of different applications relating
to areas where no grid (or power lines) exists. The operation of these types of
systems poses many different design and implementation problems.
Environmental conditions largely influence the successful implementation of
these systems and therefore research and development should also be done to
improve their robustness. Solar-PV system considerations include the inherent
operational factors of the solar-PV panel. One of these factors is degradation
caused by operation at temperatures it was not designed for or the utilisation of
less expensive materials to manufacture the product.
2.2. A PPLICATIONS
The previously mentioned applications are a few of the general possibilities for
the use of solar-PV water pumping systems and, if implemented correctly, they
may improve the living standards of the rural communities. Due to the
environment and location these systems may frequently go unattended for long
periods of time and are required to remain operational in rural areas whilst a grid
is not available and water needs to be supplied.
Other applications that are worth mentioning are that of irrigation; supplying
water to small reservoirs for rural communities themselves; moving water from
central reservoirs or boreholes to water tanks (for any type of community using

solar-PV technology) and; in non-rural community’s solar-PV water pumping can

be implemented for swimming pool water pumps.
2.3. S OLAR -PV WATER PUMPING SYSTEM CONCEPTS

2.3.1. Solar-PV Cell
A solar-PV cell can be considered as the fundamental building block of any
solar-PV system. Figure 2-1 demonstrates the structure of a solar-PV array and
shows the difference between the solar-PV array/panel and the solar-PV cells.
Figure 2-1: Solar-PV Array with Basic Cell Structure Demonstrated
2.3.1.1. Solar-PV cell operation

The photons of light contained in the solar irradiation have higher energy
intensities than the band-gap energy of the PV material which causes electrons
to break free from the atoms holding them. This creates hole-electron pairs
illustrated in Figure 2-2 [4].
Figure 2-2: Illustration of a Solar-PV Cell P-N Junction [4], [21]
A solar-PV cell has top and bottom electrical contacts used to capture the
electrons causing the electrical current flow from the solar-PV cell as
illustrated in Figure 2-3. The current, flowing in the opposite direction as the

electrons, inside the panel is caused by the electrons flow from the n-side
through the circuit to the p-side connector where the electrons recombine with
holes. Conventional current flow is defined as flowing in the opposite
direction of the electrons [4].
Figure 2-3: Side View Illustration of Solar-PV Cell and Conducting Current Path [4], [21]
2.3.1.2. Solar-PV Cell Modelling

The characteristics of solar-PV cells are best represented with equivalent
electric circuits demonstrating their operation. The equivalent circuits
illustrated in this section have been drawn with LTSpice circuit simulation
software. The purpose of this section is to identify the fundamental basic
operation of a solar-PV cell on a circuit analysis level with equivalent circuit
diagrams. There are different methods that may be utilised to characterise a
solar-PV cell/panel. Some of these methods will be identified, analysed and
distinguished. In the pursuance of obtaining and presenting a better
understanding of the operation of a solar-PV cell different models have to be
considered to understand the actual solar-PV cell operation.
2.3.1.2.1. Basic operational model of solar-PV panel
The most simplistic model of a solar-PV cell (the equivalent circuits seen
below in Figure 2-4) has to be analysed accordingly. This model consists of
an ideal current source connected in parallel with a diode. The current
source represents the current generated by photons (frequently denoted as
or ), and the output is considered constant, under constant temperature
conditions with a constant solar irradiation caused by a constant incident.
Figure 2-4: Solar-PV Cell Equivalent Circuits, Voltage and Current Representations [4]

The main parameters utilised to model and characterise a solar-PV cell are
obtained by the short circuit test and the open circuit test illustrated in
Figure 2-5. The short circuit current ( ) parameter is obtained by shorting
together the terminals of the cell/panel as illustrated in Figure 2-5 (A),
causing the photon generated current originating from the cell to be the
short circuit current. And then to obtain the open circuit voltage ( )
parameter the terminals are left open and the voltage across these terminals
may be measured as illustrated in Figure 2-5 (B), this occurs since the
photon generated current is shunted internally by the p-n junction diode.
Figure 2-5: Equivalent Circuit Diagrams of (A) Short-Circuit and (B) Open Circuit Test
In analysing the equivalent circuits illustrated in Figure 2-4 the following

equations can be derived using the circuit analysis laws as discussed
hereafter.
The current may be obtained utilising Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) on the
equivalent circuit illustrated in Figure 2-4 in equation (2-1):
= − … (2-1)
Where:
• – Short circuit current equivalent to the photon generated current (A)

• – Diode current representing the current shorted through the intrinsic
diode (A)
• – Load Current (A)
The diode current is given by the Shockley’s diode equation (2-2):

= ( − 1) … (2-2)

Where:
• – Reverse saturation current of the diode (A)

• – The electron charge (1.602 × 10 C)
• – Is the voltage across the diode (V)
• – Is the Boltzmann’s constant (1.381 × 10 ! J/K)
• " – The junction temperature in Kelvin (K)
There after by replacing the in equation (2-1) with equation (2-2) derives
the relationship of the solar-PV cell in equation (2-3):

= − ( − 1) … (2-3)
Where:
• V – Voltage across the cell (V)

• I – Current output from the cell (A)
From observation the saturation current ( ) remains constant when

experiencing a constant temperature and may be obtained by using the open-
circuit conditions illustrated in Figure 2-5 (B). Thereafter by utilising equation
(2-3) and setting I=0 (meaning no output current) and then solving for :

0 = − ( − 1) … (2-4)

= ( − 1) … (2-5)
#$%
= … (2-6)
&
Considering the above obtained approximation, the photon generated current,

equal to , is directly proportional to the irradiance, being the intensity of the
illumination, experienced by the solar-PV cell [4], [22].
Therefore if the value of is known from the data sheet under standard test
(
conditions, ' = 1000 )* at an air mass of (AM) = 1.5, then the photon
generated current at any other irradiance, G (+/- ) and is given by:
.
. = (. ) . … (2-7)
/
This relationship has been modelled (as is illustrated in Figure 2-6)

demonstrating the current and voltage relationship (I-V curve) of an ideal PV
cell. This result was simulated in MATLAB using the simple equivalent circuit
model derived above. It is clear from the illustration that the cell output is
limited by both the cell current and cell voltage, and it can only produce power
with any combinations of current and voltage from the I-V curve. The

illustration demonstrates that the cell current is proportional to the irradiation

[4].
Figure 2-6: Plot of Ideal PV Cell under Two Different Levels of Solar Irradiance (25 C) [4]
2.3.1.2.2. More accurate Solar-PV cell model

The simplistic model of a solar-PV cell/panel discussed in the previous
section is already very insightful into the operational considerations and
improved understanding of a solar-PV cells operation. However some
important factors of the operation of a solar-PV cell are not fully considered
in that model and this needs to be further investigated to obtain a more
desirable model of a solar-PV cell and the operation thereof. Therefore the
series and parallel resistance application of the operation of cells must be
considered.
a) Series Resistance
In considering an actual solar-PV panel there are series connected solar-
PV cells that have series resistances. These resistances are present in the
current path through the semiconductor material, metal grid, contacts
and the current collecting bus. All these resistances are lumped together
as a single series resistance. The effect of this series resistance can have
a major effect on the operation in an actual solar-PV panel with long
arrays of series connected cells/modules because the value of resistance
is multiplied by the number of cells. The series resistance can be
represented by 01 [4], [23].
b) Parallel Resistance
The parallel resistance is also known as the “shunt resistance” as the
losses are associated with the small leakage of current flowing through a
resistive path in parallel with the intrinsic device. This resistance can be
represented as 02 and the effect is less severe than that of the series
resistance but becomes more noticeable with the use of multiple modules
in parallel for larger systems.

c) Recombination
Recombination is an effect experienced in the depletion region of solar-
PV cells providing non-ohmic current paths in parallel with intrinsic
solar-PV cells. As illustrated in Figure 2-7 the recombination effect can
be represented by a second diode (D2) in the equivalent circuit.
Figure 2-7: Solar-PV Equivalent Circuit Illustrating the Series, Parallel Resistances and the
Recombination Diode [4], [23]
The current-voltage relationship illustrated by Figure 2-7 is derived in

the following equation:
789: 789:
?@#A:
= − 3 4 56 ;
<
− 1= − * 4 56 *;
<
− 1= − > C … (2-8)
AB
The other variation of equation (2-8) where the first and second diodes
are combined can be rewritten as:
789:
?@#A:
= − [ 56 <
E; − 1] − ( ) … (2-9)
AB
Where:
• n – Known as the ideality factor (sometimes written as A) and

may have a value between one and two [4], [23].
However the illustration of Figure 2-7 and equations (2-8) and (2-9) do
not express all the factors that can be experienced by a solar-PV
cell/module/panel as the actual continuously changing effects of the
solar irradiation at different solar isolation levels is not expressed here.
Therefore the fluctuating nature of the solar irradiation’s effect on the
solar-PV cell cannot be properly expressed with this model. Different
solar insolation levels cause the solar irradiation absorbed by the solar-
PV cell to differ considerable throughout the daily operational cycle.
These solar isolation effects are due to factors such as the diffraction;
diffusion and absorption of light by the semiconductor material structure

and the effect the solar insulation layer has on the solar irradiation
entering the panel. The different intensities of light causing radiation
cannot all be absorbed: some are reflected and some pass through the
gratings of the material. This consideration is the motivation behind
multi junction solar-PV cells.
The following section will investigate solar irradiation data and propose
a different method for the modelling and possible emulation of a solar-
PV panel.
2.3.2. Solar Irradiation

Solar irradiation is described as the amount of energy available from the intensity
of the sun and is measured in Watt per meter squared (W/m2). Solar irradiation
fluctuates throughout a daily operational cycle for example: there is an expected
increase from morning to mid-afternoon and a decrease from mid-afternoon to
late afternoon. This is important due to the fact that the solar irradiation affects
the amount of available energy that may be used by a solar-PV cell. The solar
irradiation illustrated in Figure 2-8 represents an average daily solar irradiation
calculated over a year from measured average monthly results obtained from the
European Commission Joint Research Centre [24]. The solar irradiation data has
been obtained for the University of Johannesburg with a panel inclination of 15
degrees and south facing panel orientation as can be seen in Appendix A.b.i.
There are results for multiple months of the year and an average has been
calculated accordingly as can be seen in Appendix A.b.i.
DNI - Actual
AVE DNI, DNIc vs. Time supplied solar
1.2 radiation
DNIc - Clear sky
solar radiation
1
Solar Irradiation (kW.m2)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
Figure 2-8: Average Direct Nominal Irradiation (DNI) for a Daily Cycle
The average direct nominal irradiations (DNI) are plotted over a daily operational
cycle. There are two DNI plots illustrated in Figure 2-8 where the clear sky

(DNIc) represents the ideal DNI without any obstruction and the actual DNI the
expected DNI on the solar-PV panel. These obstructions include: overcast
weather; rain and any moisture in the air obstructing (reflecting and diffusing) the
intensity of the solar irradiation. For this study the DNI or the actual solar
irradiation will be utilised to consider the daily solar irradiation.
2.3.3. Solar Insulation

The solar insulation represents the effect caused by the layer of encapsulation on
the actual power/energy output of the solar-PV panel. The solar insulation needs
to be considered in favour of fully modelling the solar-PV panel operation. The
block diagram in Figure 2-9 demonstrates how the panel/array output can be
calculated using equation (2-10).
Figure 2-9: Block Diagram Illustrating the System while considering Encapsulation and
Internal Losses of a Solar-PV Cell/Panel/Array
GH (I) = (J# (I) × KL × MH ) − H (I) × 0# (I) … (2-10)
Where:
PO = Power output of Array (W)

λ]^ = Solar irradiation (W. m )
Af = Array efficiency (%)
SO = Size of the array (m )
IOl = Array output current (A)
R ^ = Internal Resistance (Ω)
t = Time of day
The voltage source in Figure 2-9 represents the solar irradiation from the sun into
the solar-PV cells which have internal resistances changing based on the solar
irradiation experienced by the cells. These cells have output voltage and current
affected by the internal resistances of the cells. Equation (2-10) does not describe
Figure 2-9 but is a means of calculating the output power experienced in the
system and load.

2.3.4. Non-Battery-Assisted Operation

Non-battery assisted means that the energy supplied from the solar-PV panel
will not be stored in a battery for later use when the solar irradiation is low.
The reasons for this are the inherent cost implications of batteries and the
maintenance requirements of battery systems. A frequent problem on battery
supported systems is that when the battery fails, the system stops working. It is
preferable that the energy is stored in the water contained in the water tank
(which should be at a higher level than where the water is pumped from).
Another important consideration - due to the system choice - is the way in
which the motor will be started in the morning when solar irradiation is low,
since the start-up current of any motor is much higher than the actual operating
current. The option exists to utilise a bus capacitor beneficial to storing enough
charge to start the motor, which may potentially improve the operation of the
motor. The bus capacitor supplies the required current to start the motor and
thereafter the motor has a reduced operational current. The MPPT is
continuously regulating the input current to match the maximum power point.
Due to these continuous fluctuations in the input current caused by the change
in solar irradiation the bus capacitor also supplies more continuous stable
current to the motor during operation improving the operational efficiency.
2.3.5. Power versus Energy Efficiency (Performance Characterisation)

Power efficiency calculations are based on constant input as well as load
conditions. The power is measured in Watts during system operation. This
means that the power efficiencies usually calculated would only describe
specific points in time of operation for a fluctuating system. The following
parameters can be used for calculating the power of a system in terms of the:
voltage; current; flow rate; pumping head and gravitational forces. The basic
equations remain standard as will be demonstrated in the following example:
For a system with an input-output voltage and current the power input and
output may be calculated by equations (2-11) and (2-12):
Gqrstuv = stuv × stuv ... (2-11)
Gqruvuv = uvuv × uvuv … (2-12)
The power efficiency may now be calculated by equation (2-13):

~{
wxxyzy{|z}~{ = ~{ × % … (2-13)
|
Energy is measured in Joule and is the product of both power and time.
Accordingly it can be used to indicate the performance of an operational
interval of a system. This constitutes a performance indicator for a system with
non-constant operational inputs and outputs.

Energy may be calculated using equation (2-14):

w|{}|{ = ~{ () × … (2-14)
From equation (2-14) the energy input and output intervals may be measured
and calculated by adding together the input as well as the output energies in
the pursuance of calculating the energy efficiency using equation (2-15).
w|{}
wxxyzy{|z}w|{} = w|{} × % … (2-15)
|
The energy efficiency in equation (2-15) characterises the full operational

cycle of the system.
2.3.6. System versus component efficiency

When efficiency characterisation is being conducted on a system each
component has a separate calculated efficiency. Each component’s efficiency
needs to be multiplied with the others to obtain the overall efficiency of the
system. Figure 2-10 describes these two different concepts and the inputs
represent energy/power (EX1, EY1 and EZ1) and the outputs energy (EX2,
EY2 and EZ2). Where EX and EY are the combined components in EZ.
Figure 2-10: System versus Component Efficiencies
In Figure 2-10 the efficiency of the system may be calculated using the
following method, the two component efficiencies may be calculated using
equations (2-16) and (2-17):
w
wxx = w × % ... (2-16)

w
wxx = w × % ... (2-17)

Therefore the system efficiency would be the product of the component

efficiencies in equation (2-18) for linear systems.

w w w
wxx@ = w × % = 6 w < × 6 w < × % ... (2-18)

The combined efficiencies will be lower than the lowest efficiencies of the
separate components, due to the multiplication in equation (2-18).
2.3.7. Propagation of experimental error:

To propagate the error the following calculations can be done,
If:
= ± ∆ … (2-19)
And:
= ± ∆ … (2-20)
Then the following error propagation can be utilised to calculate the total error
propagated with the measurements and calculations.
Addition:
= + , ∆ = ¡∆ + ∆ … (2-21)
Multiplication:
¢∆£ ¢∆¥ ¢∆§

= × , = ¤> ∆¥ C + ¦ ∆§ ¨ … (2-22)
∆£
Dividing:
¥
= § = … (2-23)
Then the propagated error may be calculated utilising equations (2-21) to

(2-23).
2.4. C OMPONENTS OF THE S YSTEM

2.4.1. Solar-PV (Photovoltaic) Array
The photovoltaic array comprises of photovoltaic cells that are connected in
series and parallel combinations in the favour of obtaining the desired output
power level, voltage and current requirements of the system. There are five
main types of Solar-PV cells which include: thin-film cells; emerging PV
cells; Crystalline Si Cells; single junction GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) and multi-
junction cells (as tabulated in Table 2-1). Thin-film cells have efficiencies of
three to six percent, Crystalline Si cells have efficiencies of five to fifteen
percent and emerging PV cells have efficiencies of between three to eleven
percent [2].

Single junction and multi-junction cells have improved efficiencies of up to

twenty percent. According to statistics from 2009 eighty-five percent of cells
manufactured are multi-crystalline cells - meaning that this cell technology
will be easy to maintain, replace and procure (availability logistics) [2].
Crystalline Si cells as a manufactured product, pose fewer hazards than other
technologies and are more easily disposed of and recycled. Certain thin-film
cells contain Cadmium-telluride (CaTe) which is poisonous and therefore
difficult to recycle without damaging the environment, the environmental
impact associated with the manufacturing of certain cells is also not desirable
[2].
New technologies exist which allow for solar-PV cells to be physically grown
(biomaterial cells) in a controlled environment. In order for these technologies
to be feasible for large scale industrial manufacturing innovations still have to
occur in the research field. Photovoltaic cell technologies may be utilised in
different applications according to cost versus quality, where quality is defined
by the efficiency, durability, life span, recyclability and manufacturability.
Table 2-1 does a comparison of the different photovoltaic cell technologies.
Table 2-1: Comparison of Photovoltaic Cell Technologies
Solar-PV Cell Thin Film Emerging PV Cells Crystalline Si Single Multi

Junction Junction
Efficiency (%) 3 to 6 3 to 11 5 to 15 Up to 20%

Availability (%) 25 75
Life Span (years) Some Depends on 20 to 30 (Depending on

degrades in 5 the material quality of materials and
years used and the environmental temperatures)
application
designed for
Recyclability Some Some are easy Easy
contains to recyclable
Cadmium
Telluride
(CaTe) which
is toxic
Voltage Level High Average Low
Low (24V), High
(100-250V)
Cost Low Low Medium High

One very important factor which affects solar panels is degradation. Degrading
implies that certain solar-PV panels operating under extreme environmental
conditions may lose more than half of their efficiency to supply the rated
capacity within a year. Degrading occurs once certain solar-PV panels are
manufactured to operate for example: at a maximum of thirty degrees Celsius
but the actual operating temperature is forty to fifty degrees Celsius.
Degrading also occurs if the solar panel was manufactured from inexpensive
materials. Solar-PV panels made from better quality materials cause
degradation effects to be less severe under the same extreme environmental
conditions. The inherent problems experienced with solar-PV arrays, which
may affect the usage of the technology in certain applications, are
demonstrated in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2: Solar-PV Cell Problems and Possible Solutions
Solar-PV Problem Reason Possible Solution

Parameter
Materials Cost vs. Efficiency Better materials Use better materials
expensive and for longer lifetime
inexpensive
alternatives cause
degrading
Parallel Connection Pulsating currents High switching Connect diodes
of Arrays frequencies of within each series
converters branch to block
currents from
flowing in the
opposite direction
Fragile Materials Cracks caused by Material chosen Use better quality
brittle nature of materials and good
material used encapsulation
materials
Environmental Shade and bird guano Cell not receiving Clean surfaces
Conditions irradiation can regularly, construct
cause the array to to allow for cleaning
lose up to 40% of and away from
maximum power. sources of shade
The different operational and manufacturing problems and possible solutions

listed above are only a few of the more important factors affecting the
operation and performance of solar-PV panels.

2.4.2. Converter/Inverter
When considering electronic energy processing a converter or inverter
topology needs to be designed, implemented and tested. Most applications
require a different converter or inverter to be designed according to the
specifications of the system and the requirements of the application. Two types
of energy processing systems exist: constituting converters, which converts
direct current (DC) to direct current whilst inverters convert direct current to
alternating current (AC) or vice versa.
2.4.2.1. Converter (DC-DC)

Different DC-DC converter topologies with varying numbers of switches
may be used. The complexity of the converter determines the amount of
feedback required and the degree of control over the system. The
complexity of the converter also affects the cost of designing and
implementing it. The problem experienced in the market is that both the
industry as well as the individual are not willing to incur excessive costs
with respect to implementation technology, thus a compromise is reached
between: feedback; control; complexity; cost; manufacturability and
maintainability.
Table 2-3 demonstrates the basic converter topologies that may be

considered for the application of solar-PV water pumping with specific
regard to its complexity. In most cases where only one motor is powered by
the system a buck or a boost converter will usually be utilised.
Table 2-3: Basic Converter Topology Review
Converter Number of Conversion Complexity

Switches
Boost 1 st < uv Simple
Buck 1 st > uv Simple
Buck-Boost 1 uv < st < uv Moderate
complexity

Figure 2-11: Circuit Diagrams of the three Basic Converters (a) Buck- (b) Boost and
(c) Buck-Boost Converter Topologies
Figure 2-11 illustrates the basic converter topologies as discussed in Table

2-3. Many other DC-DC converter topologies exist but in the case of solar-
PV water pumping applications the three frequently used converter
topologies are listed in Table 2-3 and illustrated in Figure 2-11.
2.4.2.2. Inverter (DC-AC/AC-DC)

An inverter is required when single phase AC and three phase AC motors
are utilised. Many different topologies exist for inverters which may be
utilised in solar-PV water pumping applications. Three-phase inverters are
much more complex due to the number of switches required. The specific
feedback required for the inverter to be implemented may also become
complex when high efficiency inverter topologies are utilised.
2.4.3. Motor/Pump Configuration
2.4.3.1. Motor
Many different motors may be considered for any specific application. The
two main distinguishable types are direct current (DC) and alternating
current (AC) motors. Direct current motors are larger in physical size than
alternating current motors of the same power rating [25].
Alternating current motors may either be driven by single phase AC or

three phase AC. Single phase AC motors require an additional starter
winding and capacitor. The size difference between single phase and three
phase AC motors should be noted. DC motors have two main types being:
brushed and brushless motors. However three phase brushless motors are

also AC. Brushless motors have more complex driving circuitry. Brushless
motors are frequently considered as synchronous motors. The different AC
and DC motors are compared in Table 2-4, Table 2-5 and Table 2-6
respectfully herein below with specific regard to the important differences.
Table 2-4: Comparison between AC and DC Motors
Factor AC Motors DC Motors

Size Small Large
Driving Circuitry Multipart Simple
Permanent Magnets No Mostly
Table 2-5: Comparison of AC Single and Three phase Motors
AC Motors Single Phase Three Phase

Start-Up Circuitry Multipart Simple
Driving Circuitry Simple Multipart
Table 2-6: Comparison between Brushed and Brushless DC Motors
DC Motors Brushed Brushless

Brushes Yes No
Magnetic or other Sensors No Mostly
Control Simple Multipart
Maintenance Need to replace brushes Normal motor
regularly maintenance
In solar-PV applications motors with a wide range of operational rotational
speeds and with good torques within the operational range are required for
better efficiencies. It is preferred that a motor’s rotational speed range be
matched to the water pump.
2.4.3.2. Pump
Table 2-7 compares different water pumps conducive to demonstrating the
different types of water pumps available relating to the application.

