EC 1: wind actions

Autor(en): Ruscheweyh, Hans P.

Objekttyp: Article

Zeitschrift: IABSE reports = Rapports AIPC = IVBH Berichte

Band (Jahr): 74 (1996)

PDF erstellt am: 04.04.2018

Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-56072

Nutzungsbedingungen
Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an
den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern.
Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in
Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder
Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den
korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden.
Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung
der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots
auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber.

Haftungsausschluss
Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung
übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder
durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot
zugänglich sind.

Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek

ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch

http://www.e-periodica.ch
 EC l:\VindAc

EC 1: Actions d

EC 1: Windeinwi

Hans P. Ruscheweyh
Prof. Dr.-Ing.
RWTH Aachen tis»
Windengineering
Aachen, Germany
t '¦

S --T
"=sw
 200 WIND LOADS

1 PRINCIPLES

The draft ofthe Eurocode "WIND ACTION" [1,2], has been started from the ISO T 98 "Wind Action" [3] and it has been
developed to a code proposal which can be applied to most ofthe common buildings and structures To achieve the design
aims of a structure account shall be taken of

turbulent wind acting over part or all of the structure

static and fluctuating pressures induced by the wake behind the structure
fluctuating forces induced by the motion of the structure

The wind load is presented either as a wind pressure or a wind force resp wind moment The response of structures due
to wind action is divided mto the following types

static response
stochastic and resonant response due to turbulence and wake effects
vortex resonance
galloping
lnterference
divergence and flutter

Structures of an unusual nature, complexty or size i e structures or structural parts higher than 200 m, bndges longer than
200 m, suspended bndges and guyed masts are not yet completely covered by this code and may require special engineering
study Some rules for these structures are incorporated dunng the ENV penod

2 WIND PRESSURE AND WIND FORCES

2 1 Wind pressure on surfaces. w.,

The wind pressure on surfaces given m this code is valid for surfaces which are sufficiently ngid to neglect their resonant
Vibration caused by the wind The pressure is descnbed as an

external pressure
internal pressure
w^q^ ce (ze) •
c^ (1)
(2)
w, q^ •
ce (z) •
Cp,

and the net pressure is

(3)

where q„f - reference mean wind velocity pressure p/2 vref2 (see 3 1)
of the
ce (ze, z,) exposure coefficient (see 3 2 2) which includes the effects of the wind profile and
topography
external (e) and internal (l) pressure coefficients denved from a coefficient catalogue
c^
ztA - reference height defined together with the c^-values

2 2 Wind force. F..

The global force, Fw, which results from the pressure distnbution (without friction forces) shall be obtained from the
following expression

Fw qref-ce(ze)-cd-cf-Aref (4)

where cf force coefficient

A^f reference area for cf
cd dynamic factor, which takes into account the aerodynamic admission and the resonant gust response and
is <, 1 for structures which are not sensitive to vibrations
q„f, ce (ze), ze defined as before

If not otherwise specfied, the resultant wind force on non circular and nearly symmetnc structures, Fw, may be assumed
to aet with an eccentncity

e b/10 (5)

where b largest dimension ofthe cross section

 H. RUSCHEWEYH 201

2 3 Fnction force. Ffr

For structures with large areas swept by the wind (i e large free Standing roofs), friction forces, F& may be important They
shall be obtained from

Ffr q™f-Ce(ze)-cfr-Afr (6)

where cfr friction coefficient

Afr area swept by the wind
o^f, ce (ze) defined as before

3 REFERENCE WIND AND WIND COEFFICIENTS

3 1 Reference wind velocity

The reference wind velocity, vref, is defined as

the 10 mm mean wind velocity

at 10 m above ground of terrain category II (see Table 1)
with an annual probability of exceedence of 0,02 (50 year return penod)
For other annual probabihties of exceedence a calculation formula is given

3 2 Wmd coefficients

3 21 Coefficients for the reference wind velocity

Vref °DIR
*
°TEM ' CALT *
Vre£;o (')
where vref 0 basic value of the reference wmd velocity at 10 m above sea level given m the national wmd maps which
are presented m an Annex
cDIR direction factor, which takes mto account the probability of wmd speed depending on the wmd direction
It is taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified m the national wmd maps
c^m temporary (seasonal) factor which takes mto account the probability of wmd speed for structures which
are
structures during construction and which may require temporary bracing supports
structures whose life time is known and less than one year
Unless otherwise specified in the national wind maps, 0^
is taken as 1,0
altitude factor which takes mto account the altitude level of the site and is to be taken as 1,0 unless
calt
otherwise specified m the national wmd maps