Table 2-7: Comparison of water pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps

Water Pump Diaphragm Piston Helical Centrifugal
(Grundfos)
Head Low to moderate Moderate Very good Good

Range (Up to
300m)
Flow Rate Low Average Good Good
(3 to 18 l/m)
Power Level Low (<500W) Low to high Medium to high

(1kw<)
Voltage 12, 24, 48V, Low voltage High (220- 100-250V
Required 380V) Medium voltage
(Grundfos)
Life Time 1.33< X <6 X>3
(Years=X)
2.5. L ITERATURE I NVESTIGATIO N

When considering research studies in the field of solar-PV water pumping there
are many different application-based factors that require investigation in
furtherance of understanding the groundwork that has been done. The different
factors have already been discussed in the previous sections of this chapter and
demonstrate the magnitude of design contemplations that influence the choices
available for the design of solar-PV water pumping systems (and the operation
thereof). Most of these factors have been considered, to some extent, by other
researchers. Therefore the existing literature will be considered as groundwork
and will be analysed for shortcomings, problems and concluded future expansion.
The main focus of performance indicator analysis will form the base of the
overview.
2.5.1. System Component Type Utilisation
2.5.1.1. Introduction
From a performance analysis perspective the type of components used in an
experimental setup is important. When picking the type of components the
matching of these components and how the components are connected and
coupled to each other have a major role on the overall system efficiency.
The components chosen are required to match the operational specifications
of the system and other components of the system. Examples of these
specifications include: the power rating; voltage; current and rotational
speed requirements of the motor and pump that are coupled. The type of
electronic processing that is utilised to power the motor - which in turn
drives the water pump - influences the efficiency of energy transfer (being a

rotational velocity causing a specific amount of water to be pumped). The

considerations that require attention for this investigation are of the types of
systems that have already been experimentally analysed for research
purposes (i.e. the analysis of the performance thereof with a suitable
performance indicator). From a broad perspective on the solar-PV water
pumping system the following initial observations can be made from the
knowledge-based literature discussed in this paper as well as other research
papers.
Choosing a solar-PV panel requires knowledge of the operational

specifications of the system as well as of the environmental conditions
where the system will be operating. The lifecycle (affected by the
degradation factors) of the panel as well as the exchangeability (including
transportation to the location and availability) of the panel are important.
The supplier of the panel is important to consider as this will affect the
materials utilised and the craftsmanship of the panel when produced. Small
mistakes in the manufacturing of a solar-PV module can cause operational
failures when the panel is installed especially in a location with extreme
environmental conditions as the product may have inherent ‘short comings’
in performance. These short comings include: under performance and panel
degradation in the operational ‘life cycle’ of the panel.
All these factors explain why the panel chosen has to be supplied with
specifications on: the lifecycle; expected degrading; the environmental
conditions the product is designed for; the materials used for manufacturing
and the product quality class (tested by a qualified and international
recognised standard or service provider such as to name but a few TUV
Rheinland, SGS consumer testing and services and CSA solar) [2].
Deciding on a suitable converter or electronic energy processor module

requires knowledge of the complete system and components such as the
type of motor and the optimum or desired operational range of the motor
relating to the water pump rotational velocity. The choice of using a MPPT
is also important to decide what type of feedback and control has to be
implemented inside the converter/inverter module. The two main converter
topologies for solar-PV applications are DC-DC and DC-AC converters.
DC-DC converters have proved to have better power efficiencies than DC-
AC converters and require less complicated control strategies.
2.5.1.2. Analysis of real test cases

In the interest of fully understanding solar-PV water pumping system’s
performance and operation some existing test cases or rather physical
experimental setup results must be studied. The existing research on
performance indicators of solar-PV water pumping systems and the
analyses made by the research authors have to be considered. Performance

analysis is done on physical systems and can thereafter be used to establish

accurate models for the systems in question. These models can then be used
in future to establish approximations of the expected performance of similar
systems.
Part of this analysis will focus on the type of performance indicator utilised,
the type of system as well as the recommendations made by the different
studies that have already been conducted. With regards to this research,
there is much insight to be gained when looking at how a better
performance indicator (such as the energy efficiency) may be utilised to
improve the performance indicator utilisation. Three main distinguishable
system types for solar-PV water pumping system considerations have been
of particular interest to previous authors: the case of permanent magnet DC
(PMDC); with and without a converter; and AC-induction motor. However
another case exists that has been used in the industrial market of solar-PV
water pumping systems.
The case of permanent magnet synchronous motors, utilising characteristics

of permanent magnet DC as well as induction machines. These are of
particular interest to this research study since not many results on the
operational efficiencies obtainable by this case are available even though
many products are readily available to utilise this motor topology for small
scale solar-PV water pumping systems. A comparison will therefore be
done on the motor that have been analysed in existing research studies as
illustrated in Figure 2-12.
Figure 2-12: Block Diagrams of three Distinguishable Solar-PV Water

Pumping Setups with two Variations Each [26]

The above illustrated cases have been characterised for various performance
based analyses. The main themes investigated by the authors for these test
cases are: software modelling simulations; performance analysis from
power efficiency; daily water supply measurements and calculations as well
as feasibility studies of the implementation of solar-PV water pumping
systems to rural communities and farming applications [2]–[7], [9], [12],
[15], [17]–[20], [26]–[48]. From these referenced cases it is clear that there
is a magnitude of literature relating to solar-PV water pumping system
performance; feasibility; improvement; design and characterisation over the
last two decades. Therefore the following key cases will be considered in
the discussion on the conclusions made from previous experimental work.
In 2009 a performance based comparison of wind and solar-PV water

pumping systems concluded that solar-PV water pumping systems are
better suited to applications below 1.5kW and only a significant reduction
in the cost of solar-PV technology would make it feasible for solar-PV
water pumping systems to be used for larger scale systems. The
performance indicator used for this study was measured on the basis of the
capacity of water pumped at different solar irradiation levels. The
performance calculations associated with this study analysed solar-PV
water pumping systems with different types of water pumps and at different
pumping depths (head of pumping). The conclusions made by this study are
that helical and centrifugal water pumps with standard 24 Volt rated thin
film and multi crystalline cells/panels are the best choice due to the supply
problems if cells are damaged with high voltage modules. However if the
production of solar panels constructed with higher voltage outputs
(Meaning that more cells are combined in series for higher voltage, that can
still handle equivalent output currents) worldwide would increase, better
efficiencies would be obtainable with the higher voltage rated motors and
pumps utilising these higher rated voltage modules [2].
Another performance based comparison stated the same result that wind-
electric systems outperformed solar-PV water pumping systems at higher
power levels. This study analysed two wind-electric and two solar-PV water
pumping systems. The overall system performance of the two wind-electric
pumping systems (calculated as the water power over the wind power) were
7.5% and 9% respectively. The solar-PV cases, being a comparison of a
0.9kW AC and 0.1kW DC system (where the system efficiency was
calculated as the water power over the solar power), are of more interest to
this research study.
M±²r Gqr = (# ´ µ²¶±·) ∗ Kr² ´ ² µ²¶± (- ) ∗

»(
M±²r 0²¹º²Iº¶ 6 )* < … (2-24)

M·I- ¼´´º½º¶½ = +²Ir GqrM±²r Gqr …

(2-25)
From a performance perspective the 0.9kW single phase AC system

pumped three times the amount of water as the 0.1kW PMDC system.
However the overall system efficiency of the 0.1kW DC system was 2.5%
and the 0.9kW AC system 0.5% [12].
The following power efficiency results were obtained for characterising

solar-PV water pumping systems in the interest of deriving models for
simulation purposes. A PMDC motor system and induction motor (IM)
water pumping system both utilising MPPT’s were characterised with the
following power efficiencies: Array efficiencies of 6.15%, MPPT
efficiencies of ~98%, PMDC motor 82.95 to 85.91%, IM with 23.08 to
50.43% and water pumps at 13.71% to 31.81% [15].
If the overall system efficiencies of the two respective cases discussed

above are calculated using the method discussed in 2.3.6 the following
overall conservative power efficiencies are obtained:
¼´´º½º¶½§1v&) = ¼´´º½º¶½H¾¾¿§ ∗ ¼´´º½º¶½À2Á ∗

¼´´º½º¶½Àv¾ ∗ ¼´´º½º¶½(¿v&¾ 2u)
… (2-26)
So:
Gqr ¼´´º½º¶½Â 1§1v&)

= Ã(0.0615) ∗ (0.98) ∗ (0.83) ∗ (0.14)È ∗ 100 = 7%
Gqr ¼´´º½º¶½H §1v&)

= Ã(0.0615) ∗ (0.98) ∗ (0.25) ∗ (0.14)È ∗ 100
= 2.1%
These system power efficiencies are very low already, but are however
instantaneous efficiency results. Since the power can only be measured at
specific instant and the power efficiencies of the separate components used
here to calculate the efficiencies only relates to a single operational instant.
To get the system efficiency of a fluctuating system the overall energy
efficiency is required.
2.5.2. Comparison of Completed Research

Table 2-8 contains a comparison of relevant research papers analysed.

Table 2-8: Literature paper review and comparison of the work that has been done
Work/Author Application Panel/ Motor MPPT Pump System Problem Possible Solution
Generator Efficiency
Size
Modelling of Solar- Modelling of solar- Different AC & DC With and Centrifugal Power Power efficiency Calculate Energy
PV Water Pumping PV water pumping sizes, 350 without Efficiency, instant measured Efficiency
Systems – N.K. system W AC – 2.1%
Lujara DC – 7%
Performance Analysis Existing systems Solar-PV Solar-PV Solar-PV Solar-PV Solar-PV Better efficiency Energy Efficiency
of Wind-Electric and (1)Golden Photon (1)0.9 kW, (1)0.56 kW (1)Smart, (1) Centrifugal (1)Less than 1 % model, due to characterisation
Solar-PV Water 0.9kW (2)0.1 kW/ 1ΦAC, (2)24V (2) (2) Diaphragm (2)0.5 to 2.6 % multiple instants
Pumping Systems for (2)Solar Jack 0.1 Wind- DC/ Wind- Converter /Wind-Electric /Wind-Electric of power shown
Livestock Watering kW (3)Whisper Electric Electric (3)0.75 / Wind- (3)& (4) (3) & (4) on graphs. Energy
Applications – Brian 1000 Generator kW 3Φ AC, Electric Centrifugal Approx. 9% Efficiency still
D. Vick and R. Nolan (4)Bergey 1500, permanent (4)1.1kW 3Φ (3)&(4) better overall
Clark tested, Modelled magnet AC None characterisation
and Discussed (3)1.0 kW,
according to (4)1.5kW
performance and
Determining the Solar-PV material Different Motors not Not Positive Other efficiencies Power and Energy Energy Efficiency
optimal Solar Water analysis of sizes (110 discussed, specified, Displacement considered Efficiency not Characterisation
Pumping System for efficiency, to 660 rather different but (Diaphragm, considered and possible
Domestic Use, reliability and cost. Watts pumps believed to piston, helical) recommendations
Livestock watering or Controller systems) be used and centrifugal and possible
irrigation – Brian D. performance, solutions should
Vick and R. Nolan pump performance be suggested
Clark for applications
and matching
Solar Powered Water Analysed different Not DC – Discussed Centrifugal not Not discussed, Failures of current Choice of system,
Pumps: Problems, component specified Brushless, as a good seen as but good systems. matching of
pitfalls and Potential – technologies for Brushed, SRM option with desirable. performance said Component system
T.D. Short, M.A. solar PV water AC – Discussed controller/ Reciprocating to be required problems components and
Mueller pumping systems reliability vs. inverter Piston pump discussed. suggests topology
Cost of inverter systems suggested. to use.
ɸ - Phase

2.6. A NALYSIS OF C OMPLETED R ESEARCH

2.6.1. System Aspects
Many different systems are considered where many comparisons have been
done between wind turbine and solar-PV water pumping systems [2], [12],
[28]. Other system considerations include the type of components used in
solar-PV water pumping systems and the performance of these components.
The maintainability, performance and cost of the associated system
components are thoroughly investigated, considered and discussed. The main
focus however remains whether to design a system or construct one from off
the shelf components. The factors of: cost; reliability; maintainability by local
untrained users and achievable performance remain some of the biggest
‘stumbling blocks’ [2], [13], [15], [27], [29], [31], [35], [36], [49], [50].
2.6.2. Component Matching

Component matching is another important factor to consider when designing a
solar-PV water pumping system. The components need to be matched
according to their respective operational specifications and the design
specifications have to match the operational environment of the system. The
required performance of the desired system must match the end user
requirements and must, therefore, be specified appropriately.
2.6.3. Operation Conditions

The operational environment of the system can have a major impact on the
system operation and therefore needs to be properly specified. Extreme
temperatures may cause the solar-PV array to degrade which may lead to bad
operational efficiencies. The associated environment may have dry or damp
conditions which may affect the electrical components of the system if not
properly sealed. The environment does not only apply to weather conditions,
but may also be influenced by the involvement of humans and animals as well.
These factors must be taken into consideration when a system is being
designed and/or installed. With regards to the fixed installations: the depth at
which the pump is installed has to remain constant. Changing water level
conditions may affect the installation’s operation.
2.6.4. System Efficiency
2.6.4.1. Purpose of Performance Indicators

The research papers identified use performance indicators to characterise
the efficiency as well as operational performance of the systems analysed.
However if inaccurately utilised these performance indicators no longer
satisfy their purposes of illustrating the operational performances of the
specified systems in the identified research papers.

2.6.4.2. Utilisation of Performance Indicators

The research papers as compared in Table 2-8 use different performance
indicators to characterise the operation of solar-PV water pumping systems.
The three methods utilised to measure and calculate the performance of the
system are the amount of water pumped according to the amount of water
required, the achievable head and the efficiency of the solar-PV water
pumping system. The efficiency is mostly calculated as the power
efficiency this, however, is not adequate calculations on overall system
efficiency. Some of the literature utilise methods where they attempt
calculations that are equivalent or conducive to a form of energy efficiency
when measurements are taken over time and compared accordingly. The
benefit of proposing energy efficiency as the metric would be
standardisation of a performance indicator suitable to solar PV water
pumping systems. By calculating the energy efficiency the entire daily
operational cycle of the system’s performance can be represented as a
single value. Other specific identified research papers considered the water
pumped in a month against the daily solar irradiation as a measure of
performance. This method can be contributory to a metric equivalent to
energy efficiency but not refined to a single value or easily understood
measure of a systems performance.
2.7. I DENTIFIED R ESEARCH W HICH R EQUIRES F URTHER

I NVESTI GATION
2.7.1. Energy Efficiency
Previously the system analysis for efficiency was performed by measuring and
calculating the power efficiency of the system. The operational instants in
which the power input and output were measured resulted in the efficiency
ratings being inaccurate with respect to a non-battery assisted solar-PV
system. Modelling the power efficiency of the range of power levels according
to the solar irradiation results is a more sufficient representation of system
performance. Be that as it may a single value can still not indicate the overall
operational efficiency. These power efficiency results demonstrated the
necessity for a modelling method which characterises the system’s entire
fluctuating operational cycle. The energy may be used to add together the
actual energy inputs and outputs of a system. In turn it may also be used to
calculate the energy efficiency which characterises the operation of the system
for the entire operational cycle.
2.7.2. Pump Matching to Motor for the Application

The requirement of the matching of system components is a direct result of the
energy efficiency of a solar-PV water pumping system being low. This is due
to the fact that the system operates well at instants of high operational power

levels but at lower power levels very poor efficiencies exist which is caused by
either the efficiency of the pump or the motor at the rotational speeds.

In the previous chapter the project field was identified with the introduction of the
application, areas where the application may be implemented and possible
solutions to factors have been discussed. The different concepts and system
components have been identified, discussed and characterised according to the
system requirements and specifications of the operation of solar-PV water
pumping systems. The concept of performance indicators has been focussed on -
since these systems only harvest a fraction of the available solar irradiation under
fluctuating conditions - and components designed to match these conditions are
not well suited to all possible conditions. The benchmark performance indicator
(power efficiency) only characterises system operation at a specific point in time
for a fluctuating system. This effectively means that only specific moments of
operation can be characterised which brings about an important consideration of
characterising a solar-PV water pumping system: using energy efficiency (as an
entire daily operational cycle of a solar-PV water pumping system can be
characterised using the energy inputs and outputs).
The technologies available for the different system components were analysed
and summarised in tables (according to the system choices when deciding on the
design of the system). The advantages and disadvantages were identified and
discussed from different formulated perspectives and analysed accordingly. The
last section of this chapter consisted of ‘addressing’ each individual relevant
research paper in the interest of understanding the performance indicators and
characterisation of solar-PV water pumping systems. Other problems identified
by the authors of these research papers were also considered to understand other
possible problems identified within the field of solar-PV water pumping systems.
Certain problems identified have been addressed and possible solutions were
recommended. The two most pertinent factors of solar-PV water pumping
systems requiring further discussion are: the measurement of efficiency of system
performance and matching of system components.
The last section of this chapter consisted of discussing some of the findings and
conclusions of other authors and comparing the performance measures utilised.
These performance measures consisted of capacity analysis (the amount of water)
and power efficiency characterisation implemented with different methods and
comparisons of existing systems. The necessity of investigating a possible
improved or rather more accurate performance indicator has been identified.
Therefore investigating the formulation of energy efficiency characterisation as a
possible solution is evident.

The following chapters will focus on the motor and pump respectively i.e. a water
pumping unit as these components are believed to be the focal point of the
performance analysis in designing for the remainder of the components of a solar-
PV water pumping system. Different available motor and pump components will
be considered and a suitable system will be chosen based on the merit of a small
scale application (100 to 500 Watt) of supplying water to livestock.

CHAPTER 3: COMPONENT SPECIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION
3 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION AND

IDENTIFICATION
3.1 I NTRODUCTION
In the previous chapters the project’s scope has been introduced and a literature
review of previously written works in the field of solar-PV water pumping
systems has been conducted. An analysis of the most relevant past research was
done discussing the shortcomings of this research field. From the review of this
literature it was found that Solar-PV water pumping systems have illustrated
inherent reliability problems and suggestions to overcome these problems have
therefore been made. An important aspect requiring further research has been
identified: the overall system efficiency needs to be considered by considering the
full operational cycle. Up until now systems have been characterised using power
efficiency under specific operating conditions as a benchmark. In an effort to
characterise the efficiency of the full operational cycle the energy input and
output may be measured and utilised to calculate the energy efficiency. The
matching of system components may be done by considering the efficiency of the
full operational cycle and thereafter matching specific components with desired
operational efficiencies within the operating range. The importance of this
chapter is to identify possible system components that may be utilised for the
experimental work of measuring and calculating the energy efficiency of a solar-
PV water pumping system. Technological enhanced system components will be
considered as far as possible. In this section the different factors affecting the
choice of system components will be discussed and a variety of components will
be compared to be able to choose the best experimental setup.
3.2. F ACTORS TO CONSIDER AFFECTING SYSTEM COMPONENT

C HOICE
3.2.1. Application
The application focuses on the supply of water to livestock in rural
communities with few cattle. This involves the pumping of water from
underground reservoirs to a water tank or from an existing water tank to the
location where the cattle needs to be supplied with water. A factor motivating
the application is the concern that insufficient amounts of water can be
pumped with traditional hand pumps.
3.2.2. Power Rating of Application

Due to the small population of rural communities a small scale system rated in
the interval of 100 to 500 Watt would be required. It is possible, in the design
of a system, to upscale the power rating of a small system for larger scale

applications. Larger scale systems have proven to have better operational

efficiencies whereas small scale systems have good experimental potential (as
it is easier to measure and calculate the performance).
3.2.3. Environmental Aspects

Environmental conditions vary considerably across the possible
implementation locations and therefore systems need to be designed to operate
under any conceivable conditions. It is a fair assumption that solar-PV water
pumping systems for rural Africa will most likely operate in dry locations with
little or no surface water. These locations may be subject to dusty conditions
as well as extreme temperatures all year round. Environmental conditions will
influence the wear and tear of the system components. As a result of the
experimental setup used for the purpose of this study, environmental
conditions are not fully considered due to the fact that the experimental setup
will be implemented in a controlled environment where many of the factors
identified are absent.
3.2.4. Socio-Economic Factors

There are existent socio-economic factors that require consideration due to the
fact that poverty in the rural African communities is an unfortunate
consequence of living in these harsh environments. In light of the above the
security of the solar-PV system components requires consideration in the
design and implementation of a system in a rural area. This study however
focuses on the energy efficiency of the water pump components, consisting of
the motor and pump, and will not focus in detail on this aspect since it is an
installation design factor.
3.2.5. Type
The type of system depends on the actual requirements - the pressure
(pumping head) as well as the amount of water required to be pumped. Other
important aspects include availability of the components as well as the shape,
robustness and manufacturability of the components. This research study does
not, however, focus on the type of system components due to the fact that the
goal of determining the energy efficiency will only, in time, is affected by the
abovementioned factors which cannot be fully controlled or measured in an
experimental setup.
3.2.6. Orientation
Orientation relates to the type of unit which, for example, includes both
surface mount and submersible borehole units. A submersible borehole unit
may be less likely to be stolen but cannot be easily maintained whereas a
surface mounted unit is more easily accessible and, therefore, maintain whilst
being subject to security and robustness issues. The capability of surface
mounted units is usually more ‘questionable’ than the pumping head provided
by submersible borehole units but this issue may be overcome with proper

system design to some extend (in the event of lower pumping heads).
Submersible borehole units may, in certain conditions, be a better option due
to depth/head specifications.
3.2.7. Maintainability
The maintainability of the components will not be analysed in the
experimental setup since it will not affect the energy efficiency measurements
during the time span of this experimental work.
3.2.8. Reliability
Reliability is not a factor affecting the experimental results as the system will
be installed in a controlled environment. Reliability and maintainability goes
hand in hand with the robustness of the chosen system components and is
always a design and system choice. Choosing components of a high quality
should address these factors to some extent. These factors will not, however,
be tested during the experimental work.
3.2.9. Price Range

Due to the fact that the system being implemented will be utilised by rural
African communities the components chosen should be cost effective. The
performance of the components versus the costs thereof represents the cost
effectiveness. Therefore system components being cost effective is a desired
outcome of installing solar-PV water pumping systems in rural Africa.
However for this study the cost effectiveness of the components chosen cannot
be measured due to the fact that buying components in bulk makes it more cost
effective. The outcome is to determine the energy efficiency of the system.
Cost effectiveness can be achieved with the method utilised in this study but
will be considered as a recommendation for further research on solar-PV water
pumping systems. The budget set aside for the procurement of a solar-PV
water pumping system is approximately R5000.00.
3.3. I DENTIFICATION OF P OSSIBLE S YSTEM C OMPONENTS

A “load to source design” approach needs to be taken when the overall system
operation is considered and the system components are selected. The reasoning
behind this is the fact that each component is inherently dependent on the
previous component selected in the system. For example: the pump needs to
satisfy certain requirements: head; flow rate and power level but also requires a
certain type of rated motor which, on a small scale application, is mostly
integrated into the pump unit. At the same time the motor requires a certain type
of converter to satisfy the operational requirements of the motor driving the pump
at a specific rotational speed and power level. Similarly the converter requires a
certain amount of power input from the solar-PV panel in to the motor. In
accordance with the location of the system the available solar irradiation, under

worse case conditions, has to be considered when choosing a solar-PV panel in

the pursuance of satisfying the power requirements. Due to the interdependent
nature of the system, loose components will be considered individually at first
before choosing the system components. With respect to many existing low
power solar-PV water pumps (less than 500 Watts) the motor and the pump have
already been matched as part of an integrated unit.
3.3.1. Solar-PV Panels

For the first set of experimental results a solar-PV panel will be emulated by
using an identified solar-PV panel’s data sheet specifications with the models
analysed in the literature review. The model that will be utilised has been
illustrated in Figure 2-9 and has been derived from the existing models that
have been analysed. Figure 2-9 illustrates a solar-PV panel having an internal
resistance caused by the diffraction, diffusion and absorbed solar irradiation.
The solar irradiation on the panel structure is different throughout the daily
operational cycle due to: the incline of the solar irradiation on the panel; the
weather conditions; and the encapsulation layer of the solar-PV panel. Another
set of experimental results will be obtained with an actual solar-PV panel and
the differences will be considered to determine if the emulated solar-PV panel
results are accurate.
3.3.2. Pump
For this study the pump is the most important component to identify as it will
determine the choice of the other components in the system. Many different
types of water pumps exist that will offer sufficient performance in this
application. The most important factor, however, is that the pump selected
must be specified and designed for solar-PV applications. Since the water
pump chosen has to be able to pump sufficient volumes of water over a large
range of rotational speeds, operating at many different power levels. Based on
these factors the following water pump products have been identified as
possible options. Figure 3-1 illustrates the different pump options:

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 3-1: Solar-PV Water Pumps (a) Franklin Electric, (b) ShurFlow, (c) Taifu TSQB2.0-
25-24/120, (d) 180 W Submersible Water Pump SP-JS3-1.8-60 (e) Lorentz PS150 Boost, (f)
Lorentz PS150C
Table 3-1 compares the different water pumps identified from Figure 3-1:

Table 3-1: Comparison of available Solar-PV Water pumps

Name Supplier Power Pump Type Voltage Motor Type Controller Head Price (Rand)
Rating Rating (Meters)
(kW) (V)
(a) Franklin Pumps for 0.25, 0.37, Submersible 230V Capacitor Franklin Depends R3104.45,
Electric Africa 0.56 (Delta) start single Electric on model R3351.77,
Bore Hole and 380V phase AC controller box R3569.80
Pumps (Star) motor (DC to single
units phase AC
inverter)
(b) Sustainable.com 0.12 Diaphragm 12V DC Not required, Self- R3335.78
Shurflo: (Appendix *) can priming at
Premium implement 3.7 m
Demand MPPT
2088-313-145
(c) Current 0.12 Centrifugal 24V Three phase Taifu 25 m R3500.00
Taifu Automation/ synchronous controller (2de Hand)
TSQB2.0-25- Bundu Power motor R5175.00
24/120 Solar (1st Hand)
Booster Pump
(d) 180 W Bundu Power 0.18 Submersible 24V Three phase Taifu 60m R6072.00
Submersible synchronous controller
water pump motor
SP-JS3-1.8-60
(e) Current 0.15 Centrifugal 12–24V Brushless DC Lorentz 120 m +-R20000.00
Lorentz Automation controller
PS150 Boost
(f) Current 0.15 Submersible 12-24V Brushless DC Lorentz 20 m +- R12000.00
Lorenz Automation controller
PS150C
3.3.3. Motor
The choice of motor is inherently dependent on the choice of pump in the
application. Table 3-1 compares the different fixed unit pumps that are
considered for the experimental setup. From these different available options a
motor may be chosen. In previous studies the two main concerns were whether
to utilise a DC-motor directly connected to the solar-PV panel or alternatively
to use a motor with a converter (DC or AC).
3.3.4. Converter Topology

The converter topology is highly dependent on the choice of motor and input
voltage from the solar-PV panel. The converters used in small scale
applications typically have input voltages ranging from 12 to 24 V. The losses
expected with a conversion always exceed the losses resulting from direct
coupling. Unfortunately most motors available today (even DC motors)
require converters containing built-in controllers (like MPPT’s). Therefore
losses are inevitable but the amount of losses of the power electronic converter
may be controlled by proper design and energy processing. In most cases, seen
in previous research papers, AC and brushed DC motors have been analysed
for applications similar to this. Synchronous three-phase motors have not been
considered or used to the same extent. A performance analysis of a three phase
synchronous motor may thus contribute to the study field of solar-PV water
pumping systems.

3.3.5. Off the Shelf System

An ‘off the shelf’ solution to the problem of solar-PV water pumping systems
exists and is supplied by a company named All Power. The product supplies
all the required components to implement a solar-PV water pumping system
with a low power rating, which can operate at a fairly high pressure. The
product is called Water Max and the system is rated between 120 and 800
Watts. The system can accommodate both DC and AC borehole applications at
pressures expected at depths of 70 to 80 meters. Figure 3-2 shows a
photograph of a Water Max product:
Figure 3-2: Water Max DC150 Solar-PV water pumping solution
A wide variety of options, which cover a broad range of users and sizes of
submersible solar-PV water pumping solutions, exist. A Water Max DC150
solar-PV water pumping system with all the required components can be
procured at a cost of approximately R35 000.
3.4. A NALYSIS AND C O MPARISON OF POSSIBLE SYSTEM

COMPONENTS
Table 3-1 contains a comparison of the identified units for the experimental setup
when deciding on a fixed-unit water pump. This section concentrates on
evaluating the compared units and choosing a water pump unit suited to the
experimental setup. The motor and pump combination will be chosen and
thereafter - depending on whether the design is accompanied by a converter - the
balance of the system components will be chosen. The system requirements that
are most important for the selection of a suitable solar-PV water pump unit are:
the operational specifications such as the power efficiency; the power
requirements; the pumping height and the component type. Reliability and
maintainability are important factors when choosing components for a system and
the discussed functions of such a system. Another important factor is the cost
involved, as a more expensive unit is expected to perform better but is not
necessarily suitable since the actual application will be tied to a budget. Because a
bulk order will not be set for the chosen component it is difficult to analyse the
cost effectiveness of the chosen system components.
3.4.1. Water Pump (Motor and Pump)
3.4.1.1. Motor
DC motors - or permanent magnet three phase synchronous motors -
experience fewer losses compared to the converter/inverter losses
experienced if DC power is converted to AC power. Table 3-1 compares a
variety of integrated motor and pump units. When analysing the available
solar-PV water pumps units with integrated motor and pumps, it became
clear that small power rated units (below 1 kW) are not readily available
with three phase induction motors. Therefore three phase induction motor
units do exist for large solar-PV water pumping applications and are
available in star and delta connections depending on the function as well as
design and supply voltage. A suitable three phase induction motor, within
the 100 to 500 Watt power range, could not be found for the purpose of this
study. Franklin Electric does supply solar-PV water pumping units with
single phase induction motors which range from 1.1 kW and higher. The
power rating of these induction motors, forming part of the water pumping
units, yet again exceeds the power rating considered in this research study.
The units that were identified in Table 3-1 are borehole units not designed
for solar-PV water pumping applications, the power fluctuations
experienced by solar-PV water pumps would surely either damage or not
work well with standard borehole motors.
In the event that a directly coupled DC motor is preferred, the water pump
units supplied by Shurflo can be considered. The Shurflo unit did not match
the desired operational specifications for the experimental setup. The water
pumping units supplied by Lorentz cover high-end applications the costs of
which are not necessarily suitable for this research study. Since these water
pumps exceed the available budget for the procurement of an experimental
solar-PV water pumping system. Taifu supplies water pumping units
utilising three phase synchronous motors at a reasonable price. The units
supplied are simplistic; robust; reliable and affordable. The Taifu 120 W
solar-PV water pump is the component of choice for a small solar-PV water
pumping application. These units match the available budget for the
procurement of an experimental solar-PV water pumping system and a
second hand unit is readily available. Table 3-2 compares the factors
considered in deciding on the best unit suited for the application.

Table 3-2: Comparison of Water Pump Motor Factors
Component Motor Type Power Voltage For Solar-PV Price Range Controller
(Three-Phase, AC Rating (Depending applications (Low Included
or DC) (<500 W) on Type) (<R5000.00)
, Medium
(<R10000),
High
(R10000<))
(a) Franklin Single Phase AC 230 W, 230 V or No, Borehole Low No
Electric 370 W and 380 V powered
Bore Hole 560 W applications
Pumps
(b) DC 120 W 12 V Yes Low N/A, Maybe
Shurflo: require MPPT
Premium
Demand 2088-
313-145
(c) Three phase 120 W 24 V Yes Low/ Yes
Taifu TSQB2.0- synchronous motor Medium
25-24/120 Solar
Booster Pump
(d) 180 W Three phase 180 W 24 V Yes Medium Yes
Submersible synchronous motor
water pump SP-
JS3-1.8-60
(e) Brushless DC 150 W 12-24 V Yes High Yes
Lorentz PS150
Boost
(f) Brushless DC 150 W 12-24 V Yes High Yes
Lorenz
PS150C
3.4.1.2. Pump
Table 3-3 compares the available units to choose a fixed water pump unit.
The pumping height of the chosen water pump unit is at an acceptable
height such as 10 to 20 meters. An important consideration as set out in
Table 3-2 is the price range of the water pumping units. The price of the
unit should fit the budget for the procurement of an experimental solar-PV
water pumping system, while still procuring a quality component. The
discharge pressure and flow rate of certain of the submersible water pump
units as listed in Table 3-3 complies with certain of the requirements of the
experimental setup.

Table 3-3: Comparison of Water pump factors
Component Water Pump Head Flow Rate Orientation

Type (Surface or
submersible)
(a) Franklin Electric Centrifugal Submersible
Bore Hole Pumps Borehole
(b) Diaphragm Self-Priming 8.1-11.7 L/min Surface
Shurflo: Premium up to 3.7 m
Demand 2088-313-
145
(c) Centrifugal 25 m Max 2.0 -! /h Surface
Taifu TSQB2.0-25-
24/120 Solar Booster
Pump
(d) 180 W Centrifugal 60 m Max 1.8 -! /h Submersible
Submersible water Borehole
pump SP-JS3-1.8-60
(e) Submersible 150 m Max 1.3 -! /h Surface
Lorentz PS150 Boost
(f) Centrifugal 20 m 2.7 -! /h Submersible
Lorenz
PS150C
3.4.2. Measurement Equipment

The measurement equipment chosen for the experimental setup are listed in
Table 3-4 below. The full specifications of the Yokogawa volt and ammeter are
supplied in Appendix A
Table 3-4: Measurement Equipment and Standard Deviation
Measurement Instrument Absolute Error

Voltage Yokogawa Analogue Volt Class 1.0 (+-1%), will be
Meter 2052 taken as +-5% due to not
Current Yokogawa Analogue being recently calibrated
Ammeter 2052
Volume Bucket 15 L +-2%
Time Stop watch +-3%
3.5. C HOICE OF S YSTEM

3.5.1. Solar-Photovoltaic
As previously discussed the solar-PV panel will be emulated using a variable
resistor connected in series with the power supply and the system. The exact
model in question is illustrated in Figure 2-9. The desired outcome is to try
and emulate the operation of a solar-PV panel under the changing solar
irradiation and isolation levels. The experimental method will be optimised

according to the solar irradiation data obtained from the JRE as demonstrated
in Figure 2-8 and attached in Appendix A.b.i. The identified solar-PV panel
data from the data sheet is demonstrated in Table 3-5. A polynomial fit
according to the supplied internal resistance data of the solar-PV panel at
specific solar irradiations is illustrated in Figure 3-3, this polynomial fit
describes an exponentially decreasing internal resistance as the solar
irradiation increases. This result is expected and therefore the illustrated fit is a
good fit for the internal resistances of the solar-PV panel.
Table 3-5: Specifications of the Solar-PV module
Power 150 W
Short-Circuit Current(z ) 8.71 A
Open-Circuit Voltage(ÊË ) 21.8 V
Module Efficiency 15.13 %
Internal Resistance vs. Solar Irradiation

12
Internal Resistance (Ohms)
Rint
10
R_Int_Curve_Fit
8
6 Poly. (Rint)
4
2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Solar Irradiation (W.m2)
Figure 3-3: Graph of Solar Panel Internal Resistance (Ω) vs. Solar Irradiation (W/m2)
3.5.2. Converter/Inverter
It is evident from Table 3-2 and Table 3-3 that the components designed for
solar-PV applications will provide the best solutions for the specific
application and in the experimental setup. It is also evident that a three phase
synchronous motor with a centrifugal pump will offer the best solution in the
experimental setup. The Taifu water pumping unit specified in Table 3-2 and
Table 3-3 as (c) offers the desired specifications to match the experimental
setup requirements. The choice of existing matched components has been
made since loose components designed for solar-PV water pumping
applications at the rated power level are not readily available. However the
fact that it is a surface mounted unit will require additional design
considerations when setting up the experimental setup.

3.5.3. System Overview

When designing the entire system a converter will not need to be specially
designed as the chosen unit is supplied with a converter. The other components
of the system that still need to be chosen are: the measurement equipment;
water pipes and other components required to effectively measure and
calculate the energy efficiency of the solar-PV water pump. The solar-PV
panel described by the datasheet information as illustrated in Table 3-5 and
Figure 3-3. The remaining system components include a water tank (which has
no exact fixed specifications except that water needs to be pumped from the
tank into the same tank). A pressure gauge and valve will also be required to
adjust and maintain the discharge pressure (representing the pumping head).
3.5.4. System Benchmark with Original Component Requirements

The important factors identified at the start of this chapter require
benchmarking with the actual chosen system components for the experimental
setup. The factors that are still relevant for the experimental setup are
application, power rating, type and orientation. For the purposes of this study
the environmental impacts won’t be evaluated. The maintainability and
reliability are not main concerns for an experimental setup in a controlled
environment and difficult to test and evaluate. Price range is important but
would be a higher priority factor if this study was a tender for a rollout of
solar-PV water pumping systems. The benchmark on the chosen components
is done in Table 3-6 below,
Table 3-6: Benchmark of Chosen Components
Component Application Power Type Orientation

Rating
Solar-PV Panel Solar Depends on Emulated N.A (Emulated)
Applications Motor and and Mounted
Crystalline
Si
Converter Solar 120 W Three Phase N.A
Applications
Motor Solar 120 W Three phase Surface
Applications synchronous
motor
Water Pump Solar 120 W Centrifugal Surface
Applications

The different system considerations and components were identified and analysed
where-after a suitable water pump unit was chosen. The experimental test setup
will be discussed and documented in the chapter to follow and the different
system components will be characterised. In the later chapters the actual

experimental tests will be explained and the results will be analysed to present
correctly measured and calculated energy efficiency measures of the solar-PV
water pump, motor and converter.

CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENTAL TEST SETUP
4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.1. I NTRODUCTION
In the previous chapters the different concepts and sections in the field of
solar-PV water pumping studies have been identified. Relevant research
papers were analysed in an attempt to identify the sections of the study field
which may be improved upon or which have not been previously considered.
The energy efficiency characterisation has, thus far, been identified as the
areas within the solar-PV water pumping field which require additional
attention. The previous chapter identified potential components to be utilised
in the experimental setup. These components have been analysed and the best
possible components have been chosen to be used in the experimental setup.
Components being the water pump unit consisting of a motor; pump and
converter containing a controller, the other components such as the water tank;
valve; pressure gauge and pipes will be fitted to the experimental setup with
the chosen water pump unit. The solar-PV panel will be emulated according to
the datasheet specifications of the solar-PV panel. In the chapter to follow the
experimental setup will be proposed and the required measurements thereof
will be discussed in detail. The Taifu water pump unit has been selected based
upon the analysis of the components discussed in the previous chapter. The
balance of the components required in the experimental setup will be chosen in
accordance with the water pump unit and the experimental setup will be
designed around the operation thereof.
4.2. R EQUI RED M EASUREMENTS

The measurements required to perform the experimental tests have to be
identified and considered to finalise the experimental setup structure.
4.2.1. Measurements
The water pump unit chosen in Chapter 3 has a three phase synchronous
permanent magnet motor and a converter which is supplied with the water
pump. Thus the input power to the converter is DC and the output power
from the converter is three-phase. Due to some harmonics in the voltage
and current waveforms, output frequency and continuous control signal
adjustments to the output of the converter less accurate measurements are
expected at the voltage and current levels. The interest and focus of the
experimental work is to characterise the energy efficiency of the solar-PV
water pumping unit, therefore the input to the converter will be measured.
The input voltage and current to the converter, being DC, may be used to
calculate input power. To calculate the input power equation (4-1) may be
used:

~{Ë = ÊË ∗ Ë … (4-1)
• IC – Input to Converter
To calculate the converter input energy equation (4-1) is inserted into

equation (4-2):

w|{}Ë = ~{Ë ∗ … (4-2)
The output energy of the pump may be calculated from the measured output
power for the various operational conditions. Equation (4-3) is utilised to
calculate the output power.
~{~Ì = Í ∗ Î ∗ ∗ Ï … (4-3)
Where:
• Q - Flow Rate (-! · )

• h – Maximum vertical height (meter)
• g – gravitational constant (9.81 -! · )
• Ð – The density of the liquid (This case water 1000 Ñ. -!)
The energy output of the pump may be calculated in the same fashion as the
energy input by utilising equation (4-4).

w|{}~Ì = ~{~Ì × … (4-4)
The energy efficieny of the water pump unit and the converter may be
calculated utilising equation (4-2) and (4-4) by inserting the results thereof
into equation (4-5).
w|{}~Ì
w|{} wxxyzy{|z}Ë|@{Ì = w|{} × %
Ë
… (4-5)
The energy efficiency of the motor, pump or the converter may be

calculated separately for each component by utilising equation (4-6).
w|{} wxxyz{|z}Ò/~Ì/Ë|{{ =
w|{}Ò/~Ì/Ë|{{
w|{} × % … (4-6)
|Ò/~Ì/Ë|{{

It is evident from equations (4-1) to (4-6) that the following variables are
required in the calculations:
• tÓ&¾v&¾_#tuv – Measured in volts with a voltmeter

• tÓ&¾v&¾_#tuv – Measured in Amps with a current probe or
ammeter
• Õ±q 0²I(Ö)2u)×ØÙ – Measured in -! · using a flow
meter or the bucket test
• Head of pumping/ discharge pressure – measured in pressure
unit kilo Pascal using a pressure gauge on the pump output
Due to the fact that the Taifu water pump unit is supplied as motor, pump
and converter combined the combined energy efficiency characterisation is
an acceptable result of the experimental work on this research study.
Using the variables listed above the following additional variables has to be
calculated:
• ¼¶rÑ tÓ&¾v&¾8E – Calculated in Joule using equation (4-1)

and (4-2)
• ¼¶rÑ2u)×ØÙ – Calculated in Joule using equation (4-3) and
(4-4)
Thereafter the combined energy efficiency of the motor, pump and

converter may be calculated using equations (4-5) and (4-6).
4.2.2. Experimental Measurement Equipment Required to Complete

Characterisation and Experimental Tests
Based on the previously identified measurements; variables and equations
the equipment which will be required to measure all of the results may be
identified. Measurement equipment required:
• Voltmeter – Voltage at the Input of the converter

• Ammeter – Current at the Input of the converter
• Pressure Gauge – Pump discharge pressure at the output of the pump
• Bucket – Performing the bucket test to determine the flow rate of the
water pump
4.3. M ETHOD OF C HARACTERISATION OF THE S OLAR -

PV WATER PUMP UNI T
The water pump unit (including the converter) has to be characterised to gain
an understanding of the operation under different operational conditions of the
solar-PV water pump unit. The system variables which may be altered in an
attempt to understand the operation of the water pump unit are: the solar

irradiation; causing a specific power input; and the water pump output
discharge pressure. As previously mentioned the solar-PV panel will be
emulated by utilising a power supply and resistance connected in series. The
input power level will be adjusted to emulate the different solar isolation
levels. The characterisation results will be utilised to measure the flow rates
obtained at the different power inputs and at the different discharge pressures
of operation. The results obtained may be utilised to calculate the energy
efficiency of the entire cycle of operation.
4.4. P ROPOSED E XPERIMENTAL T EST S ETUP

A basic block diagram of the proposed solar-PV water pumping system is
illustrated in Figure 4-1 below:
Figure 4-1: Final Proposed Experimental Setup
The illustration in Figure 4-1 has a power supply with a variable resistor, to
emulate the operation of a solar-PV panel, for reproducibility of the results.
The bus capacitor is utilised to prevent sudden changes in the voltage supplied
to the converter. Water is pumped from and into a single water tank to
maintain the same pressure level. The pressure gauge and valve are used to
maintain discharge pressures representing depths or heights of the pump. The
flow rate will then be measured with the bucket test.
The proposed experimental setup is similar to existing solar-PV water

pumping systems because the purpose of this study is not to improve the
system by changing the layout but to measure the efficiency more accurate.
The setup above
4.5. P HYSICAL C ONSTRUCTION

The photograph of the experimental setup in Figure 4-2 whereby the different
components of the system are identified by the pointers labelled A to I,
therefore:
• A – Power Supply
• B – Series Connected Resistor, used to emulate solar-PV panel internal
resistances
• C – Ammeter and Voltmeter
• D – Stabilising Bus Capacitor

• E – Converter Containing MPPT, supplied with motor and pump

• F – Water tank with input to pump and output from pump
• G – Taifu Booster Pump, Motor and pump
• H – Pressure Gauge and Valve, for pressure control to emulate head
using discharge pressure
• I – Small water tank used for “bucket test”, demonstrated in Figure 4-3
B C
A E
D
Figure 4-2 : Controlled Environment Experimental Setup
The container as shown in Figure 4-3 has been marked in 1 litre increments up
to 15 litres. The container will float on the water surface in the water tank as
demonstrated in Figure 4-2. This will be done to maintain a constant water
level and input pressure when circulating water through the pump into the
container. The container remained upright during the experimental procedure
with the outlet pipe fixed within the containers top inlet.