3 2 2 Coefficients for the mean wind velocity at height z

The mean wmd velocity at height, z, at the site of the structure depends on the roughness ofthe terrain m the direction from
where the wmd is blowing and on topographical effects (hills, escarpments ete It is given by

vm(z)=cr(z)-ct(z)-vref (8)

where cr(z) roughness coefficient at height z

ct(z) topography coefficient at height z

The roughness coefficient desenbes the effect ofthe terrain roughness and is defined b> a loganthmic law (velocity profile)
It shall be calculated by

cr(z) kr-ln(z/z0) forz^sz (9)

Cr (2) Cr (O forZ <Zmm

Four different tenain categones are defined and given in Table 1

together with the parameters

k, terrain factor
Zq roughness length
z,,^ minimum height
 202 WIND LOADS

When there is any doubt about the choiee between two categories in the definition of a given area, the worst case should
betaken

terrain category K zjml zjml c

I Rough open sea, Lakes with at least 5 km fetch upwind and 0,17 0,01 2 0,13
smooth flat country without obstacles

II Farmland with boundary hedges, occasional small farm 0,19 0 05 4 0,26

structures, houses or trees

III Suburban or mdustnal areas and permanent forests 0,22 0,3 8 0,37

IV Urban areas m which at least 15% ofthe surface is covered 0,24 1 16 0,46
with buildings and their average height exceeds 15 m

Table 1 Terrain categones and related parameters (The parameter € is used for the calculation of the integral length
scale m the detailed procedure for cj

If a structure is situated near a change of terrain roughness, a simple procedure is given m the Code
Where detailed knowledge ofthe influence of landscape on the wmd profile is available, detailed rules to take mto account
the transition may be adopted The topography coefficient, ct (z), aecounts for the mcrease of mean wmd velocity over
isolated hills and escarpments and is given m the code by a formula and two diagrams Otherwise it is set to 1,0

3 2 3 The exposure coefficient, ce (z) and the dynamic factor, cd

The exposure coefficient, ct (z), takes mto account the effects of terrain roughness, topography, turbulence and height above
ground on the mean wmd speed
It is developed from the gust response factor, G [4], which itself is not used m its classical expression m the Eurocode
Starting from the basic expression for the quasi static design wmd pressure, q(z), m the height, z, above ground

q(z) q^ • c^z) • ct2(z) • G (10)

G 1 + 2 •
g •
\(z) •
JQl + R; OD

where g peak factor

^(z) turbulence intensity m the height z above ground
Q02 background part ofthe gust response
R^ resonant part ofthe gust response
cr(z), ct(z), q„f defined as before

and expanding the equation with (1 + 2 g I^z)) we receive the following expression for q(z)

<z)= <W <tfe) -ct2(z)-(l + 2 -g-Iv(z)>

1 + 2 -
g -
Iv(z) •
ffi + Qx2

1 + 2 •
g •
y2)
In the first bracket the turbulence intensity ^(z) is replaced by
k,
Uz) (12)
c/z) •
ct(z)
thus

*z) <W
* cri;z) -ct2(z)' 1 + 2
1 + 2 •
g -
Iv(z) •
fä * Qx2
(13)
c^ -ct(z) 1 + 2 • g •
Iv(z)

The expression m the first bracket is called "exposure coefficient", ce(z)

ce(z) cr2(z) •
ct2(z) f 1 + 2 •
g (14)
•
cr(z) cz(z)
and the quotient is called "dynamic factor", cd
 H. RUSCHEWEYH 203

Cd "
1 + 2 •
g ¦
Iv(z) •
fä + Rx2
(15)
1 + 2 •
g •
Iv(z)

The dynamic factor, cd, is descnbed m chapter 5 2m more detail The peak factor, g, can be approximated by g 3 5, thus