Water
container
marked in 1
litre
increments
up to 15
litres.
Figure 4-3: Small Water Tank used for “Bucket Test”
4.6. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULT M ETHOD

4.6.1. Measurements
The characterisation of the water pump will be performed by utilising the
suggested experimental setup as is illustrated in Figure 4-1. The power
supply will be adjusted to the maximum: power; voltage and current -
according to the solar irradiation data obtained. The resistor connected in
series and the discharge pressure valve will be adjusted to change the input
power and the output pumping height. The water pump output flow rates
will be measured at each interval using the flow rate test. This experiment
will be conducted at different discharge pressures and will start from a low
electrical input power level to the maximum electrical power level
available. The curves of each discharge pressure (pumping height) will be
plotted with respect to both the flow rate and efficiency. This will be done
to understand the operation of the water pump unit under different
conditions. These plots will then be utilised to generate results for the entire
operation cycle based on the solar irradiation data obtained.
By utilising the characterisation curves and data obtained the actual energy
efficiency may be calculated for the different discharge pressures. The
reasoning behind utilising different discharge pressures is due to the fact
that the system’s best operational specifications will demonstrate the
operational cycle of the water pump unit. The solar irradiation data
contained in Figure 2-8 read with the internal resistance data contained in

Figure 3-3 allows for the internal losses of the solar-PV panel to be
modelled. These losses will be subtracted from the corresponding solar
irradiation, in turn allowing the calculation of the input power to the
converter. The input power at the different time intervals during the course
of a day may be emulated to obtain the characterisation of the solar-PV
water pump unit. The output flow rates may then be measured and plotted
according to the input power levels. From the results obtained both the
input and output energy can be determined and utilised to calculate the
energy efficiency. The equations listed earlier in this chapter may be used.

This chapter focussed on the experimental setup and on the experimental
measurements required for the purpose of this study. The calculations and the
parameters required have been discussed in an attempt to suggest the
experimental setup as well as the required measurement equipment. In the
chapters to follow the experimental data will be presented, processed and
results analysed.

CHAPTER 5: EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM CHARACTERISATION
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1. I NTRODUCTION
In the previous chapters relevant research papers were analysed in pursuance
of identifying sections of the study field which may be improved upon and to
evaluate ideas which have not been previously considered. The
characterisation of energy efficiency within the solar-PV water pumping field
of study is an approach where more attention is required. Energy efficiency
allows for the measurement and calculation of more meaningful performance
indicators with respect to a system under fluctuating operational conditions. A
review has been performed on previous literature where the different aspects
of solar-PV water pumping systems (and more specifically performance
indicator related aspects) have been discussed. The fluctuating operational
conditions of solar-PV water pumping systems are difficult to gauge with
performance indicators such as power efficiency (as only instantaneous
operation can be measured). To fully characterise a system’s overall daily
performance the energy efficiency of the system for the operation cycle needs
to be calculated.
A comparison of solar-PV water pumps were considered and analysed for the
purpose of choosing the best experimental setup to evaluate the energy
efficiency of a solar-PV water pump. A controlled experimental composition
has been suggested with the chosen solar-PV water pump to conduct the
experimental analysis. Taking into account the equations of energy efficiency
the required measurements on the experimental composition identified the
measurement equipment required. The approach to evaluating the
experimental setup has also been disclosed. In this chapter, the results obtained
from the experiment will be discussed and analysed with regards to the
characteristics of the elected solar-PV water pump. The energy efficiency
results of the water pump unit will be discussed as well as the operation
thereof at different pumping heights (discharge pressures). Before conclusions
can be drawn another set of results obtained with an actual solar-PV panel will
be analysed accordingly to establish the accuracy of the existing emulated
solar-PV panel results. These results have only been measured for a short
interval. The main purpose of this research study is to measure and calculate
the energy efficiency of a specific solar-PV water pump.
5.2. C HARACTERISATI ON OF THE SOLAR -PV WATER

PUMP
The water pump has to be characterised in the interest of obtaining an
understanding of the operation thereof at different solar irradiation levels and
pumping heights. As mentioned previously the input power level to the
converter was adjusted to its lowest level whilst the internal resistance of the

solar panel was at its highest level. The resistance was decreased in favour of
achieving the required solar irradiation or power levels and the output flow
rate was measured for each of these conditions. The input and output power
levels are measured to calculate the power efficiency under different operating
conditions.
Figure 5-1 presents a set of constructed graphs of the flow rates as a function
of solar irradiation, at different pumping heights. The graphs demonstrate that
the flow rate rapidly decreases as the pumping pressure is increased. At the
same time, as expected, the flow rate increases with an increase in solar
irradiation. For each respective pumping height there is a maximum
operational flow rate, pointed out on the plots in Figure 5-1, where the flow
rate remains constant irrespective of whether the available power is increased.
The operational limit with respect to the flow rate is reached when the pump’s
maximum output flow rate for the respective pumping height is reached. It
should be noted from the graphs for 14m and 17.5m the maximum flow rate
only occurs at higher power levels not present in this set of plots.
Flow Rate vs Solar Irradiation 0m

3.5m
0.0005
0.00045 7m
0.0004 10.5m
Flow Rate (m3/s)
0.00035 14m
0.0003
17.5m
0.00025
0.0002
0.00015
0.0001
0.00005
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Solar Irradiation (W/m2)
Figure 5-1: Flow Rate versus Solar Irradiation
Figure 5-2 presents a set of graphs representing the power efficiency as a

function of the solar irradiation, at different pumping heights. The power
efficiency represents performance indicators of the solar-PV water pump at the
different pumping heights for specific time instants. The respective power
efficiency plots are labelled with letters (A) to (E) in Figure 5-2. It should be
noted here that the power efficiency at a pumping height of 0m, labelled as (A)
in Figure 5-2, with the highest flow rate has the lowest efficiency. This is due

to the fact that the system is not performing any work as is evident from
equation (4-3). At a 0m (A) pumping height the system does not perform any
displacement and therefore if there is a measurable input power, most of it is
losses. At 3.5 m (B) pumping height the power efficiency increases over 0m
(A) but also remains constant throughout the power range which is similar to
what is experienced at 0m (A) pumping height. However the flow rate does
not remain constant throughout for pumping heights of 0m and 3.5m as is
plotted in Figure 5-1.
The pumping height is the consequence of the performance of the system

remaining fairly constant due to the power point tracker adjusting the
operational point. When considering the pumping heights, in Figure 5-2, at 7m
(C), 10.5m (D), 14m (E) and 17.5m (F) the power efficiency increased as the
solar irradiation (power level) increased. Another important operational
characteristic to be noted in Figure 5-2 is the peaks at the points indicated by
the pointers. The spikes in efficiency occur at lower power levels due to the
fact that the power point tracker adjusts the operation point for a better
maximum power point at lower power levels. These spikes move to higher
power efficiency points as the pumping height increases and are to a certain
extent present in all the trends presented in Figure 5-2.
Power Efficiency vs. Solar Irradiation

E_14m
40
B_3.5m C_7m D_10.5m
35 0m
Power Efficiency (%)
30
3.5m
25
7m
20
15 10.5m
A_0m
10 14m
F_17.5m
5 17.5m
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
Figure 5-2: Power Efficiency versus Solar Irradiation
5.3. E XPERIMENTAL E RROR C ALCULATI ONS

The measurement equipment listed in Table 3-4 has standard deviations as
listed in Table 5-1 these standard deviations have been obtained from the data
sheets and adjusted according to the measurement magnitude, maximum
measurement values and equations (4-8) and (4-9). The full data sheets of the

Yokogawa analogue voltmeter and ammeter are presented as part of the

Appendix under section A.a.
Table 5-1: Standard Deviations of the Different Measurement Instruments
Measurement Instrument Relative Error Standard Deviation
Voltage Yokogawa Analogue +- 5% (Rated at 1%, +- 1.5V

Volt and Ammeter however not recently
Current 2052 calibrated) +- 0.5A
Volume Bucket 15l +- 2% +-0.25 l
Time Stop Watch +-3% +-2 seconds
The Yokogawa voltmeter and ammeter instruments are originally rated at +-

1%, however the instrumentation has not been calibrated recently, for a safe
measure it has been rounded up to +-5% for both instruments. Due to the fact
that the flow rate test is done manually by operating the bucket and the stop
watch at the same time there are errors associated with both. These errors are
based on reaction time for stopping the watch and removing the bucket. Both
of these events may occur too early or too late on different measurements.
Therefore a +-2% error associated with the +-0.25 litre is associated with the
bucket test based on the available measurement intervals. For the stop watch a
+-2 seconds associated with +-3% of a minute is associated accordingly to
reaction time.
5.4. E NERGY E FFICIENCY R ESULTS AND A NALYSIS

WITH E MULATED S OLAR -PV P ANEL
The solar irradiation plot annotated as the DNI from Figure 2-8 is the gauge
for the experimental work. The solar-PV panel data tabulated in Table 3-5 and
with internal resistances as plotted in Figure 3-3 have been applied to calculate
the input power to the converter.
The calculation of the energy efficiency requires the energy input and energy
output for all the time intervals of the daily operational cycle of the water
pump unit. The input voltage and current have been measured and used to
calculate the input power. The output flow rate was calculated at each interval
by measuring the time duration for each interval to pump 15 litres of water.
The flow rate calculated was employed with the pumping height to calculate
the output power. The time interval measured for pumping 15 litres of water
has been put to use to calculate the input and output energy of the water pump
unit for each interval. These results are plotted in graphs Figure 5-3, Figure
5-4, Figure 5-5, Figure 5-6 and Figure 5-7 for the pumping heights of 0, 3.5, 7,
10.5 and 14m. It should be noted that the solar irradiation levels required to
pump water at a 17.5m height are not achievable with the solar irradiation
available from Figure 2-8 and therefore the energy efficiency has not been
calculated or listed in the sets of results.
Each of these plots contains the energy available from the solar irradiation
with the chosen solar panel in section 3.3.1. Accordingly the actual energy
input achieved by the water pump unit for the specific time interval and
pumping height. The energy output at the corresponding time intervals are also
present in the five graphs of the pumping heights.
Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_0 m
80
Energy_Output_0m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
Figure 5-3: Energy versus Time at Pumping Height 0m
From Figure 5-3 the following observations can be made,
The water pump unit does not fully exploit the available solar energy from the
solar-PV panel. This is due to the water pump not requiring more energy to
perform the work that is required for a 0m pumping height. The expected
result of a very low energy output is evident in the same graph.

Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Available
90
Energy_Input_3.5m
80
Energy_Output_3.5m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
Figure 5-4: Energy versus Time at Pumping Height 3.5m
Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_7m
80
Energy_Output_7m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)

Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_10.5m
80
Energy_Output_10.5m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
Figure 5-6: Energy versus Time at Pumping Height 10.5m
From Figure 5-4, Figure 5-5, Figure 5-6 the following observations can be
made,
The consumed input and output energy increases as the pumping height
increases, as is expected since more work has to be done. The water pump unit
only achieves its maximum operational capability at higher power input levels.
100
Energy vs. Time
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_14m
80
Energy_Output_14m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)

It is observed from Figure 5-7,
The output energy starts decreasing although the input energy still increases
with the pumping height. This observation confirms that somewhere between
7m, 10.5m and 14m the optimum operational pumping height was achieved.
In the following Table 5-2 the overall energy efficiencies have been calculated
for each pumping height. According to equation (2-15) the summation of the
output energy values divided by the sum of the input energy values multiplied
by a hundred percent provides the energy efficiency. Each associated pumping
height summarises the performance considerations relating to that energy
efficiency.
Table 5-2: Summary of energy efficiencies at pumping heights with performance analysis
Pumping Height Overall Energy Performance

(Meters) Efficiency (%)
0 2.5 • Flow rate: Best
• Energy efficiency: Lowest of all
measured values.
• Work done: Little
3.5 19.1 • Flow rate: Lower than flow rate at
0m
• Energy efficiency: Better than at
0m
• Work done: More than at 0m
7 30.3 • Flow rate: Less than at 3.5m
• Energy efficiency: Better than at
3.5m
• Work done: More than at 3.5m
10.5 31.1 • Flow rate: Less than at 7m
• Energy efficiency: Slightly better
than at 7m
• Work done: More than at 7m
14 15 • Flow rate: Worst of measurements
• Energy efficiency: Efficiency drop
• Work done: Most work of
measurements
The following observations have been made from Table 5-2,
The energy efficiency at a pumping height of 0m is not 0% as is expected

since to have a 0% efficiency there has to be no friction within the water pump
unit. Another factor why it is not 0% is if you examine the experimental setup
in Figure 4-2 the pumping height would constitute the height of the difference

between the input and output pipes. Therefore the conclusion can be drawn
that the useful power is equal to zero and the input power gets dissipated in the
losses, constituting almost zero efficiency.
Between 7m and 14m the optimal operational pumping height is achieved

before the major efficiency drop already present at 14m occurs. This is due to
the shorter time interval that the water pump unit will actually be able to
achieve the desired pumping height with the available energy.
In the interest of re-evaluating the operational characteristics of the solar-PV

water pump unit the power efficiency of the five distinct pumping heights have
been plotted in Figure 5-8. It can be observed that the line plots represent the
instantaneous power achievable at specific time intervals of the daily
operational cycle. The maximum achievable power efficiency occurs within
the 7m range and the maximum power efficiency achievable is just less than
35%.
Power_Efficiency_0m
Power Efficiency vs. Time
Power_Efficiency_3.5m
40
Power_Efficiency_7m
35
30
Power_Efficiency_14m
25
20
15
10
Time (HH:MM)
Figure 5-8: Power Efficiency versus Time from Emulated Results
5.5. E NERGY E FFICIENCY R ESULT C OMPARISO N WITH

A CTUAL S OLAR -PV P ANEL
To verify the accuracy of the energy efficiency results obtained with the
emulated solar-PV panel another set of results have been taken with an actual
solar-PV panel. These results have been experimentally recorded during May
2014 the time of the year constitutes average solar irradiation conditions, the

emulated solar irradiation was also based on an average solar irradiation. The
power efficiency plots of these results are illustrated in Figure 5-9 which
contains similar operational characteristics to Figure 5-8 for a morning
operational cycle. These results are a frame of reference to add onto the
emulated solar PV case obtained by the solar irradiation data. A comparison of
the two sets of results allows the following observation that the operational
pattern is similar for pumping heights of 0, 3.5, 7 and 10.5 m. The pattern
obtained at 14 m is similar, but performs better under the actual solar-PV
condition indicating that the MPPT performs better with an actual solar-PV
panel to supply more accurate operational curves.
Power Efficiency vs. Time Power_Efficiency_0m

40 Power_Efficiency_3.5m
35
Power_Efficiency_7m
30
25
20 Power_Efficiency_14m
15
10
5
0
Time (HH:MM:SS)
Figure 5-9: Power Efficiency versus Time for Actual Solar-PV panel
Table 5-3 presents the energy efficiency results obtained for the actual solar-
PV panel, calculated in the same manner as the emulated results. Here, based
on the actual solar-PV panel calculated results, it is possible to note that the
emulated results are corresponding with the actual results case. Not only in
magnitude but the whole characteristic curve for a morning to early afternoon
corresponds with the obtained emulated solar-PV panel curves as illustrated in
Figure 5-8.

Table 5-3: Summary of Energy Efficiencies results obtained from the actual solar-PV panel test case
in comparison to the emulated energy efficiency results for the same pumping heights
Pumping Height Overall Energy Overall Energy Energy Efficiency

(Meters) Efficiency Efficiency Actual (%) Difference (%)
Emulated (%)
0 2.5 3.1 ~0.6
3.5 19.1 19.5 ~0.4
7 30.3 30.3 0
10.5 31.1 29.5 ~1.6
14 15 23.5 ~8.5
5.6. O VERVI EW OF E NERGY E FFICIENCY R ESULTS

The solar-PV water pump unit’s flow rates and power efficiencies for the five
pumping heights have been determined in an attempt to understand the
achievable performance of the unit. From these plots in Figure 5-1 and Figure
5-2 valuable insights have been obtained relating to the operational
characteristics of the water pump unit. Accordingly these results yielded that a
high flow rate does not guarantee a high practical efficiency. Another
important characteristic is the effect that the increase in pumping height has on
the performance of the system.
When analysing the operational cycle of the solar-PV water pump unit it
became evident that it performs better under load, as is expected from most
electrical/mechanical systems. The water pump unit’s maximum practical
limits have been established for each of the five pumping heights. When
analysing the data measurements of the complete operational cycle per
pumping height the performance could be compared according to the flow
rate, energy efficiency and work performed. It has been established that
between 7 and 14 meters the optimal practical energy efficiency is exceeded.
Therefore at higher pumping heights the limits of the pump at lower power
levels drastically influences the functional performance.
The plotted power efficiencies from Figure 5-8 demonstrate the achievable
operational characteristics of the water pump unit using solar-PV panel data.
The plots demonstrate how the pumping height and solar irradiation affect the
operational power efficiency achieved by the water pump unit. Another
interesting observation is the decreased daily time interval that the water pump
unit actually pumps water at higher pumping heights.
In the pursuance of validating the power efficiency plots and energy efficiency
results obtained from the solar irradiation data a set of results has also been
obtained performing the same experiment with an actual solar-PV panel. Using
the results it was established that the practical operational characteristics
present in Figure 5-8 are also present in Figure 5-9. The calculated energy

efficiency results from the experiment with the actual solar-PV panel yielded
more or less the same result as obtained to the results obtained with the
emulated case. The exception was that at higher pumping heights the water
pump unit with an actual solar-PV panel performs better than the emulated
case. This can be due to the incorrect modelling of the panel resistances or
merely better water pump operation with an actual solar-PV panel.

In this chapter the solar-PV water pump unit has been characterised and the
energy efficiency of the unit has been calculated as is presented in Table 5-2
and Table 5-3. The pump’s characteristic curves of these results are shown in
Figure 5-8 and Figure 5-9. It can be noted that the emulated and the actual
solar-PV panel energy efficiency results are similar if not identical at some of
the pumping heights. The power efficiency plots characterise the pump’s
operational characteristics for a daily operational cycle of a fluctuating system.
The energy efficiency characterisation allows calculation of a single value

representing the complete operational efficiency of the solar-PV water pump
unit. The power efficiency plots provide important information which may be
utilised in the interest of obtaining a better understanding of the operational
conditions with lower efficiencies.
A note on the experimental setup in Figure 4-2, the power supply and resistor
connected in between was used to emulate the VI curve of the solar-PV panel
chosen in section 3.5.1 with the solar irradiation data from appendix A.b
plotted in Figure 2-8. The resistor was adjusted according to the data and the
input voltage and current was measured and monitored for each desired
operational level. The results obtained for the emulated case combined with
the results obtained for the actual case dictate the accuracy and validity of the
experimental setup and method of performing the experiment.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
6. CONCLUSION
6.1. I NTRODUCTION
Past research on Solar-PV water pumping were identified, analysed and
compared to the objectives of this research study. This was done in an attempt
to elaborate on research that has not yet been fully conducted. The two main
aspects which have been identified as possible topics to investigate are:
performance indicators and component choice considerations. The
performance indicators applied to date are unable to properly characterise and
portray the function of a system with non-constant operational conditions such
as found in pumping systems operating without batteries. The scale of the
water pumping system is important due to the fact that larger scale systems
would be superfluous in a rural community. Therefore smaller scale systems
constituting an operational range of in-between 100 to 500 Watt was focussed
on.
A method had to be developed in the pursuance of improving the existing

characterisation of solar-PV water pumping systems’ performance during an
entire operational cycle. The average annual solar irradiation of a daily cycle
has been considered in the interest of understanding the operational cycle of a
solar-PV water pumping system. The power efficiency of a solar-PV water
pumping system only characterises specific conditions of operation. The
energy efficiency of a solar-PV water pumping system is capable of
characterising the full daily operation cycle.
The energy efficiency characterisation was formulated from the relation

between power, energy and time. An experimental setup has been constructed
in an attempt to acquire measurements to calculate the energy efficiency. This
energy efficiency more appropriately characterises the daily operational
performance of the solar-PV water pumping unit. The solar-PV water pumping
system had to be designed and constructed from existing components. Due to
the nature of the solar-PV water pumping system components it was dictated
that - for the purposes of this study only - characterising the solar-PV water
pump unit would suffice to present the true state of affairs as the energy
efficiency characterisation of a system with fluctuating operational conditions.
6.2. S OLAR -PV W ATER P UMPING U NIT

The desired operational characteristics for a solar-PV water pump are
operation at multiple power levels and guaranteed operation at lower power
levels. Reliability and extensive operational lifetime are also key values which
can frequently be achieved by simplicity, however not always the case for the
implementation of new technologies. The other focus of this market is cost-

efficient pumping solutions which accordingly mean focus on reliable lower

cost units with lower efficiencies.
The solar-PV water pump unit elected from section 3.4 is not supplied with an
efficiency rating. This could indicate that the manufacturer is aware that power
efficiency does not accurately reflect the performance achievable by the solar-
PV water pump unit.
Reflecting on the experimental results the maximum flow rate achieved at a

0m pumping height was 1.62m3/h. The maximum pump height achieved was
17.5 meters with southern hemisphere solar irradiation and a 150 W solar-PV
panel. The water pump performs the best at a pumping height between 7 to
10.5 meters and has drastic decreases in performance beyond 10.5 meters. The
water pump operated better with an actual solar-PV panel than being powered
with a power supply according to solar irradiation data, this could indicate that
at the higher pumping heights the equivalent panel operation could not be
emulated.
6.3. E NERGY E FFICIENCY C HARACTERI SATION R ESULTS

The results obtained propose the concept of an improved performance
indicator for solar-PV water pumping systems and other systems with
fluctuating input and output operational conditions. The power efficiency
remains an accurate and appropriate performance indicator for constant
operating systems and characterising instantaneous operational points in time
of a system with fluctuating operational conditions. Accordingly the power
efficiency plots portray the operational characteristics of the solar-PV water
pump unit, which in turn intuits a different performance analysis perspective.
The energy efficiency figure obtained for each pumping height is a more
accurate representation of the performance of the water pump unit with the
operating conditions in question. Assuming we are comparing the possible
power efficiencies within each pumping height we can confirm that comparing
the power and energy efficiency is not an objective observation. It cannot be
concluded that for the system in question and the operational conditions
thereof that the energy efficiency would be less or more than the power
efficiency. This is true since if the power efficiency would be considered at a
low power level it would be lower than the calculated energy efficiency and
higher if considered at the optimal power efficiency. Needless to say a
performance indicator considering more operational factors when applicable
does constitute a maxim that is more noteworthy.
In reflection of the measurements obtained with the solar irradiation data and
the actual solar-PV panel it can be concluded that the outcome with the
emulated panel are proportionate. This dictates that the solar irradiation data
obtained was accurate and that the calculations done to perform the emulation
have value to continuously reproduce experimental conditions similar to an
actual solar-PV panel. The merit of the experimental procedure exercised is
the achieved control over the experimental environment and other factors
influencing accurate measurements.
6.4. F UTURE W O RK
Energy efficiency as a performance indicator has many undiscovered
contributions to many different applications. There are many systems with
fluctuating operational conditions that are presently either not rated or
characterised. These systems may not be operating at their full potential or the
performance of these systems cannot be appropriately expressed with a single
figure. The concept of energy efficiency can be applied to many different
industries including renewable energy, power generator characterisation with a
continuously changing load, computer power supplies, central processing units
and mobile software applications’ effect on the battery life of mobile devices
to name but a few.
Related future outcomes of the energy efficiency characterisation of a solar-

PV water pump would be that accurate performance indicators can be
allocated to these types of systems. Manufacturers of systems with fluctuating
operational conditions can exploit this performance indicator to compare if
technical changes to their products improve the overall operational efficiencies
achievable. The power efficiency plotted for the operational interval can be
applied to optimise the operational characteristic of the design of a system
operating under fluctuating operational conditions.
6.5. F INAL C ONCLUSIO N

The objective of this research study consisted of investigating a performance
indicator suitable for characterising a system with fluctuating operational
conditions. In light of previous research preformed on performance indicators
of systems with fluctuating operational conditions, literature on solar-PV water
pumping systems are readily available. Power efficiency characterisation has
frequently been employed to represent the performance of solar-PV water
pumping systems. It can be concluded that a non-battery assisted solar-PV
water pumping system has fluctuating input- as well as output functional
conditions. This means that calculating the power efficiency of such a system
will only characterise a single operational instant and not consider the full time
interval thereof.

Energy relates to power yet contains the component of time, energy considers
the factor of an interval or duration. Accordingly calculating the energy
efficiency of the solar-PV water pump constituted a performance indicator
representing the entire operational interval. In the pursuance of calculating the
energy efficiency of a solar-PV water pump a suitable experimental setup was
constructed with components elected from a comparison of multiple water
pump units. The experimental setup was designed and constructed to allow
appropriate measurements to be acquired. These measurements of input
voltage, current and output flow rate was put to use to calculate the input and
output energy of the water pump. The first set of results has been obtained by
emulating a solar-PV panel from acquired solar irradiation data and the second
set of results has been obtained with an actual solar-PV panel.
The operational characteristics of the water pump unit are illustrated with
power efficiency plots from Figure 5-2, Figure 5-8 and Figure 5-9. Figure 5-2
represents the possible operational efficiencies achievable at different solar
irradiation levels. While Figure 5-8 and Figure 5-9 exhibit the achievable
power efficiencies under the emulated solar irradiation and with an actual
solar-PV panel portraying the daily operational performances. These plots
reinforce the fact that power efficiency as a performance indicator for solar-PV
water pumping systems cannot accurately present a single figure on the
operational performance. The five distinct pumping heights elected
demonstrate the progressive change in operation with the increase in pumping
height and allows identifying the optimum operational intervals within each
pumping height.
Reflecting on the power efficiency possibilities from Figure 5-8 and Figure 5-9
yields the conclusion that the power efficiency may be dictated as any value
from 0 % to ~4.5 % (at 0 m), 0 % to ~25 % (at 3.5 m), 0 % to ~35 % (at 7m), 0
% to ~34 % (at 10.5 m) or 0 % to ~23 % (at 14 m). These possible results for
the power efficiency strengthen the requirement of a single performance
indicator value to accurately reflect the expected performance during a daily
interval. This study presents the energy efficiency as the desired performance
indicator to accurately calculate a single value to reflect the daily performance
of a solar-PV water pumping system.
The calculated energy efficiencies of the five pumping heights as listed in

Table 5-2 evaluate the operational performance as a single value of the
emulated solar irradiation. The emulated results are based on the solar
irradiation from Figure 2-8 calculated as an average daily solar irradiation of
multiple months. In Table 5-3 energy efficiency results of the same five
pumping heights are presented as obtained from performing the same
experiment with an actual solar-PV panel and compared to the emulated case.

These energy efficiencies for the emulated case have been calculated as 2.5 %
(0 m), 19.1 % (3.5m), 30.3% (7 m), 31.1 % (10.5 m) and 15 % (14 m).
Accordingly the energy efficiencies calculated with an actual solar-PV panel
are 3.1 % (0 m), 19.5 % (3.5 m), 30.3 % (7 m), 29.5 % (10.5 m) and 23.5 %
(14 m). These results obtained are closely comparable except at 14 m where
the actual solar-PV panel produced better energy efficiency, this may be due to
measurements only being taken for half a day with an actual solar-PV panel.
These results obtained establishes that for the solar-PV water pumping system
in question and under the solar irradiation conditions experienced by this
system the energy efficiency is an accurate single value performance indicator.
The power efficiency allows identification of operational characteristics that
may not be established by calculation of the energy efficiency.
Resolutions on the project objectives are that the solar-PV water pumping
system components and factors influencing the system operation have been
identified and analysed. Many research sources have been utilised to analyse
and identify research short comings and factors that may be improved upon.
Performance indicators have been identified as an important part of solar-PV
water pumping systems where contributions can be made. The existing
performance indicators where studied and evaluated according to the value of
their results and energy efficiency was identified as a possible single value
performance indicator to present the single daily operation. In the pursuance of
experimentally verifying the energy efficiency of a solar-PV water pumping
system as a suitable indicator a suitable system was chosen and assembled to
validate the accuracy and usability of the energy efficiency.

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APPENDICES
A. APPENDIX A:
a. D ATA S HEETS
i. Yokogawa Instrumentation Manual
ii. Current Automation Water pump specifications
Thean Hoogenboezem Page - 1 -

APPENDICES
b. S OLAR I RRADIATI ON D ATA

i. Measurements

Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May May June June July July Augst Augst
Time DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc
05:37 165 358
05:52 228 494 194 379
06:07 276 599 269 524
06:22 314 681 324 632 242 451
06:37 344 745 366 714 309 574 199 309
06:52 368 799 399 778 358 665 287 445 356 445
07:07 388 843 425 830 395 736 353 549 363 461 308 353 314 362 450 563
07:22 406 880 447 873 425 791 405 628 448 569 417 478 415 478 519 649
07:37 420 912 465 908 450 837 445 691 512 649 500 573 491 566 572 716
07:52 433 940 481 938 470 874 478 742 561 712 563 645 551 634 614 768
08:07 444 963 494 964 487 906 505 784 599 761 612 702 598 688 648 810
08:22 453 984 505 986 501 932 527 819 631 801 651 747 636 732 675 844
08:37 462 1000 515 1010 513 955 546 848 657 834 684 785 668 769 698 873
08:52 469 1020 524 1020 524 975 563 873 679 862 711 815 694 799 718 897
09:07 475 1030 531 1040 533 991 576 895 697 885 733 841 716 825 734 918
09:22 481 1040 537 1050 541 1010 588 913 713 905 752 863 735 846 748 935
09:37 485 1050 543 1060 547 1020 598 928 726 922 768 881 751 865 760 950
09:52 489 1060 547 1070 553 1030 607 942 737 936 782 897 765 880 770 963
10:07 493 1070 551 1080 558 1040 614 953 747 948 793 910 776 893 778 973
10:22 496 1080 555 1080 562 1050 620 963 754 958 803 921 785 904 785 982
10:37 498 1080 558 1090 565 1050 625 970 761 966 810 930 793 913 791 989
10:52 500 1090 560 1090 568 1060 629 977 766 972 817 937 799 920 796 995
11:07 502 1090 562 1100 570 1060 633 982 770 977 822 942 804 926 800 1000
11:22 503 1090 563 1100 572 1060 635 985 773 981 825 947 808 930 802 1000
11:37 504 1090 564 1100 573 1070 636 988 775 984 827 949 810 933 804 1010
11:52 504 1090 564 1100 573 1070 637 989 776 985 829 951 812 934 805 1010
12:07 504 1090 564 1100 573 1070 637 989 776 985 829 951 812 934 805 1010
12:22 504 1090 564 1100 573 1070 636 988 775 984 827 949 810 933 804 1010
12:37 503 1090 563 1100 572 1060 635 985 773 981 825 947 808 930 802 1000
12:52 502 1090 562 1100 570 1060 633 982 770 977 822 942 804 926 800 1000
13:07 500 1090 560 1090 568 1060 629 977 766 972 817 937 799 920 796 995
13:22 498 1080 558 1090 565 1050 625 970 761 966 810 930 793 913 791 989
13:37 496 1080 555 1080 562 1050 620 963 754 958 803 921 785 904 785 982
13:52 493 1070 551 1080 558 1040 614 953 747 948 793 910 776 893 778 973
14:07 489 1060 547 1070 553 1030 607 942 737 936 782 897 765 880 770 963
14:22 485 1050 543 1060 547 1020 598 928 726 922 768 881 751 865 760 950
14:37 481 1040 537 1050 541 1010 588 913 713 905 752 863 735 846 748 935
14:52 475 1030 531 1040 533 991 576 895 697 885 733 841 716 825 734 918
15:07 469 1020 524 1020 524 975 563 873 679 862 711 815 694 799 718 897
15:22 462 1000 515 1010 513 955 546 848 657 834 684 785 668 769 698 873
15:37 453 984 505 986 501 932 527 819 631 801 651 747 636 732 675 844
15:52 444 963 494 964 487 906 505 784 599 761 612 702 598 688 648 810
16:07 433 940 481 938 470 874 478 742 561 712 0 0 551 634 614 768
16:22 420 912 465 908 450 837 445 691 0 0 0 0 0 0 572 716
16:37 406 880 447 873 425 791 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16:52 388 843 425 830 395 736 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17:07 368 799 399 778 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17:22 344 745 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17:37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17:52 0 0 0 0 0 0
18:07 0 0 0 0
18:22 0 0 0 0
18:37 0 0
Sept Sept Okt Okt Nov Nov Dec Dec Ave Ave AveR AveR
DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc DNI DNIc
153 280 230 423 182.667 353.6667 183 354
232 424 298 547 238 461 238 461
236 365 294 538 350 642 285 533.6 285 534
185 212 316 489 342 626 390 716 301.857 543.8571 302 544
296 339 378 585 381 697 423 776 337 592.375 337 592
386 442 426 659 412 754 449 825 382.333 645.7778 382 646
459 525 465 719 438 801 472 866 402.5 634 403 634
517 592 497 769 459 841 491 901 453.833 704.0833 454 704
565 647 523 810 478 875 507 931 494 759.5833 494 760
606 693 546 845 494 904 521 957 526.5 804.3333 527 804
640 732 565 875 508 929 533 979 552.75 841.0833 553 841
669 765 581 900 520 951 544 999 574.417 871.6667 574 872
694 794 596 922 530 970 553 1020 593 898.3333 593 898
716 819 608 941 539 986 561 1030 608.833 919.75 609 920
734 840 619 958 547 1000 568 1040 621.917 938.5833 622 939
750 858 628 972 554 1010 574 1050 633.417 954.3333 633 954
764 874 636 984 560 1020 579 1060 643.083 967.8333 643 968
776 888 643 995 565 1030 584 1070 651.5 980.0833 652 980
786 899 649 1000 569 1040 588 1080 658.5 990.5 659 991
794 909 653 1010 573 1050 591 1090 664.25 999.75 664 1000
801 917 658 1020 576 1050 594 1090 669.167 1005.417 669 1005
807 923 661 1020 579 1060 596 1100 673.167 1012 673 1012
812 929 664 1030 581 1060 598 1100 676.5 1016.333 677 1016
815 932 665 1030 582 1070 600 1100 678.583 1018.75 679 1019
817 935 667 1030 583 1070 600 1100 680 1021.583 680 1022
818 936 667 1030 583 1070 601 1100 680.75 1022.083 681 1022
818 936 667 1030 583 1070 601 1100 680.75 1022.083 681 1022
817 935 667 1030 583 1070 600 1100 680 1021.583 680 1022
815 932 665 1030 582 1070 600 1100 678.583 1018.75 679 1019
812 929 664 1030 581 1060 598 1100 676.5 1016.333 677 1016
807 923 661 1020 579 1060 596 1100 673.167 1012 673 1012
801 917 658 1020 576 1050 594 1090 669.167 1005.417 669 1005
794 909 653 1010 573 1050 591 1090 664.25 999.75 664 1000
786 899 649 1000 569 1040 588 1080 658.5 990.5 659 991
776 888 643 995 565 1030 584 1070 651.5 980.0833 652 980
764 874 636 984 560 1020 579 1060 643.083 967.8333 643 968
750 858 628 972 554 1010 574 1050 633.417 954.3333 633 954
734 840 619 958 547 1000 568 1040 621.917 938.5833 622 939
716 819 608 941 539 986 561 1030 608.833 919.75 609 920
694 794 596 922 530 970 553 1020 593 898.3333 593 898
669 765 581 900 520 951 544 999 574.417 871.6667 574 872
640 732 565 875 508 929 533 979 552.75 841.0833 553 841
606 693 546 845 494 904 521 957 479.583 750.5833 480 751
565 647 523 810 478 875 507 931 368.75 610.5833 369 611
517 592 497 769 459 841 491 901 270.167 470.5833 270 471
0 0 465 719 438 801 472 866 215.25 399.5833 215 400
0 0 426 659 412 754 449 825 171.167 317.9167 171 318
0 0 0 0 381 697 423 776 127.556 246.4444 128 246
0 0 0 0 0 0 390 716 48.75 89.5 49 90
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
European Commission
Photovoltaic Geographical Information System Joint Research Centre
Ispra, Italy
Average Daily Solar Irradiance
PVGIS Estimates of average daily profiles

Location: 26°11'3" South, 27°59'48" East, Elevation: 1739 m a.s.l.,
Inclination of plane: 15 deg.

Orientation (azimuth) of plane: -90 deg.
Radiation estimates
Time G Gd Gc DNI DNIc A Ad Ac

05:37 129 55 151 238 368 340 98 454
05:52 207 87 246 327 505 475 142 631
06:07 270 104 327 394 609 561 157 749
06:22 330 119 407 447 690 628 170 840
06:37 388 133 483 489 755 681 179 912
06:52 443 144 557 523 808 724 187 969
07:07 495 154 629 551 852 759 193 1020
07:22 545 162 696 575 889 788 197 1050
07:37 591 169 761 595 920 812 200 1090
07:52 634 175 821 613 947 831 201 1110
08:07 673 179 878 628 971 846 202 1130
08:22 710 182 930 641 991 858 201 1150
08:37 742 184 978 653 1010 867 200 1160
08:52 772 186 1020 663 1020 874 198 1170
09:07 797 186 1060 671 1040 880 196 1180
09:22 820 186 1100 679 1050 883 194 1190
09:37 839 185 1120 686 1060 885 191 1190
09:52 854 184 1150 691 1070 887 188 1200
10:07 867 182 1170 696 1080 887 185 1200
10:22 875 181 1180 700 1080 887 182 1200
10:37 881 179 1190 704 1090 887 180 1200
10:52 883 177 1200 707 1090 886 177 1200
11:07 883 175 1200 709 1100 886 175 1200
11:22 879 173 1190 710 1100 885 174 1200
11:37 872 172 1180 711 1100 885 173 1200
11:52 862 170 1170 712 1100 885 172 1200
12:07 850 169 1150 712 1100 885 172 1200
12:22 834 167 1130 711 1100 885 173 1200
12:37 816 166 1100 710 1100 885 174 1200
12:52 795 165 1070 709 1100 886 175 1200
13:07 771 164 1030 707 1090 886 177 1200
13:22 745 163 994 704 1090 887 180 1200
13:37 717 162 950 700 1080 887 182 1200
13:52 686 161 903 696 1080 887 185 1200
14:07 653 159 853 691 1070 887 188 1200
14:22 617 157 800 686 1060 885 191 1190
14:37 580 154 744 679 1050 883 194 1190
14:52 540 151 685 671 1040 880 196 1180
15:07 499 147 625 663 1020 874 198 1170
15:22 456 143 562 653 1010 867 200 1160
15:37 412 137 499 641 991 858 201 1150
15:52 367 131 434 628 971 846 202 1130
16:07 321 124 370 613 947 831 201 1110
16:22 275 116 305 595 920 812 200 1090
16:37 228 107 242 575 889 788 197 1050
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
16:52 183 97 181 551 852 759 193 1020

17:07 138 86 122 523 808 724 187 969
17:22 96 74 68 489 755 681 179 912
17:37 89 89 53 0 0 628 170 840
17:52 75 75 45 0 0 561 157 749
18:07 60 59 36 0 0 475 142 631
18:22 43 43 26 0 0 340 98 454
18:37 26 26 16 0 0 12 10 7
G: Global irradiance on a fixed plane (W/m2)
Gd: Diffuse irradiance on a fixed plane (W/m2)
Gc: Global clear-sky irradiance on a fixed plane (W/m2)
DNI: Direct normal irradiance (W/m2)
DNIc: Clear-sky direct normal irradiance (W/m2)
A: Global irradiance on 2-axis tracking plane (W/m2)
Ad: Diffuse irradiance on 2-axis tracking plane (W/m2)
Ac: Global clear-sky irradiance on 2-axis tracking plane (W/m2)
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
Daily Irradiance on a fixed plane
Direct normal irradiance
Daily Irradiance on a 2-axis tracking plane
Page 3/4
European Commission
Ispra, Italy
Outline of horizon with sun path for winter and summer solstice
PVGIS (c) European Communities, 2001-2012

Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged.
http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/
Disclaimer:
The European Commission maintains this website to enhance public access to information about its initiatives and European Union policies in general. However the
Commission accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the information on this site.
This information is:
- of a general nature only and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual or entity;
- not necessarily comprehensive, complete, accurate or up to date;
- not professional or legal advice (if you need specific advice, you should always consult a suitably qualified professional).
Some data or information on this site may have been created or structured in files or formats that are not error-free and we cannot guarantee that our service will not be
interrupted or otherwise affected by such problems. The Commission accepts no responsibility with regard to such problems incurred as a result of using this site or any
linked external sites.
Page 4/4
European Commission
Ispra, Italy


Radiation estimates

06:22 184 75 219 306 462 441 130 578
06:37 251 92 305 387 585 540 145 715
06:52 313 106 387 447 676 614 157 816
07:07 372 119 464 494 746 671 165 892
07:22 427 129 538 530 801 716 172 952
07:37 479 138 607 560 846 752 177 1000
07:52 526 146 672 585 883 781 181 1040
08:07 571 152 733 605 914 804 183 1070
08:22 611 156 789 623 941 823 184 1090
08:37 648 160 840 638 963 838 184 1110
08:52 680 162 887 650 982 849 183 1130
09:07 709 164 929 661 999 858 182 1140
09:22 735 165 966 671 1010 865 181 1150
09:37 756 165 997 679 1030 870 179 1160
09:52 774 165 1020 686 1040 874 177 1170
10:07 788 164 1040 691 1040 876 175 1170
10:22 798 163 1060 696 1050 878 172 1180
10:37 805 162 1070 701 1060 879 170 1180
10:52 808 160 1080 704 1060 880 168 1180
11:07 808 159 1080 706 1070 880 167 1180
11:22 804 157 1070 708 1070 880 166 1180
11:37 797 155 1060 710 1070 880 165 1180
11:52 786 154 1050 710 1070 880 164 1180
12:07 773 152 1030 710 1070 880 164 1180
12:22 756 151 1000 710 1070 880 165 1180
12:37 737 150 976 708 1070 880 166 1180
12:52 714 148 943 706 1070 880 167 1180
13:07 689 146 905 704 1060 880 168 1180
13:22 660 145 863 701 1060 879 170 1180
13:37 629 143 818 696 1050 878 172 1180
13:52 596 141 769 691 1040 876 175 1170
14:07 560 138 716 686 1040 874 177 1170
14:22 521 135 660 679 1030 870 179 1160
14:37 481 131 602 671 1010 865 181 1150
14:52 438 127 541 661 999 858 182 1140
15:07 394 122 479 650 982 849 183 1130
15:22 348 116 415 638 963 838 184 1110
15:37 302 109 350 623 941 823 184 1090
15:52 254 101 285 605 914 804 183 1070
16:07 206 92 220 585 883 781 181 1040
16:22 159 83 157 560 846 752 177 1000
16:37 113 72 97 530 801 716 172 952
16:52 69 60 41 494 746 671 165 892
17:07 76 76 46 0 0 614 157 816
17:22 62 62 38 0 0 540 145 715
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
17:37 47 47 29 0 0 441 130 578

17:52 31 31 19 0 0 14 12 9
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy

Disclaimer:
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy


Radiation estimates

07:07 190 41 205 442 462 534 87 575
07:22 256 48 276 545 570 647 94 694
07:37 319 54 342 623 650 731 99 783
07:52 377 60 404 682 712 796 102 851
08:07 432 64 462 729 762 848 104 905
08:22 482 67 515 768 802 889 105 948
08:37 529 70 563 800 835 922 106 983
08:52 571 72 608 826 863 950 106 1010
09:07 608 74 647 849 886 972 105 1030
09:22 642 75 682 867 906 990 104 1050
09:37 671 76 713 883 923 1010 103 1070
09:52 695 76 738 897 937 1020 102 1080
10:07 715 76 759 908 949 1030 101 1090
10:22 730 76 774 918 959 1040 100 1100
10:37 741 76 785 926 967 1040 99 1110
10:52 747 75 791 932 973 1050 98 1110
11:07 748 74 793 937 978 1050 97 1110
11:22 745 74 789 941 982 1050 96 1120
11:37 737 73 781 943 985 1060 96 1120
11:52 725 72 768 944 986 1060 96 1120
12:07 709 70 751 944 986 1060 96 1120
12:22 689 69 730 943 985 1060 96 1120
12:37 664 68 704 941 982 1050 96 1120
12:52 636 66 674 937 978 1050 97 1110
13:07 604 65 640 932 973 1050 98 1110
13:22 568 63 602 926 967 1040 99 1110
13:37 529 61 562 918 959 1040 100 1100
13:52 487 58 517 908 949 1030 101 1090
14:07 443 56 471 897 937 1020 102 1080
14:22 396 53 421 883 923 1010 103 1070
14:37 347 50 370 867 906 990 104 1050
14:52 297 47 317 849 886 972 105 1030
15:07 246 43 262 826 863 950 106 1010
15:22 194 38 208 800 835 922 106 983
15:37 143 34 154 768 802 889 105 948
15:52 94 29 101 729 762 848 104 905
16:07 47 24 51 682 712 796 102 851
16:22 36 36 43 0 0 731 99 783
16:37 30 30 36 0 0 647 94 694
16:52 23 23 28 0 0 534 87 575
17:07 16 16 19 0 0 8 6 9
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy

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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy

Disclaimer:
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy


Radiation estimates

07:07 132 16 136 397 362 439 40 437
07:22 207 27 216 535 488 600 60 604
07:37 273 31 280 639 583 710 64 708
07:52 335 34 340 718 655 794 66 788
08:07 393 37 396 779 711 860 68 849
08:22 447 39 447 829 756 912 68 898
08:37 496 41 494 869 793 954 69 938
08:52 541 42 537 903 824 989 69 970
09:07 582 43 576 931 849 1020 68 996
09:22 618 44 610 954 871 1040 68 1020
09:37 650 45 639 974 889 1060 67 1040
09:52 676 45 664 991 904 1080 66 1050
10:07 698 45 684 1000 917 1090 65 1060
10:22 715 45 700 1020 928 1100 64 1070
10:37 727 45 710 1030 937 1110 64 1080
10:52 734 44 717 1030 944 1120 63 1080
11:07 736 44 718 1040 949 1120 63 1090
11:22 733 43 715 1040 954 1130 62 1090
11:37 725 43 707 1050 956 1130 62 1090
11:52 713 42 695 1050 958 1130 62 1090
12:07 696 41 679 1050 958 1130 62 1090
12:22 674 40 658 1050 956 1130 62 1090
12:37 648 39 634 1040 954 1130 62 1090
12:52 618 38 605 1040 949 1120 63 1090
13:07 584 37 573 1030 944 1120 63 1080
13:22 546 36 537 1030 937 1110 64 1080
13:37 505 34 498 1020 928 1100 64 1070
13:52 460 33 456 1000 917 1090 65 1060
14:07 413 31 412 991 904 1080 66 1050
14:22 364 29 365 974 889 1060 67 1040
14:37 313 27 316 954 871 1040 68 1020
14:52 261 25 266 931 849 1020 68 996
15:07 208 22 215 903 824 989 69 970
15:22 155 20 164 869 793 954 69 938
15:37 104 17 114 829 756 912 68 898
15:52 55 14 66 779 711 860 68 849
16:07 22 22 43 0 0 794 66 788
16:22 19 19 37 0 0 710 64 708
16:37 15 15 30 0 0 600 60 604
16:52 11 11 22 0 0 5 4 10
17:07 7 7 13 0 0 3 2 6
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy

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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy

Disclaimer:
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy


Radiation estimates

06:22 94 30 106 200 217 251 49 281
06:37 173 54 194 318 345 410 87 459
06:52 245 67 273 414 449 525 104 587
07:07 314 79 349 490 532 617 117 687
07:22 380 88 422 551 599 690 127 768
07:37 442 97 490 602 654 749 134 833
07:52 502 104 555 644 700 798 139 886
08:07 557 109 616 680 739 838 142 929
08:22 609 114 672 711 772 871 144 965
08:37 656 118 724 737 801 899 145 994
08:52 699 120 771 759 825 921 145 1020
09:07 738 122 813 779 846 940 144 1040
09:22 772 123 850 796 864 955 143 1050
09:37 802 124 882 810 880 967 142 1070
09:52 827 124 909 822 893 977 140 1080
10:07 847 124 931 833 905 984 138 1080
10:22 862 123 947 842 915 991 137 1090
10:37 873 123 959 849 923 995 135 1090
10:52 879 122 965 855 929 999 134 1100
11:07 881 120 967 860 934 1000 132 1100
11:22 878 119 963 863 938 1000 131 1100
11:37 871 118 955 866 941 1000 131 1100
11:52 859 116 942 867 942 1010 130 1100
12:07 843 115 924 867 942 1010 130 1100
12:22 822 113 902 866 941 1000 131 1100
12:37 798 112 875 863 938 1000 131 1100
12:52 770 110 844 860 934 1000 132 1100
13:07 738 108 809 855 929 999 134 1100
13:22 702 106 770 849 923 995 135 1090
13:37 663 104 728 842 915 991 137 1090
13:52 621 102 682 833 905 984 138 1080
14:07 577 99 633 822 893 977 140 1080
14:22 529 96 581 810 880 967 142 1070
14:37 480 92 527 796 864 955 143 1050
14:52 428 88 471 779 846 940 144 1040
15:07 376 83 413 759 825 921 145 1020
15:22 322 78 354 737 801 899 145 994
15:37 268 72 295 711 772 871 144 965
15:52 215 66 237 680 739 838 142 929
16:07 163 59 180 644 700 798 139 886
16:22 114 52 125 602 654 749 134 833
16:37 68 44 75 551 599 690 127 768
16:52 56 56 66 0 0 617 117 687
17:07 46 46 54 0 0 525 104 587
17:22 36 36 41 0 0 410 87 459
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
17:37 24 24 28 0 0 11 10 13
17:52 11 11 13 0 0 5 4 6
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy

Disclaimer:
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy


Radiation estimates

05:37 154 63 181 278 429 408 124 537
05:52 228 92 273 359 554 516 149 683
06:07 289 108 352 420 648 593 162 789
06:22 348 122 429 468 722 653 173 872
06:37 405 134 504 507 782 702 181 937
06:52 458 145 577 539 831 742 188 990
07:07 509 154 646 565 872 774 193 1030
07:22 557 162 713 588 907 801 196 1070
07:37 602 168 776 607 936 822 198 1100
07:52 644 174 835 624 962 840 199 1120
08:07 683 177 890 638 984 854 200 1140
08:22 718 180 942 650 1000 865 199 1160
08:37 750 182 989 661 1020 873 197 1170
08:52 779 183 1030 671 1030 879 195 1180
09:07 804 183 1070 679 1050 884 193 1190
09:22 826 183 1100 686 1060 887 190 1190
09:37 845 182 1130 693 1070 889 187 1200
09:52 860 181 1160 698 1080 890 184 1200
10:07 872 179 1180 703 1080 890 182 1200
10:22 880 177 1190 707 1090 890 179 1200
10:37 886 176 1200 710 1090 890 176 1200
10:52 888 174 1200 713 1100 889 174 1210
11:07 887 172 1200 715 1100 888 172 1210
11:22 883 170 1200 716 1100 888 170 1210
11:37 877 168 1190 717 1110 887 169 1210
11:52 867 167 1180 718 1110 887 169 1210
12:07 854 166 1160 718 1110 887 169 1210
12:22 839 164 1130 717 1110 887 169 1210
12:37 821 163 1110 716 1100 888 170 1210
12:52 800 162 1080 715 1100 888 172 1210
13:07 777 161 1040 713 1100 889 174 1210
13:22 751 160 1000 710 1090 890 176 1200
13:37 723 159 959 707 1090 890 179 1200
13:52 693 158 913 703 1080 890 182 1200
14:07 660 156 863 698 1080 890 184 1200
14:22 625 154 810 693 1070 889 187 1200
14:37 588 152 755 686 1060 887 190 1190
14:52 549 149 697 679 1050 884 193 1190
15:07 508 146 638 671 1030 879 195 1180
15:22 466 141 576 661 1020 873 197 1170
15:37 423 136 513 650 1000 865 199 1160
15:52 378 130 450 638 984 854 200 1140
16:07 332 124 386 624 962 840 199 1120
16:22 286 116 322 607 936 822 198 1100
16:37 240 107 259 588 907 801 196 1070
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy
16:52 195 98 197 565 872 774 193 1030

17:07 150 87 139 539 831 742 188 990
17:22 108 76 84 507 782 702 181 937
17:37 68 64 34 468 722 653 173 872
17:52 78 78 46 0 0 593 162 789
18:07 64 64 37 0 0 516 149 683
18:22 48 48 28 0 0 408 124 537
18:37 32 32 19 0 0 15 12 9
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Ispra, Italy
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European Commission
Ispra, Italy

Disclaimer:
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APPENDICES
ii. Graph
DNI - Actual
AVE DNI, DNIc vs. Time supplied solar
1.2 radiation
DNIc - Clear sky
solar radiation
1
Solar Irradiation (kW.m2)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
Figure A-1: Solar Irradiation for clear sky and actual operation for the daily annual
average

APPENDICES
B. APPENDIX B:
a. S OLAR -PV W ATER PUMP C HARACTERISATIO N D ATA
i. Results

Power_Efficiency_0m Power_Efficiency_3.5m Power_Efficiency_7m Power_Efficiency_10.5m Power_Efficiency_14m
3.88 24.43 16.29 0 0

3.68 22.55 24.42 8.45 0
3.43 22.69 31.12 8.45 0
3.12 22.63 34.34 18.73 0
3.12 21.71 34.34 18.73 0
2.84 21.71 34.96 29.3 0
2.84 20.86 33.3 29.3 0
2.6 19.78 31.68 28.75 0
2.47 19.78 32.7 28.75 0
2.3 18.62 32.7 32.87 10.35
2.3 18.62 30.81 32.85 10.35
2.3 18.71 29.8 33.43 12.82
2.3 18.71 29.8 33.43 12.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.79 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.79 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.79 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 34.25 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 34.25 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 34.25 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 34.25 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.72 22.82
2.3 18.71 30.55 34.25 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 34.25 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 34.25 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 34.25 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.79 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.79 17.25
2.3 18.71 30.55 33.79 17.25
2.3 18.71 29.8 33.43 12.82
2.3 18.71 29.8 33.43 12.82
2.3 18.62 30.81 32.85 10.35
2.47 19.78 32.7 28.75 0
2.84 21.71 34.96 29.3 0
3.43 22.69 31.12 8.45 0
3.88 21.53 25.83 0 0
3.88 24.43 16.29 0 0
4.26 19.71 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Isolation Current Voltage Rint P_PV_Out Time(Seconds) Liters(0m) Flow Rate (L/s) Flow Rate (m^3/s) 0m
Power Out Power Efficiency(%) 0m
0 0 0 13 0 NA NA
50 0.7 22 10.5 15.4 85.2 15 0.18 0.00018 0.18 1.17
100 0.8 22.5 9.4 18 73.59 15 0.2 0.0002 0.2 1.11
150 0.9 22 11.8 19.8 70 15 0.21 0.00021 0.21 1.06
200 0.9 22.5 8.3 20.25 68.41 15 0.22 0.00022 0.22 1.09
250 1.15 22 7.3 25.3 59.08 15 0.25 0.00025 0.25 0.99
300 1.55 21.5 6.5 33.325 49.41 15 0.3 0.0003 0.29 0.87
350 1.6 22 5.8 35.2 46 15 0.33 0.00033 0.32 0.91
400 1.77 22 5.2 38.94 44.67 15 0.34 0.00034 0.33 0.85
450 2 22 4.75 44 43.13 15 0.35 0.00035 0.34 0.77
500 2.2 24.5 4.3 53.9 38.63 15 0.39 0.00039 0.38 0.71
550 2.4 27 4.05 64.8 35 15 0.43 0.00043 0.42 0.65
600 2.5 28 3.8 70 34 15 0.44 0.00044 0.43 0.61
650 2.6 29.5 3.5 76.7 33 15 0.45 0.00045 0.44 0.57
700 2.6 29.5 3.5 76.7 33 15 0.45 0.00045 0.44 0.57
750 2.6 29.5 3.5 76.7 33 15 0.45 0.00045 0.44 0.57
800 2.6 29.5 3.5 76.7 33 15 0.45 0.00045 0.44 0.57
850 2.6 29.5 3.5 76.7 33 15 0.45 0.00045 0.44 0.57
900 2.6 29.5 3.5 76.7 33 15 0.45 0.00045 0.44 0.57
950 2.6 29.5 3.5 76.7 33 15 0.45 0.00045 0.44 0.57
1000 2.6 29.5 3.5 76.7 33 15 0.45 0.00045 0.44 0.57
Isolation Current Voltage Rint P_PV_Out Time(s) (5PSI) Flow Rate(5PSI)
Flow Rate(L/s) Flow Rate (m^3/s) 3.5m
Power Out Power Efficiency(%) 3.5m
0 0 0 13 0 NA NA
50 0.75 22 11.8 16.5 141.07 15 0.11 0.00011 3.78 22.91
100 0.8 22 10.5 17.6 139 15 0.11 0.00011 3.78 21.48
150 0.95 22 9.4 20.9 125.21 15 0.12 0.00012 4.12 19.71
200 1.15 22 8.3 25.3 85.51 15 0.18 0.00018 6.18 24.43
250 1.45 22 7.3 31.9 75 15 0.2 0.0002 6.87 21.54
300 1.7 21.5 6.5 36.55 62.02 15 0.24 0.00024 8.24 22.54
350 1.9 21.5 5.8 40.85 54.91 15 0.27 0.00027 9.27 22.69
400 2 22 5.2 44 52 15 0.29 0.00029 9.96 22.64
450 2.2 23 4.75 50.6 47.505 15 0.32 0.00032 10.99 21.72
500 2.4 24 4.75 57.6 43.01 15 0.35 0.00035 12.02 20.87
550 2.5 25 4.3 62.5 42.13 15 0.36 0.00036 12.36 19.78
600 2.7 27 4.05 72.9 37.32 15 0.4 0.0004 13.73 18.83
650 2.7 28 3.8 75.6 36.28 15 0.41 0.00041 14.08 18.62
700 2.8 29.5 3.5 82.6 33.68 15 0.45 0.00045 15.45 18.7
750 2.8 29.5 3.5 82.6 33.68 15 0.45 0.00045 15.45 18.7
800 2.8 29.5 3.5 82.6 33.68 15 0.45 0.00045 15.45 18.7
850 2.8 29.5 3.5 82.6 33.68 15 0.45 0.00045 15.45 18.7
900 2.8 29.5 3.5 82.6 33.68 15 0.45 0.00045 15.45 18.7
950 2.8 29.5 3.5 82.6 33.68 15 0.45 0.00045 15.45 18.7
1000 2.8 29.5 3.5 82.6 33.68 15 0.45 0.00045 15.45 18.7
Isolation Current Voltage Rint P_PV_Out Time(s) (10PSI)
Liters(10PSI)
Flow Rate (L/s) Flow Rate (m^3/s) 7mPower Out Power Efficiency(%) 7m
0 0 0 13 0 NA NA
50 0.9 12.7 11.8 6.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 1.2 13.8 10.5 12.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
150 0.8 22 9.4 17.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
200 0.95 22 8.3 20.9 67.28 3 0.04 0.00004 2.75 13.16
250 1.15 22 7.3 25.3 265.4 15 0.06 0.00006 4.12 16.28
300 1.45 22 6.5 31.9 124.07 15 0.12 0.00012 8.24 25.83
350 1.7 21.5 5.8 36.55 119.82 15 0.13 0.00013 8.93 24.43
400 1.95 21.5 5.2 41.925 78.21 15 0.19 0.00019 13.05 31.13
450 2 22 4.75 44 67.39 15 0.22 0.00022 15.11 34.34
500 2.5 22 4.3 55 53.78 15 0.28 0.00028 19.23 34.96
550 2.6 23 4.3 59.8 50.9 15 0.29 0.00029 19.91 33.29
600 2.8 24 4.05 67.2 48.02 15 0.31 0.00031 21.29 31.68
650 2.8 25.5 3.8 71.4 44.46 15 0.34 0.00034 23.35 32.7
700 3 26 3.5 78 42.48 15 0.35 0.00035 24.03 30.81
750 3.1 27.5 3.35 85.25 40.18 15 0.37 0.00037 25.41 29.81
800 3.1 29 3.17 89.9 37.55 15 0.4 0.0004 27.47 30.56
850 3.1 29 3.17 89.9 37.55 15 0.4 0.0004 27.47 30.56
900 3.1 29 3.17 89.9 37.55 15 0.4 0.0004 27.47 30.56
950 3.1 29 3.17 89.9 37.55 15 0.4 0.0004 27.47 30.56
1000 3.1 29 3.17 89.9 37.55 15 0.4 0.0004 27.47 30.56
Liters(15PSI)
Flow Rate (L/s) Flow Rate (m^3/s) 10.5m
Power Out Power Efficiency(%) 10.5m
0 0 0 13 0 NA NA
50 0.9 12.7 11.8 6.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 1.2 13.8 10.5 12.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
150 1.5 14.5 9.4 19.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
200 1.8 15 8.3 26.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
250 2.2 16.06 7.3 32.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
300 1.7 21.5 6.5 36.55 100.36 3 0.03 0.00003 2.06 5.64
350 2 21.5 5.8 43 170.01 9.25 0.05 0.00005 3.43 7.98
400 2 22 5.2 44 58.46 4.5 0.08 0.00008 5.49 12.48
450 2.5 22.5 4.75 56.25 92.5 15 0.16 0.00016 10.99 19.54
500 3 21.5 4.3 64.5 81.93 15 0.18 0.00018 12.36 19.16
550 3.2 23.5 4.05 75.2 63.34 15 0.24 0.00024 16.48 21.91
600 3.2 24.5 3.8 78.4 59.13 15 0.25 0.00025 17.17 21.9
650 3.2 26 3.5 83.2 54.92 15 0.27 0.00027 18.54 22.28
700 3.4 26 3.35 88.4 52.01 15 0.29 0.00029 19.91 22.52
750 3.5 27.5 3.17 96.25 46.92 15 0.32 0.00032 21.97 22.83
800 3.6 28 3 100.8 45.635 15 0.33 0.00033 22.66 22.48
850 3.7 29 2.85 107.3 44.35 15 0.34 0.00034 23.35 21.76
900 3.8 29.5 2.7 112.1 42.08 15 0.36 0.00036 24.72 22.05
950 3.8 29.5 2.7 112.1 42.08 15 0.36 0.00036 24.72 22.05
1000 3.8 29.5 2.7 112.1 42.08 15 0.36 0.00036 24.72 22.05
Liters(20PSI)
Flow Rate (L/s)
Flow Rate (m^3/s)
Power14m
Out Power Efficiency % 14m
0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 0.9 12.7 11.8 6.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 1.2 13.8 10.5 12.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
150 1.5 14.5 9.4 19.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
200 1.8 15 8.3 26.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
250 2.2 16.06 7.3 32.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
300 2.5 16 6.5 39.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
350 2.9 16.82 5.8 45.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
400 3.3 17 5.2 52 0 0 0 0 0 0
450 3.7 17.575 4.75 58.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
500 4 17.9 4.3 65.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
550 4.5 18.5 4.05 70.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
600 3.3 23 3.8 75.9 262.2 15 0.05720824 5.721E-05 11.22 14.8
650 3.6 23 3.5 82.8 194.1 15 0.07727975 7.728E-05 15.16 18.3
700 4 23 3.35 92 129.8 15 0.1155624 0.0001156 22.67 24.6
750 4.05 24.5 3.17 99.225 91 15 0.16483516 0.0001648 32.34 32.6
800 4.2 25 3 105 87.3 15 0.17182131 0.0001718 33.71 32.1
850 4.25 26 2.85 110.5 84.9 15 0.17667845 0.0001767 34.66 31.4
900 4.3 27 2.7 116.1 73.5 15 0.20408163 0.0002041 40.04 34.5
950 4.35 27.5 2.6 119.625 70 15 0.21428571 0.0002143 42.04 35.1
1000 4.45 29 2.5 129.05 63.5 15 0.23622047 0.0002362 46.35 35.9
Liters(20PSI)
Flow Rate (L/s)
Flow Rate (m^3/s)
Power17.5m
Out Power Efficiency % 17.5m
0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 0.9 12.7 11.8 6.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 1.2 13.8 10.5 12.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
150 1.5 14.5 9.4 19.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
200 1.8 15 8.3 26.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
250 2.2 16.06 7.3 32.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
300 2.5 16 6.5 39.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
350 2.9 16.82 5.8 45.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
400 3.3 17 5.2 52 0 0 0 0 0 0
450 3.7 17.575 4.75 58.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
500 4 17.9 4.3 65.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
550 4.5 18.5 4.05 70.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
600 4.95 19 3.8 76.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
650 5.3 19.2 3.5 83.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
700 5.8 19.4 3.35 88.9 0 0 0 0 0 0
750 4.75 23 3.17 109.25 242.3 15 0.06190673 6.191E-05 12.15 11.1
800 4.85 24.5 3 118.825 236.5 15 0.06342495 6.342E-05 12.44 10.5
850 4.9 25 2.85 122.5 193.8 15 0.07739938 7.74E-05 15.19 12.4
900 5 26 2.7 130 158.1 15 0.09487666 9.488E-05 18.61 14.3
950 5.1 27 2.6 137.7 125.2 15 0.11980831 0.0001198 23.51 17.1
1000 5.2 28 2.5 145.6 106.2 15 0.14124294 0.0001412 27.71 19
APPENDICES
ii. Graphs
Flow Rate vs Solar Irradiation 0

3.5m
0.0005
0.00045 7m
0.0004 10.5m
Flow Rate (m3/s)
0.00035 14m
0.0003
17.5m
0.00025
0.0002
0.00015
0.0001
0.00005
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Figure B-1: Water pump characterisation Flow Rate vs. incremental Solar Irradiation
Power Efficiency vs. Solar Irradiation

E_14m
40 C_7m
B_3.5m D_10.5m
35 0
30
3.5m
25
7m
20
15 10.5m
A_0m
10 14m
F_17.5m
5 17.5m
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
Figure B-2: Water pump characterisation Power Efficiency vs incremental Solar Irradiation

APPENDICES
b. E NERGY E FFICIENCY M EASUREMENT AND

C ALCULATIONS
i. Results emulated case

Internal Resistance(Ohms)
Maximum Current Isolation Losses (I^2*R)
AVE_S_PV_R * EFF_PV(15.13%)
Power Avaiable Energy Avaiable Power Used Energy_Input_Used_0 m
DNI DNI DNI
8.2 0.9 6.642 26.68 26.7 24030 25.3 22770
7.5 1.15 9.91875 34.51 34.5 31050 35.2 31680
6.8 1.55 16.337 40.65 40.6 36540 38.94 35046
6.8 1.55 16.337 43.22 43.2 38880 44 39600
6.2 1.6 15.872 48.59 48.6 43740 44 39600
5.6 1.77 17.54424 55.14 55.1 49590 53.9 48510
5.6 1.77 17.54424 58.32 58.3 52470 53.9 48510
5.1 2 20.4 65.60 65.6 59040 64.8 58320
4.6 2.2 22.264 71.37 71.4 64260 70 63000
4.2 2.4 24.192 76.07 76.1 68490 76.7 69030
4.2 2.4 24.192 80.01 80 72000 76.7 69030
4.2 2.4 24.192 83.19 83.2 74880 76.7 69030
3.8 2.5 23.75 86.13 86.1 77490 76.7 69030
3.8 2.5 23.75 88.55 88.5 79650 76.7 69030
3.8 2.5 23.75 90.52 90.5 81450 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 92.19 92.2 82980 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 93.71 93.7 84330 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 95.07 95.1 85590 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 96.13 96.1 86490 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 96.88 96.9 87210 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 97.64 97.6 87840 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 98.25 98.2 88380 76.7 69030
3.2 2.6 21.632 99.16 99.2 89280 76.7 69030
3.2 2.6 21.632 99.46 99.5 89550 76.7 69030
3.2 2.6 21.632 99.61 99.6 89640 76.7 69030
3.2 2.6 21.632 99.76 99.8 89820 76.7 69030
3.2 2.6 21.632 99.76 99.8 89820 76.7 69030
3.2 2.6 21.632 99.61 99.6 89640 76.7 69030
3.2 2.6 21.632 99.46 99.5 89550 76.7 69030
3.2 2.6 21.632 99.16 99.2 89280 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 98.25 98.2 88380 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 97.64 97.6 87840 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 96.88 96.9 87210 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 96.13 96.1 86490 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 95.07 95.1 85590 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 93.71 93.7 84330 76.7 69030
3.5 2.6 23.66 92.19 92.2 82980 76.7 69030
3.8 2.5 23.75 90.52 90.5 81450 76.7 69030
3.8 2.5 23.75 88.55 88.5 79650 76.7 69030
3.8 2.5 23.75 86.13 86.1 77490 76.7 69030
4.2 2.4 24.192 83.19 83.2 74880 76.7 69030
4.2 2.4 24.192 80.01 80 72000 76.7 69030
4.6 2.2 22.264 69.26 69.3 62370 70 63000
6.2 1.6 15.872 53.43 53.4 48060 53.9 48510
7.5 1.15 9.91875 39.35 39.4 35460 38.94 35046
8.2 0.9 6.642 31.52 31.5 28350 25.3 22770
9 0.9 7.29 24.77 24.8 22320 25.3 22770
9 0.9 7.29 18.26 18.3 16470 20.25 18225
10.7 0.7 5.243 6.62 6.6 5940 0 0
0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
Total 2875347
Q_Flow_Rate_0 (0PSI) (m^3/s)
Output_Power_Q_0m (0PSI)(Watts)
Energy_P_O_0m (Joules)
Actual Power Energy_Input_Used_3.5m Q_Flow_Rate(5PSI) (m^3/s)
Output_Power (5PSI)(Watts)
0.00025 0.981 882.9 25.3 22770 0.00018 6.1803