7 • k.
ce(z) c^z) • ct2(z) (16)
cr(z)- ct(z)
For the most common cases, ct(z)=l, the exposure coefficient is illustrated m Figure 1

z —^
^\s7/
(m) y yy special advice

200
Z.V/V -
v4^'
yy+v • -*-
100-

50-
JU - S.2
yT Zv
Z /.' / T
z j./7
S -,£
20-
7- Z :

v>-======-/?h.1 t

sFFFm xt^t.
I
f^ f
2. Xi
0 1 2 3 4 5 CgU)

Figure 1
Exposure coefficient ce(z) as a function of height z above ground and terrain roughness category for c t =1

4 AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS

The Eurocode presents aerodynamic coefficients for the following structures, structural elements and components

buildings, including building walls, different types of roofs, internal pressure

canopy roofs and multispan roofs
free standing boundary walls, fences and Signboards
structural elements with rectangular, sharp edged and regulär polygonal section
circular cylinders and spheres
lattice structures and scafföldings
bndges
flags
slenderness effect

Each coefficient is referred to a reference area and a reference height, which are defined for that particular coefficient
In the following, some explanations are given for some coefficients without presenting the whole coefficient catalogue
 204 WIND LOADS

4 1
Buildings, roofs and walls

The wmd load for buildings, roofs and walls are presented by pressure coefficients for internal and external pressure [6,
7] In order to take mto account the reduetion of the mean value of wmd pressure by the integrating effect of a larger loaded
area (size effect), the external pressure ofthe loaded area is given by the following rule

cpe= cpe i for A £ 1 m2

cPe cpel + (cpel0-cpel)log10A for 1 m2s As 10m2
coe coel0 forA^ 10 m2

where
c^i Standard value ofthe external pressure coefficient corresponding to an area of 1 m2
Cp, i0 Standard value of the external pressure coefficient corresponding to an area of 10 m2

The values for Cp. 10 and c^ are given for orthogonal wmd directions and represent the highest values obtained m the ränge
of wmd direction + 45° eitner side
More detailed Information about pressure coefficients for special wmd directions may be obtained from the background
paper, which is also available
The internal pressure for buildings is desenbed depending on the ratio of openings m the walls The values are based on
numerous experimental investigations on model and full-scale buildings and on theoretical considerations The advantage
of the presentation m form ofthe opening ratios is the fact, that the knowledge ofthe absolute value ofthe openings must
not be known The presented values for Cp, are valid for buildings without partition walls but under specific conditions they
can also be applied to buildings with partitions walls lf assumptions for the internal openings (i e opened doors) can be
made Other entical cases has to be considered which are mentioned m the Eurocode
The pressure coefficients for free Standing walls, fences and Signboards include the influence of return corners, the sohdity
and shelter effects The wmd load for sign boards are desenbed by a force coefficient combined with a slenderness factor

4 2 Structural elements. circular cvlmders and spheres

The wmd forces on structural elements as rectangular sharp edged and polygonal sections and circular cylinders are
presented by aerodynamic force coefficients depending on the aspect ratio of the cross section (rectangular sections), the
corner radu (rectangular and polygonal sections), Reynolds number and surface roughness (circular and polygonal sections
and spheres) For circular sections pressure distnbutions are given for three Reynolds number ranges subentical, entical
and transentical ränge
The effect of finite slenderness is meluded by a slenderness factor, where the slenderness is defined for the different
application An indication is given for cylinders and spheres near a plane surface

4 3 Lattice structures and scaffbldings

Aerodynamic force coefficients for lattice structures based on model tests with full-scale Reynolds numbers, sohdity ratios
and slenderness are given for plane and spatial elements with members of sharp-edged and circular cross-sections
The values for scaffbldings are restneted to the worst case of wmd direction

4 4 Bndges

The descnption ofthe wmd load for bndges is denved m two parts

(i) For those bndges which are less sensitive to wmd, a global boxed1 value of wmd pressure is defined
(n) In general, aerodynamic force coefficients are given in alongwind, crosswind and longitudinal direction depending
on the aspect ratio of the bndge deck and for different bndge deck types (two groups) A slenderness factor is
meluded mto the formula

The reference area is desenbed m detail, except of the descnption of the reference area due to traffic This reference area
depends on typical traffic situations and must be defined in the design codes for railway and road bndges

4 5 Flags and friction force

For free flags a formula for determimng the force coefficient is presented It is based on tests with full-scale flags and
desenbes the wmd load meludmg a dynamic factor caused by the fluttenng ofthe flags