0.00033 1.29492 1165.4 36.55 32895 0.00024 8.2404
0.00034 1.33416 1200.7 40.85 36765 0.00027 9.27045
0.00035 1.3734 1236.1 44 39600 0.00029 9.95715
0.00035 1.3734 1236.1 50.6 45540 0.00032 10.9872
0.00039 1.53036 1377.3 50.6 45540 0.00032 10.9872
0.00039 1.53036 1377.3 57.6 51840 0.00035 12.01725
0.00043 1.68732 1518.6 62.5 56250 0.00036 12.3606
0.00044 1.72656 1553.9 62.5 56250 0.00036 12.3606
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 75.6 68040 0.00041 14.07735
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 75.6 68040 0.00041 14.07735
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 82.6 74340 0.00045 15.45075
0.00045 1.7658 1589.2 75.6 68040 0.00041 14.07735
0.00044 1.72656 1553.9 62.5 56250 0.00036 12.3606
0.00039 1.53036 1377.3 50.6 45540 0.00032 10.9872
0.00034 1.33416 1200.7 40.85 36765 0.00027 9.27045
0.00025 0.981 882.9 31.9 28710 0.0002 6.867
0.00025 0.981 882.9 25.3 22770 0.00018 6.1803
0.00022 0.86328 777 20.9 18810 0.00012 4.1202
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Energy Efficiency 2.5 70666.6 Total 3030615 Energy Efficiency 19.2

Energy_P_O_3.5m (Joules)
Actual Power Energy_Input_Used_7m Q_Flow_Rate_7m (m^3/s)
Output_Power_Q_7m (Watts)
Actual Power
5562.27 25.3 22770 0.00006 4.1202 3708.18 32.5

7416.36 36.55 32895 0.00013 8.9271 8034.39 36.55
8343.405 41.925 37732.5 0.00019 13.0473 11742.57 36.55
8961.435 44 39600 0.00022 15.1074 13596.66 44
9888.48 44 39600 0.00022 15.1074 13596.66 44
9888.48 55 49500 0.00028 19.2276 17304.84 56.25
10815.525 59.8 53820 0.00029 19.9143 17922.87 56.25
11124.54 67.2 60480 0.00031 21.2877 19158.93 64.5
11124.54 71.4 64260 0.00034 23.3478 21013.02 64.5
12669.615 71.4 64260 0.00034 23.3478 21013.02 75.2
12669.615 78 70200 0.00035 24.0345 21631.05 78.4
13905.675 85.25 76725 0.00037 25.4079 22867.11 83.2
13905.675 85.25 76725 0.00037 25.4079 22867.11 83.2
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 88.4
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 88.4
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 88.4
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 96.25
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 96.25
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 96.25
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 96.25
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 100.8
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 96.25
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 96.25
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 96.25
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 96.25
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 88.4
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 88.4
13905.675 89.9 80910 0.0004 27.468 24721.2 88.4
13905.675 85.25 76725 0.00037 25.4079 22867.11 83.2
13905.675 85.25 76725 0.00037 25.4079 22867.11 83.2
12669.615 78 70200 0.00035 24.0345 21631.05 78.4
11124.54 71.4 64260 0.00034 23.3478 21013.02 64.5
9888.48 55 49500 0.00028 19.2276 17304.84 56.25
8343.405 41.925 37732.5 0.00019 13.0473 11742.57 36.55
6180.3 31.9 28710 0.00012 8.2404 7416.36 32.5
5562.27 25.3 22770 0.00006 4.1202 3708.18 32.5
3708.18 18.3 16470 0 0 0 18.3
0 6.6 5940 0 0 0 6.6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
583111.305 Total 3241260 Energy Efficiency 30.4 985757.85 Total

Energy_Input_Used_10.5m Q_Flow_Rate_15PSI (m^3/s)
Output_Power_Q_15PSI(Watts)
Energy_P_O_10.5 m (Joules)
Actual Power Energy_Input_Used_14m
29250 0 0 0 26.7 24030

32895 0.00003 3.09015 2781.135 34.5 31050
32895 0.00003 3.09015 2781.135 40.6 36540
39600 0.00008 8.2404 7416.36 43.2 38880
39600 0.00008 8.2404 7416.36 48.6 43740
50625 0.00016 16.4808 14832.72 55.1 49590
50625 0.00016 16.4808 14832.72 58.3 52470
58050 0.00018 18.5409 16686.81 65.6 59040
58050 0.00018 18.5409 16686.81 71.4 64260
67680 0.00024 24.7212 22249.08 75.9 68310
70560 0.00025 25.75125 23176.125 75.9 68310
74880 0.00027 27.81135 25030.215 82.8 74520
74880 0.00027 27.81135 25030.215 82.8 74520
79560 0.00029 29.87145 26884.305 92 82800
79560 0.00029 29.87145 26884.305 92 82800
79560 0.00029 29.87145 26884.305 92 82800
86625 0.00032 32.9616 29665.44 92 82800
86625 0.00032 32.9616 29665.44 92 82800
86625 0.00032 32.9616 29665.44 92 82800
86625 0.00032 32.9616 29665.44 92 82800
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
90720 0.00033 33.99165 30592.485 99.225 89302.5
86625 0.00032 32.9616 29665.44 92 82800
86625 0.00032 32.9616 29665.44 92 82800
86625 0.00032 32.9616 29665.44 92 82800
86625 0.00032 32.9616 29665.44 92 82800
79560 0.00029 29.87145 26884.305 92 82800
79560 0.00029 29.87145 26884.305 92 82800
79560 0.00029 29.87145 26884.305 92 82800
74880 0.00027 27.81135 25030.215 82.8 74520
74880 0.00027 27.81135 25030.215 82.8 74520
70560 0.00025 25.75125 23176.125 75.9 68310
58050 0.00018 18.5409 16686.81 69.3 62370
50625 0.00016 16.4808 14832.72 53.4 48060
32895 0.00003 3.09015 2781.135 39.4 35460
29250 0 0 0 31.5 28350
29250 0 0 0 24.8 22320
16470 0 0 0 18.3 16470
5940 0 0 0 6.6 5940
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
3381390 Energy Efficiency 31.1 1052196.075 Total 3352410
Q_Flow_Rate_14m(m^3/s)
Output_Power_Q_14m(Watts)
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
5.72082E-05 7.856979405 7071.281465
5.72082E-05 7.856979405 7071.281465
7.72798E-05 10.61360124 9552.241113
7.72798E-05 10.61360124 9552.241113
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000164835 22.63846154 20374.61538
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
0.000115562 15.87134052 14284.20647
7.72798E-05 10.61360124 9552.241113
7.72798E-05 10.61360124 9552.241113
5.72082E-05 7.856979405 7071.281465
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Energy Efficiency 15 503897.0841

APPENDICES
ii. Graphs Emulated Case
Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_0 m
80
70 Energy_Output_0m
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
Figure B-3: Energy available, Energy input utilised and Energy Output of Water pump unit at 0m
discharge pressure
Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Available
90
Energy_Input_3.5m
80
Energy_Output_3.5m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
Figure B-4: Energy available, Energy input utilised and Energy Output of Water pump unit at 3.5m
discharge pressure

APPENDICES
Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_7m
80
Energy_Output_7m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
discharge pressure
Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_10.5m
80
Energy_Output_10.5m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
discharge pressure

APPENDICES
Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_7m
80
Energy_Output_7m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
discharge pressure
Energy vs. Time

100
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_10.5m
80
Energy_Output_10.5m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
discharge pressure

APPENDICES
100
Energy vs. Time
Energy Avaiable
90
Energy_Input_14m
80
Energy_Output_14m
70
Energy (kJ)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
05:37
06:07
06:37
07:07
07:37
08:07
08:37
09:07
09:37
10:07
10:37
11:07
11:37
12:07
12:37
13:07
13:37
14:07
14:37
15:07
15:37
16:07
16:37
17:07
17:37
18:07
18:37
Time (HH:MM)
discharge pressure
Power_Efficiency_0m
Power Efficiency vs. Time Power_Efficiency_3.5m
40
Power_Efficiency_7m
35
Power_Efficiency_10.5
m
25
20
15
10
Time (HH:MM)
Figure B-8: Power Efficiency plots for the five pumping heights over the daily operation interval for
the emulated case