A boxed value means Each country may define its own value refened to the special Situation m that country
 H. RUSCHEWEYH 205

For large areas swept by the wmd (1 e large free Standing roofs or long free Standing boundary walls) the friction force
coefficient is given for three different surface roughnesses

46 Slenderness reduetion factor. i|f,

The influence of the slenderness is taken mto account by a slenderness reduetion factor, i|/A It is presented versus the
effective slenderness, k, and the sohdity ratio, <p The effective slenderness, X, is defined m a table for the different
boundary conditions Worth to mention is, that for vertical structures placed on the ground the wmd boundary layer causes
flow disturbances at the support and reduces the aerodynamic correlation on the structure The effective slenderness for
those structures is defined by 1/d and not by 21/d (mirror analogon)

5 DYNAMIC FACTOR FOR GUST RESPONSE

As shown m chapter 3 2 3 the dynamic factor, cd, takes mto account the reduetion effect due to the lack of conelation of
pressures over surfaces and the magnificaüon effects due to the frequency content of turbulence close to the fundamental
frequency ofthe structure
In order to evaluate the dynamic factor, cd, two procedures can be applied
(i) simple procedure
(n) detailed procedure
The simple procedure has been developed for buildings chimneys and bndges which are less sensitive to dynamic
response The dynamic factor for those structures is less or near 1
Based on the detailed procedure and with approximations of natural frequencies and damping, entena have been developed
for the field of application ofthe simplified procedure, which provides conservative results
In the following chapter the field of application is presented

5 1 Field of application

In Fig 2a - c the field of application ofthe simplified procedure is given for buildings (concrete, steel and mixed matenal)
In order to avoid an abrupt change from one to the other procedure, the cd-value has been meluded as a parameter for the
ränge of 0,9 s cd £ 1,2 Most ofthe common buildings may be calculated with the simplified procedure Only few extreme
buildings must be handled with the detailed procedure In general it is allowed to use the detailed procedure for all
buildings, but it is recommended to do so if cd > 1 or/and the structural data are not close to the data indicated m Figure 2
to4
The calculation with the detailed procedure for roadway and railway bndges provides cd < 1 Therefore the simplified
procedure may be applied for those bndges of span 1 s 200 m The dynamic factor cd can be taken from Figure 3
Figure 4a - d shows the field of application for chimneys The entenon m Fig 4 is related to gust wmd response The vortex
shedding phenomenon which is important for chimneys is indicated, too, and is desenbed m chapter 6 m more detail

200

¥Z CJK

not of

tJ^ 100- practicai /

/ /

/
interest
r
JL

// /
/
/
Wind 50-
f/
//
,40
height h (m) <*/
30 / 1
1
20
3)

V
l
20 50 100

breadtti b (m }

Figure 2a Concrete structure, 6 0,045 n, + 0,05

 206 WIND LOADS

200-

/
/y / /y
150 z

i /
//
DO- not of
practical /\V <•

/
//
f
interest
/
f
/y
50-

//
~1

/
:
height h(m) T
/
/
/ ¥
30 -

/
//
s,

A 7
1
20-
/
10-
I
10 20 50 100

breadth b (m)

Figure 2b Mixed structure steel-concrete, Ö 0,08 n, > 0,08

// /
200- l

$y
-ßy /

/ /y ry
not of
y/
practical /
/ s
interest >
V
/
50-
/
**''
/ **>
i

/
// <*>/ /
\s /

/
height h (m) aS

/
>

30- *r /'
20-
/ ä /
1

10-
1
10 20 50 100

breadth b (m)

Figure 2c Steel structure, ö 0,045 n, > 0,05

Figure 2 Field of application for the simplified procedure for buildmgs Approximation for the natural frequency nx

- 46/h where [h] m

 iPk. H. RUSCHEWEYH 207

I span limit for I

footbndqes
1

//
|
I
I
/

//
/
1

'
/
I

2ef
/
50-

/
I /'/
/
he<ght zjm)
r/l I
7 /
20-

/f |
l
1

f
1 D
1

20
I

50
/ 100
7
200

span l (m)

Figure 3 Dynamic factor, cd, for roadway, railway and footbndges

m
For c > 1,2 use 4&£jL/
/
100
detailed method cnfena for
Annex B vorfex shedding
(6 9U)

height h (m)
^ -VA-
^

//
0.5
/
2

diameter
5

b (m)
10
/
Figure 4a Field of application for chimneys, values for unlined welded chimneys
 208 WIND LOADS