APPENDICES
iii. Results actual solar-PV panel case

Time Input Voltage Input Current Power_Input_0m Energy Input Volume Duration Flow Rate Flow Rate
HH:MM Volts Ampere Watt Joule L sec L/s M^3/s
07:10:00 25 0.8 20 1403.6 15.00 70.18 0.213736107 0.000213736
07:24:00 25 1.2 30 1540.8 15.00 51.36 0.292056075 0.000292056
07:30:00 25 1.4 35 1623.3 15.00 46.38 0.323415265 0.000323415
07:38:00 25 1.7 42.5 1790.1 15.00 42.12 0.356125356 0.000356125
07:45:00 25 2 50 1934.5 15.00 38.69 0.387697079 0.000387697
08:00:00 27 2.5 67.5 2362.5 15.00 35.00 0.428571429 0.000428571
08:15:00 29 2.7 78.3 2596.428 15.00 33.16 0.452352232 0.000452352
08:30:00 30 2.8 84 2632.56 15.00 31.34 0.47862157 0.000478622
08:45:00 30 2.7 81 2583.09 15.00 31.89 0.470366886 0.000470367
09:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2830.951 15.00 31.49 0.476341696 0.000476342
09:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2719.444 15.25 31.33 0.48675391 0.000486754
10:00:00 31 2.8 86.8 2669.968 15.00 30.76 0.487646294 0.000487646
10:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2710.764 15.00 31.23 0.480307397 0.000480307
11:00:00 31 2.8 86.8 2660.42 15.00 30.65 0.489396411 0.000489396
11:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2662.156 15.00 30.67 0.489077274 0.000489077
12:00:00 31 2.8 86.8 2687.328 15.00 30.96 0.484496124 0.000484496
12:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2698.612 14.90 31.09 0.479253779 0.000479254
13:00:00 31 2.8 86.8 2676.912 15.00 30.84 0.486381323 0.000486381
13:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2686.46 15.00 30.95 0.484652666 0.000484653
45469.893
Time Input Voltage Input Current Power_Input_3.5m Energy Input Volume Duration Flow Rate Flow Rate
07:10:00 25 0.9 22.5 1873.8 15.00 83.28 0.180115274 0.000180115
07:24:00 25 1.3 32.5 1896.05 15.00 58.34 0.257113473 0.000257113
07:30:00 25 1.5 37.5 2063.625 15.00 55.03 0.272578593 0.000272579
07:38:00 25 1.8 45 2100.6 15.00 46.68 0.321336761 0.000321337
07:45:00 25 2.1 52.5 2277.975 15.00 43.39 0.345701775 0.000345702
08:00:00 26 2.6 67.6 2587.052 15.00 38.27 0.391951921 0.000391952
08:15:00 29 2.8 81.2 2872.856 15.00 35.38 0.423968344 0.000423968
08:30:00 30 2.9 87 2863.17 15.00 32.91 0.455788514 0.000455789
08:45:00 30 2.9 87 2900.58 15.00 33.34 0.449910018 0.00044991
09:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2959.508 15.00 32.92 0.455650061 0.00045565
09:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2799.486 15.00 31.14 0.481695568 0.000481696
10:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2894.78 15.00 32.20 0.465838509 0.000465839
10:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2842.638 15.00 31.62 0.474383302 0.000474383
11:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2874.103 15.00 31.97 0.469189865 0.00046919
11:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2848.032 15.00 31.68 0.473484848 0.000473485
12:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2915.457 15.25 32.43 0.470243602 0.000470244
12:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2870.507 15.00 31.93 0.469777639 0.000469778
13:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2866.911 15.00 31.89 0.470366886 0.000470367
13:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2868.709 15.00 31.91 0.470072078 0.000470072
50175.839
07:10:00 25 1 25 3535.25 12.10 141.41 0.085566792 8.55668E-05
07:24:00 25 1.3 32.5 3575 15.00 110.00 0.136363636 0.000136364
07:30:00 25 1.6 40 3010.4 15.00 75.26 0.199309062 0.000199309
07:38:00 25 1.9 47.5 2855.225 15.00 60.11 0.249542505 0.000249543
07:45:00 25 2.2 55 2906.75 15.00 52.85 0.283822138 0.000283822
08:00:00 25 2.7 67.5 3011.85 15.00 44.62 0.33617212 0.000336172
08:15:00 28 3 84 3366.72 15.00 40.08 0.374251497 0.000374251
08:30:00 29 3.1 89.9 3296.633 15.00 36.67 0.409053722 0.000409054
08:45:00 30 3.2 96 3639.36 15.00 37.91 0.395673965 0.000395674
09:00:00 30 3.2 96 3564.48 15.00 37.13 0.403985995 0.000403986
09:30:00 30 3.2 96 3351.36 15.00 34.91 0.429676311 0.000429676
10:00:00 30 3.2 96 3413.76 15.00 35.56 0.421822272 0.000421822
10:30:00 31 3.2 99.2 3433.312 15.00 34.61 0.433400751 0.000433401
11:00:00 31 3.2 99.2 3534.496 15.00 35.63 0.420993545 0.000420994
11:30:00 31 3.2 99.2 3489.856 15.00 35.18 0.426378624 0.000426379
12:00:00 31 3.2 99.2 3537.472 15.30 35.66 0.429052159 0.000429052
12:30:00 31 3.2 99.2 3471.008 15.00 34.99 0.428693913 0.000428694
13:00:00 31 3.2 99.2 3536.48 15.00 35.65 0.420757363 0.000420757
13:30:00 31 3.2 99.2 3567.232 15.00 35.96 0.417130145 0.00041713
64096.644
Time Input Voltage Input Current Power_Input_10.5m Energy Input Volume Duration Flow Rate Flow Rate
07:10:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
07:24:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
07:30:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
07:38:00 25 2.3 57.5 7163.925 15.00 124.59 0.120394895 0.000120395
07:45:00 25 2.5 62.5 5625 15 90 0.166666667 0.000166667
08:00:00 26 2.8 72.8 5202.288 15.00 71.46 0.209907641 0.000209908
08:15:00 25 3.3 82.5 5335.275 15.00 64.67 0.231946807 0.000231947
08:30:00 28 3.6 100.8 5034.96 15.00 49.95 0.3003003 0.0003003
08:45:00 29 3.7 107.3 5277.014 15.00 49.18 0.305002033 0.000305002
09:00:00 29 3.7 107.3 5095.677 15.00 47.49 0.31585597 0.000315856
09:30:00 30 3.7 111 4947.27 15.00 44.57 0.336549248 0.000336549
10:00:00 30 3.8 114 5224.62 15.00 45.83 0.327296531 0.000327297
10:30:00 30 3.7 111 4976.13 15.00 44.83 0.334597368 0.000334597
11:00:00 30 3.8 114 5164.2 15.00 45.30 0.331125828 0.000331126
11:30:00 30 3.7 111 4879.56 15.00 43.96 0.34121929 0.000341219
12:00:00 30 3.8 114 4976.1 15.00 43.65 0.343642612 0.000343643
12:30:00 30 3.7 111 4945.05 15.30 44.55 0.343434343 0.000343434
13:00:00 30 3.7 111 5093.79 15.00 45.89 0.326868599 0.000326869
13:30:00 30 3.7 111 4998.33 15.20 45.03 0.337552743 0.000337553
83939.189
07:10:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
07:24:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
07:30:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
07:38:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
07:45:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
08:00:00 25 2.9 72.5 12477.25 6.00 172.10 0.034863451 3.48635E-05
08:15:00 26 3.5 91 12740 15 140 0.107142857 0.000107143
08:30:00 26 3.9 101.4 8841.066 15.00 87.19 0.172038078 0.000172038
08:45:00 27 4.2 113.4 8494.794 15.00 74.91 0.200240288 0.00020024
09:00:00 28 4.3 120.4 7906.668 15.00 65.67 0.228414801 0.000228415
09:30:00 29 4.4 127.6 7903.544 15.00 61.94 0.242169842 0.00024217
10:00:00 29 4.3 124.7 7483.247 15.00 60.01 0.24995834 0.000249958
10:30:00 29 4.3 124.7 7508.187 15.00 60.21 0.249128052 0.000249128
11:00:00 29 4.3 124.7 7195.19 14.90 57.70 0.258232236 0.000258232
11:30:00 29 4.3 124.7 7424.638 15.00 59.54 0.251931475 0.000251931
12:00:00 29 4.3 124.7 7444.59 15.00 59.70 0.251256281 0.000251256
12:30:00 29 4.3 124.7 7203.919 15.00 57.77 0.259650338 0.00025965
13:00:00 29 4.3 124.7 7409.674 15.00 59.42 0.252440256 0.00025244
13:30:00 29 4.3 124.7 7519.41 15.00 60.30 0.248756219 0.000248756
117552.177
Density of Water Gravitational Force Power_Output_0m Energy Output Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency (Decimal
Power_Efficiency_0m
1)
Watt Joule
1000 9.81 1.048375606 73.575 5.241878028 5.2 5.241878028
1000 9.81 1.432535047 73.575 4.775116822 4.8 4.775116822
1000 9.81 1.586351876 73.575 4.532433931 4.5 4.532433931
1000 9.81 1.746794872 73.575 4.110105581 4.1 4.110105581
1000 9.81 1.901654174 73.575 3.803308348 3.8 3.803308348
1000 9.81 2.102142857 73.575 3.114285714 3.1 3.114285714
1000 9.81 2.218787696 73.575 2.833700761 2.8 2.833700761
1000 9.81 2.3476388 73.575 2.794808096 2.8 2.794808096
1000 9.81 2.307149577 73.575 2.848332811 2.8 2.848332811
1000 9.81 2.336456018 73.575 2.598949964 2.6 2.598949964
1000 9.81 2.387527929 74.80125 2.750608213 2.8 2.750608213
1000 9.81 2.391905072 73.575 2.755651004 2.8 2.755651004
1000 9.81 2.355907781 73.575 2.714179471 2.7 2.714179471
1000 9.81 2.400489396 73.575 2.765540779 2.8 2.765540779
1000 9.81 2.39892403 73.575 2.763737362 2.8 2.763737362
1000 9.81 2.376453488 73.575 2.737849641 2.7 2.737849641
1000 9.81 2.350739788 73.0845 2.708225562 2.7 2.708225562
1000 9.81 2.385700389 73.575 2.748502752 2.7 2.748502752
1000 9.81 2.377221325 73.575 2.738734245 2.7 2.738734245
1398.66075 3.076015046 3.1
Density of Water Gravitational Force Power_Output_3.5m Energy Output Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency (Decimal
1)
1000 9.81 6.184257925 515.025 27.48559078 27.5 27.48559078
1000 9.81 8.827991087 515.025 27.1630495 27.2 27.1630495
1000 9.81 9.358986008 515.025 24.95729602 25 24.95729602
1000 9.81 11.03309769 515.025 24.51799486 24.5 24.51799486
1000 9.81 11.86967043 515.025 22.60889606 22.6 22.60889606
1000 9.81 13.45766919 515.025 19.90779466 19.9 19.90779466
1000 9.81 14.55695308 515.025 17.92728212 17.9 17.92728212
1000 9.81 15.64949863 515.025 17.98792946 18 17.98792946
1000 9.81 15.44766047 515.025 17.75593157 17.8 17.75593157
1000 9.81 15.64474484 515.025 17.4023858 17.4 17.4023858
1000 9.81 16.53901734 515.025 18.39712719 18.4 18.39712719
1000 9.81 15.99456522 515.025 17.79150747 17.8 17.79150747
1000 9.81 16.28795066 515.025 18.11785391 18.1 18.11785391
1000 9.81 16.10963403 515.025 17.91950393 17.9 17.91950393
1000 9.81 16.25710227 515.025 18.08353979 18.1 18.08353979
1000 9.81 16.14581406 523.60875 17.95974868 18 17.95974868
1000 9.81 16.12981522 515.025 17.94195241 17.9 17.94195241
1000 9.81 16.15004704 515.025 17.96445722 18 17.96445722
1000 9.81 16.13992479 515.025 17.95319776 18 17.95319776
9794.05875 19.51947181 19.5
Power_Efficiency_7m
1)
1000 9.81 5.875871579 830.907 23.50348632 23.5 23.50348632
1000 9.81 9.364090909 1030.05 28.81258741 28.8 28.81258741
1000 9.81 13.68655328 1030.05 34.2163832 34.2 34.2163832
1000 9.81 17.13608385 1030.05 36.07596599 36.1 36.07596599
1000 9.81 19.49006623 1030.05 35.43648405 35.4 35.43648405
1000 9.81 23.08493949 1030.05 34.19991035 34.2 34.19991035
1000 9.81 25.6998503 1030.05 30.59505988 30.6 30.59505988
1000 9.81 28.08971912 1030.05 31.24551626 31.2 31.24551626
1000 9.81 27.17093115 1030.05 28.30305328 28.3 28.30305328
1000 9.81 27.74171829 1030.05 28.89762322 28.9 28.89762322
1000 9.81 29.50587224 1030.05 30.73528359 30.7 30.73528359
1000 9.81 28.96653543 1030.05 30.17347441 30.2 30.17347441
1000 9.81 29.76162959 1030.05 30.00164273 30 30.00164273
1000 9.81 28.90962672 1030.05 29.14276887 29.1 29.14276887
1000 9.81 29.27942013 1030.05 29.51554448 29.5 29.51554448
1000 9.81 29.46301178 1050.651 29.70061671 29.7 29.70061671
1000 9.81 29.43841097 1030.05 29.67581751 29.7 29.67581751
1000 9.81 28.89340813 1030.05 29.12641949 29.1 29.12641949
1000 9.81 28.64432703 1030.05 28.87532967 28.9 28.87532967
19392.408 30.25495063 30.3
Density of Water Gravitational Force Power_Output_10.5m Energy Output Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency (Decimal
1)
1000 9.81 0 0 0 0 0
1000 9.81 0 0 0 0 0
1000 9.81 0 0 0 0 0
1000 9.81 12.40127619 1545.075 21.56743685 21.6 21.56743685
1000 9.81 17.1675 1545.075 27.468 27.5 27.468
1000 9.81 21.62153652 1545.075 29.69991281 29.7 29.69991281
1000 9.81 23.89168084 1545.075 28.95961314 29 28.95961314
1000 9.81 30.93243243 1545.075 30.68693694 30.7 30.68693694
1000 9.81 31.41673444 1545.075 29.27934245 29.3 29.27934245
1000 9.81 32.53474416 1545.075 30.32128999 30.3 30.32128999
1000 9.81 34.66625533 1545.075 31.23086066 31.2 31.23086066
1000 9.81 33.71317914 1545.075 29.57296416 29.6 29.57296416
1000 9.81 34.46520187 1545.075 31.04973142 31 31.04973142
1000 9.81 34.10761589 1545.075 29.91896131 29.9 29.91896131
1000 9.81 35.14729299 1545.075 31.66422792 31.7 31.66422792
1000 9.81 35.39690722 1545.075 31.04991861 31 31.04991861
1000 9.81 35.37545455 1575.9765 31.86977887 31.9 31.86977887
1000 9.81 33.66910002 1545.075 30.33252254 30.3 30.33252254
1000 9.81 34.76962025 1565.676 31.32398221 31.3 31.32398221
24772.7025 29.51267792 29.5
1)
1000 9.81 0 0 0 0 0
1000 9.81 0 0 0 0 0
1000 9.81 0 0 0 0 0
1000 9.81 0 0 0 0 0
1000 9.81 0 0 0 0 0
1000 9.81 4.788146426 824.04 6.604339899 6.6 6.604339899
1000 9.81 14.715 2060.1 16.17032967 16.2 16.17032967
1000 9.81 23.6277096 2060.1 23.30148876 23.3 23.30148876
1000 9.81 27.5010012 2060.1 24.25132381 24.3 24.25132381
1000 9.81 31.37048881 2060.1 26.05522326 26.1 26.05522326
1000 9.81 33.25960607 2060.1 26.065522 26.1 26.065522
1000 9.81 34.32927845 2060.1 27.52949355 27.5 27.52949355
1000 9.81 34.21524664 2060.1 27.43804863 27.4 27.43804863
1000 9.81 35.46561525 2046.366 28.44075 28.4 28.44075
1000 9.81 34.60026873 2060.1 27.74680732 27.7 27.74680732
1000 9.81 34.50753769 2060.1 27.67244402 27.7 27.67244402
1000 9.81 35.66037736 2060.1 28.59693453 28.6 28.59693453
1000 9.81 34.67014473 2060.1 27.80284261 27.8 27.80284261
1000 9.81 34.1641791 2060.1 27.39709631 27.4 27.39709631
27591.606 23.471795 23.5
Pressure(PSI) Discharge Pressure Time Input Voltage Input Current Power Input Energy Input Volume Duration
PSI Meter HH:MM:SS Volts Ampere Watt Joule L sec
0 0.5 07:10:00 25 0.8 20 1403.6 15.00 70.18
0 0.5 07:24:00 25 1.2 30 1540.8 15.00 51.36
0 0.5 07:30:00 25 1.4 35 1623.3 15.00 46.38
0 0.5 07:38:00 25 1.7 42.5 1790.1 15.00 42.12
0 0.5 07:45:00 25 2 50 1934.5 15.00 38.69
0 0.5 08:00:00 27 2.5 67.5 2362.5 15.00 35.00
0 0.5 08:15:00 29 2.7 78.3 2596.428 15.00 33.16
0 0.5 08:30:00 30 2.8 84 2632.56 15.00 31.34
0 0.5 08:45:00 30 2.7 81 2583.09 15.00 31.89
0 0.5 09:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2830.951 15.00 31.49
0 0.5 09:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2719.444 15.25 31.33
0 0.5 10:00:00 31 2.8 86.8 2669.968 15.00 30.76
0 0.5 10:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2710.764 15.00 31.23
0 0.5 11:00:00 31 2.8 86.8 2660.42 15.00 30.65
0 0.5 11:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2662.156 15.00 30.67
0 0.5 12:00:00 31 2.8 86.8 2687.328 15.00 30.96
0 0.5 12:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2698.612 14.90 31.09
0 0.5 13:00:00 31 2.8 86.8 2676.912 15.00 30.84
0 0.5 13:30:00 31 2.8 86.8 2686.46 15.00 30.95
Total 45469.893
Flow Rate Flow Rate Density of Water Gravitational Force Power Output Energy Output Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency (Decimal 1)
L/s M^3/s Watt Joule
0.213736107 0.000213736 1000 9.81 1.048375606 73.575 5.241878028 5.2
0.292056075 0.000292056 1000 9.81 1.432535047 73.575 4.775116822 4.8
0.323415265 0.000323415 1000 9.81 1.586351876 73.575 4.532433931 4.5
0.356125356 0.000356125 1000 9.81 1.746794872 73.575 4.110105581 4.1
0.387697079 0.000387697 1000 9.81 1.901654174 73.575 3.803308348 3.8
0.428571429 0.000428571 1000 9.81 2.102142857 73.575 3.114285714 3.1
0.452352232 0.000452352 1000 9.81 2.218787696 73.575 2.833700761 2.8
0.47862157 0.000478622 1000 9.81 2.3476388 73.575 2.794808096 2.8
0.470366886 0.000470367 1000 9.81 2.307149577 73.575 2.848332811 2.8
0.476341696 0.000476342 1000 9.81 2.336456018 73.575 2.598949964 2.6
0.48675391 0.000486754 1000 9.81 2.387527929 74.80125 2.750608213 2.8
0.487646294 0.000487646 1000 9.81 2.391905072 73.575 2.755651004 2.8
0.480307397 0.000480307 1000 9.81 2.355907781 73.575 2.714179471 2.7
0.489396411 0.000489396 1000 9.81 2.400489396 73.575 2.765540779 2.8
0.489077274 0.000489077 1000 9.81 2.39892403 73.575 2.763737362 2.8
0.484496124 0.000484496 1000 9.81 2.376453488 73.575 2.737849641 2.7
0.479253779 0.000479254 1000 9.81 2.350739788 73.0845 2.708225562 2.7
0.486381323 0.000486381 1000 9.81 2.385700389 73.575 2.748502752 2.7
0.484652666 0.000484653 1000 9.81 2.377221325 73.575 2.738734245 2.7
1398.66075 3.076015046 3.1
15 10.5 07:10:00 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 10.5 07:24:00 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 10.5 07:30:00 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 10.5 07:38:00 25 2.3 57.5 7163.925 15.00 124.59
15 10.5 07:45:00 25 2.5 62.5 5625 15 90
15 10.5 08:00:00 26 2.8 72.8 5202.288 15.00 71.46
15 10.5 08:15:00 25 3.3 82.5 5335.275 15.00 64.67
15 10.5 08:30:00 28 3.6 100.8 5034.96 15.00 49.95
15 10.5 08:45:00 29 3.7 107.3 5277.014 15.00 49.18
15 10.5 09:00:00 29 3.7 107.3 5095.677 15.00 47.49
15 10.5 09:30:00 30 3.7 111 4947.27 15.00 44.57
15 10.5 10:00:00 30 3.8 114 5224.62 15.00 45.83
15 10.5 10:30:00 30 3.7 111 4976.13 15.00 44.83
15 10.5 11:00:00 30 3.8 114 5164.2 15.00 45.30
15 10.5 11:30:00 30 3.7 111 4879.56 15.00 43.96
15 10.5 12:00:00 30 3.8 114 4976.1 15.00 43.65
15 10.5 12:30:00 30 3.7 111 4945.05 15.30 44.55
15 10.5 13:00:00 30 3.7 111 5093.79 15.00 45.89
15 10.5 13:30:00 30 3.7 111 4998.33 15.20 45.03
83939.189
0 0 1000 9.81 0 0 0 0
0 0 1000 9.81 0 0 0 0
0 0 1000 9.81 0 0 0 0
0.120394895 0.000120395 1000 9.81 12.40127619 1545.075 21.56743685 21.6
0.166666667 0.000166667 1000 9.81 17.1675 1545.075 27.468 27.5
0.209907641 0.000209908 1000 9.81 21.62153652 1545.075 29.69991281 29.7
0.231946807 0.000231947 1000 9.81 23.89168084 1545.075 28.95961314 29
0.3003003 0.0003003 1000 9.81 30.93243243 1545.075 30.68693694 30.7
0.305002033 0.000305002 1000 9.81 31.41673444 1545.075 29.27934245 29.3
0.31585597 0.000315856 1000 9.81 32.53474416 1545.075 30.32128999 30.3
0.336549248 0.000336549 1000 9.81 34.66625533 1545.075 31.23086066 31.2
0.327296531 0.000327297 1000 9.81 33.71317914 1545.075 29.57296416 29.6
0.334597368 0.000334597 1000 9.81 34.46520187 1545.075 31.04973142 31
0.331125828 0.000331126 1000 9.81 34.10761589 1545.075 29.91896131 29.9
0.34121929 0.000341219 1000 9.81 35.14729299 1545.075 31.66422792 31.7
0.343642612 0.000343643 1000 9.81 35.39690722 1545.075 31.04991861 31
0.343434343 0.000343434 1000 9.81 35.37545455 1575.9765 31.86977887 31.9
0.326868599 0.000326869 1000 9.81 33.66910002 1545.075 30.33252254 30.3
0.337552743 0.000337553 1000 9.81 34.76962025 1565.676 31.32398221 31.3
24772.7025 29.51267792 29.5
20 14 07:10:00 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 14 07:24:00 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 14 07:30:00 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 14 07:38:00 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 14 07:45:00 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 14 08:00:00 25 2.9 72.5 12477.25 6.00 172.10
20 14 08:15:00 26 3.5 91 12740 15 140
20 14 08:30:00 26 3.9 101.4 8841.066 15.00 87.19
20 14 08:45:00 27 4.2 113.4 8494.794 15.00 74.91
20 14 09:00:00 28 4.3 120.4 7906.668 15.00 65.67
20 14 09:30:00 29 4.4 127.6 7903.544 15.00 61.94
20 14 10:00:00 29 4.3 124.7 7483.247 15.00 60.01
20 14 10:30:00 29 4.3 124.7 7508.187 15.00 60.21
20 14 11:00:00 29 4.3 124.7 7195.19 14.90 57.70
20 14 11:30:00 29 4.3 124.7 7424.638 15.00 59.54
20 14 12:00:00 29 4.3 124.7 7444.59 15.00 59.70
20 14 12:30:00 29 4.3 124.7 7203.919 15.00 57.77
20 14 13:00:00 29 4.3 124.7 7409.674 15.00 59.42
20 14 13:30:00 29 4.3 124.7 7519.41 15.00 60.30
117552.177
0 0 1000 9.81 0 0 0 0
0 0 1000 9.81 0 0 0 0
0 0 1000 9.81 0 0 0 0
0 0 1000 9.81 0 0 0 0
0 0 1000 9.81 0 0 0 0
0.034863451 3.48635E-05 1000 9.81 4.788146426 824.04 6.604339899 6.6
0.107142857 0.000107143 1000 9.81 14.715 2060.1 16.17032967 16.2
0.172038078 0.000172038 1000 9.81 23.6277096 2060.1 23.30148876 23.3
0.200240288 0.00020024 1000 9.81 27.5010012 2060.1 24.25132381 24.3
0.228414801 0.000228415 1000 9.81 31.37048881 2060.1 26.05522326 26.1
0.242169842 0.00024217 1000 9.81 33.25960607 2060.1 26.065522 26.1
0.24995834 0.000249958 1000 9.81 34.32927845 2060.1 27.52949355 27.5
0.249128052 0.000249128 1000 9.81 34.21524664 2060.1 27.43804863 27.4
0.258232236 0.000258232 1000 9.81 35.46561525 2046.366 28.44075 28.4
0.251931475 0.000251931 1000 9.81 34.60026873 2060.1 27.74680732 27.7
0.251256281 0.000251256 1000 9.81 34.50753769 2060.1 27.67244402 27.7
0.259650338 0.00025965 1000 9.81 35.66037736 2060.1 28.59693453 28.6
0.252440256 0.00025244 1000 9.81 34.67014473 2060.1 27.80284261 27.8
0.248756219 0.000248756 1000 9.81 34.1641791 2060.1 27.39709631 27.4
27591.606 23.471795 23.5
5 3.5 07:10:00 25 0.9 22.5 1873.8 15.00 83.28
5 3.5 07:24:00 25 1.3 32.5 1896.05 15.00 58.34
5 3.5 07:30:00 25 1.5 37.5 2063.625 15.00 55.03
5 3.5 07:38:00 25 1.8 45 2100.6 15.00 46.68
5 3.5 07:45:00 25 2.1 52.5 2277.975 15.00 43.39
5 3.5 08:00:00 26 2.6 67.6 2587.052 15.00 38.27
5 3.5 08:15:00 29 2.8 81.2 2872.856 15.00 35.38
5 3.5 08:30:00 30 2.9 87 2863.17 15.00 32.91
5 3.5 08:45:00 30 2.9 87 2900.58 15.00 33.34
5 3.5 09:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2959.508 15.00 32.92
5 3.5 09:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2799.486 15.00 31.14
5 3.5 10:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2894.78 15.00 32.20
5 3.5 10:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2842.638 15.00 31.62
5 3.5 11:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2874.103 15.00 31.97
5 3.5 11:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2848.032 15.00 31.68
5 3.5 12:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2915.457 15.25 32.43
5 3.5 12:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2870.507 15.00 31.93
5 3.5 13:00:00 31 2.9 89.9 2866.911 15.00 31.89
5 3.5 13:30:00 31 2.9 89.9 2868.709 15.00 31.91
50175.839
0.180115274 0.000180115 1000 9.81 6.184257925 515.025 27.48559078 27.5
0.257113473 0.000257113 1000 9.81 8.827991087 515.025 27.1630495 27.2
0.272578593 0.000272579 1000 9.81 9.358986008 515.025 24.95729602 25
0.321336761 0.000321337 1000 9.81 11.03309769 515.025 24.51799486 24.5
0.345701775 0.000345702 1000 9.81 11.86967043 515.025 22.60889606 22.6
0.391951921 0.000391952 1000 9.81 13.45766919 515.025 19.90779466 19.9
0.423968344 0.000423968 1000 9.81 14.55695308 515.025 17.92728212 17.9
0.455788514 0.000455789 1000 9.81 15.64949863 515.025 17.98792946 18
0.449910018 0.00044991 1000 9.81 15.44766047 515.025 17.75593157 17.8
0.455650061 0.00045565 1000 9.81 15.64474484 515.025 17.4023858 17.4
0.481695568 0.000481696 1000 9.81 16.53901734 515.025 18.39712719 18.4
0.465838509 0.000465839 1000 9.81 15.99456522 515.025 17.79150747 17.8
0.474383302 0.000474383 1000 9.81 16.28795066 515.025 18.11785391 18.1
0.469189865 0.00046919 1000 9.81 16.10963403 515.025 17.91950393 17.9
0.473484848 0.000473485 1000 9.81 16.25710227 515.025 18.08353979 18.1
0.470243602 0.000470244 1000 9.81 16.14581406 523.60875 17.95974868 18
0.469777639 0.000469778 1000 9.81 16.12981522 515.025 17.94195241 17.9
0.470366886 0.000470367 1000 9.81 16.15004704 515.025 17.96445722 18
0.470072078 0.000470072 1000 9.81 16.13992479 515.025 17.95319776 18
9794.05875 19.51947181 19.5
10 7 07:10:00 25 1 25 3535.25 12.10 141.41
10 7 07:24:00 25 1.3 32.5 3575 15.00 110.00
10 7 07:30:00 25 1.6 40 3010.4 15.00 75.26
10 7 07:38:00 25 1.9 47.5 2855.225 15.00 60.11
10 7 07:45:00 25 2.2 55 2906.75 15.00 52.85
10 7 08:00:00 25 2.7 67.5 3011.85 15.00 44.62
10 7 08:15:00 28 3 84 3366.72 15.00 40.08
10 7 08:30:00 29 3.1 89.9 3296.633 15.00 36.67
10 7 08:45:00 30 3.2 96 3639.36 15.00 37.91
10 7 09:00:00 30 3.2 96 3564.48 15.00 37.13
10 7 09:30:00 30 3.2 96 3351.36 15.00 34.91
10 7 10:00:00 30 3.2 96 3413.76 15.00 35.56
10 7 10:30:00 31 3.2 99.2 3433.312 15.00 34.61
10 7 11:00:00 31 3.2 99.2 3534.496 15.00 35.63
10 7 11:30:00 31 3.2 99.2 3489.856 15.00 35.18
10 7 12:00:00 31 3.2 99.2 3537.472 15.30 35.66
10 7 12:30:00 31 3.2 99.2 3471.008 15.00 34.99
10 7 13:00:00 31 3.2 99.2 3536.48 15.00 35.65
10 7 13:30:00 31 3.2 99.2 3567.232 15.00 35.96
64096.644
0.085566792 8.55668E-05 1000 9.81 5.875871579 830.907 23.50348632 23.5
0.136363636 0.000136364 1000 9.81 9.364090909 1030.05 28.81258741 28.8
0.199309062 0.000199309 1000 9.81 13.68655328 1030.05 34.2163832 34.2
0.249542505 0.000249543 1000 9.81 17.13608385 1030.05 36.07596599 36.1
0.283822138 0.000283822 1000 9.81 19.49006623 1030.05 35.43648405 35.4
0.33617212 0.000336172 1000 9.81 23.08493949 1030.05 34.19991035 34.2
0.374251497 0.000374251 1000 9.81 25.6998503 1030.05 30.59505988 30.6
0.409053722 0.000409054 1000 9.81 28.08971912 1030.05 31.24551626 31.2
0.395673965 0.000395674 1000 9.81 27.17093115 1030.05 28.30305328 28.3
0.403985995 0.000403986 1000 9.81 27.74171829 1030.05 28.89762322 28.9
0.429676311 0.000429676 1000 9.81 29.50587224 1030.05 30.73528359 30.7
0.421822272 0.000421822 1000 9.81 28.96653543 1030.05 30.17347441 30.2
0.433400751 0.000433401 1000 9.81 29.76162959 1030.05 30.00164273 30
0.420993545 0.000420994 1000 9.81 28.90962672 1030.05 29.14276887 29.1
0.426378624 0.000426379 1000 9.81 29.27942013 1030.05 29.51554448 29.5
0.429052159 0.000429052 1000 9.81 29.46301178 1050.651 29.70061671 29.7
0.428693913 0.000428694 1000 9.81 29.43841097 1030.05 29.67581751 29.7
0.420757363 0.000420757 1000 9.81 28.89340813 1030.05 29.12641949 29.1
0.417130145 0.00041713 1000 9.81 28.64432703 1030.05 28.87532967 28.9
19392.408 30.25495063 30.3
APPENDICES
iv. Graphs actual solar-PV panel case
Power Efficiency vs. Time

40
Power_Efficiency_0m
35
30
20 Power_Efficiency_10.5m
15
10
5
0
Time (HH:MM:SS)
Figure B-9: Power efficiency plots of the five pumping heights for a morning operational interval with
an actual solar-PV panel

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COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION

How to cite this thesis

THEUNIS ANDRIES HOOGENBOEZEM

A dissertation submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Theunis Andries Hoogenboezem

A performance indicator, such as the power efficiency characterisation, is used to

Energy efficiency is a performance indicator that can be utilised to characterise the

Thean Hoogenboezem Page i

Thean Hoogenboezem Page ii

Thean Hoogenboezem Page iii

2.6. Analysis of Completed Research ........................................................................................... 28

Thean Hoogenboezem Page iv

3.5.2. Converter/Inverter ........................................................................................................ 42

Thean Hoogenboezem Page v

a. Data Sheets ............................................................................................................................. - 1 -

Thean Hoogenboezem Page vi

Thean Hoogenboezem Page vii

Table 2-2: Solar-PV Cell Problems and Possible Solutions

Table 2-3: Basic Converter Topology

Table 2-4: Comparison between AC and DC Motors

Table 2-5: Comparison of AC Single and Three phase Motors

Table 2-6: Comparison between Brushed and Brushless DC Motors

Table 2-7: Comparison of water pumps

Table 3-1: Comparison of available Solar-PV Water pumps

Table 3-2: Comparison of Water Pump Motor

Table 3-3: Comparison of Water pump factors

Table 3-4: Measurement Equipment and Standard Deviation

Table 3-5: Specifications of the Solar-PV module

Table 3-6: Benchmark of Chosen Components

Table 5-1: Standard Deviations of the Different Measurement Instruments

Thean Hoogenboezem Page viii

Thean Hoogenboezem Page ix

1.1. I NTRODUCTION AND C ONTEXT

Thean Hoogenboezem Page 1

1.2. P ROBLEM S TATEMENT

1.3. P ROJECT O BJECTI VES

1.4. S COPE OF P ROJECT

Thean Hoogenboezem Page 2

setup will be constructed in a controlled environment to eliminate uncontrollable

1.5. M ETHODOLO GY O VERVI EW

1.6. D OCUM ENT O VERVIEW

The controlled experimental environment will be based upon the required

Thean Hoogenboezem Page 3

1.7. C HAPTER S UMMARY

The solar-PV water pumping systems require better operational efficiencies

In the following chapter a literature review will be done on solar-PV water

Thean Hoogenboezem Page 4

Thean Hoogenboezem Page 5

solar-PV technology) and; in non-rural community’s solar-PV water pumping can

2.3. S OLAR -PV WATER PUMPING SYSTEM CONCEPTS

Figure 2-1: Solar-PV Array with Basic Cell Structure Demonstrated

2.3.1.1. Solar-PV cell operation

Figure 2-2: Illustration of a Solar-PV Cell P-N Junction [4], [21]

Thean Hoogenboezem Page 6

2.3.1.2. Solar-PV Cell Modelling

Thean Hoogenboezem Page 7

In analysing the equivalent circuits illustrated in Figure 2-4 the following

•  – Short circuit current equivalent to the photon generated current (A)

The diode current  is given by the Shockley’s diode equation (2-2):

Thean Hoogenboezem Page 8

•  – Reverse saturation current of the diode (A)

• V – Voltage across the cell (V)

From observation the saturation current (  ) remains constant when

• – Short circuit current equivalent to the photon generated current (A)

The diode current is given by the Shockley’s diode equation (2-2):

• – Reverse saturation current of the diode (A)

From observation the saturation current ( ) remains constant when

GH (I) = (J# (I) × KL × MH ) − H (I) × 0# (I) … (2-10)

Gqrstuv = stuv × stuv ... (2-11)

Gqruvuv = uvuv × uvuv … (2-12)