For cd >1,2 use

100 detailed method
y//
Annex B 7 ,cntena for
vortex shedding
(6 94)
50

height h (m)
~/A-
T

/
o>

s*,
/V
10^-
A.
£ / 7-777"
05 2 5 10
diameter b (m)

Figure 4b Field of application for chimneys, values for lmed steel chimneys

200

For r. > 1,2 use

100 detailed method entena for
(Annex B "Vortex shedding
(694)
50
7
height h (m) / b

/ ft T

/
20>
//
0,5 1 2 5 1C

diameter b (m)

Figure 4c Field of application for chimneys, values for bnck lmed steel chimneys
 *#% H. RUSCHEWEYH 209

100
For c, >

detailed
1 2 use

m< thod ^ entena for vortex

'shedding (6 9 4)
Annex B

-VA-
/
/
height h (m)

*>;

Z
/
0.5 2 5 10

diameter b (m)

Figure 4d Field of application for chimneys, values for reinforced concrete chimneys

In Figure 4a to 4d the following values have been used (ö may be used for the vortex resonance calculation)

,-^b
^ N

Matenal 6 €,

a) concrete 0,05 • n, > 0,025 700

b) steel or aluminium with bnck Imer 0,07 1000
c) Lmed steel or aluminium 0,025 1000
d) Unlined welded steel or aluminium 0,015 1000

diameter w, weight ofthe structural part

effective height wz total weight

6 2 The detailed procedure for c

The dynamic factor, cd, is defined by

Ca
i +2-g- UO Qo2 +Rx2
(17)
1 + 7 •
^ (Zcqu)

where z^, equivalent height ofthe structure

 210 WIND LOADS

T DT
t
L ^h h
equ equ

7—7 A A^ / s / *

The quantities
g peak factor
turbulence intensity
Qo background part ofthe gust response
resonant part ofthe gust response

are presented by mathematically expressions which allow a numencal calculation with Computers For a quick check and
for Illustration the parameters are presented m diagrams, too
In order to evaluate the serviceability of the structure in respect to alongwmd Vibration an expression is given to calculate
the displacements and accelerations
Finally, interference factors are presented for high-nse buildmgs in tandem or grouped arrangement effected by wake
buffeting

6 VORTEX SHEDDING

Slender structures such as chimneys, Observation towers, component elements of open frames and trusses, bndges and m
some cases high nse buildmgs shall be designed to resist the dynamic effect of vortex shedding The shedding of vortices
from unstiffened cylmdncal shells may in addiUon excite ovalling oscillations The field of application is given by the
entena m Figure 5 and 6 which implies the limit of

v^s l,25v. (18)

where vra design wmd speed (see chapter 3 2 2)

Held of <^ vX^" Cj

apphcation ~>* ÄV*°>
Df vortex
«**^/&>*$>
200- y
4K
/ / &¦
7^
height[ml
100"
/

z / :/' y
//./
^
7'
"2 //
r yc>///
^
d^>-^|
h

bU~
7^ ZZ-
7^7*-
'/
4
h

/ no sensitivity to
# b
Wind
/ *x\- vortex shedding

in " ' '

t 10 '20 0
50' 100 breadth (m)

Figure 5 Cntena for the field of application of vortex sheddmg for buildmgs
 H. RUSCHEWEYH 211

Note The effect of the aVb ratio is based on the Strouhal number of a rectangular cross section, as shown
m the following figure

st<
0,15-

0,10-:

0,05-
^„.^
T 1
1
|
11
1
'

j
--E^ljb
^-0^
i

23456789
[

1 10 d/b

Strouhal, St, number for rectangular cross sections with sharp corners

Cntena satisfied provided

b -«H f—
Elongated structures h/b<8
like chimneys, posts, towers M T
n J

(h height, b diameter """* Jh

Bridges —?"ET b TTT l<200m

Types of

supports for
U
¦ i
i Ji
i" 5<-<10
b
4 >
b
10

horizontal forces a
i 8 14

4> £ l/b
16
linear Interpola¬
29
1
1

^
rrr
24 tion 44

i \ 32 58

Figure 6 Criteria for the field of application of vortex shedding galloping lnterference galloping and flutter for
elongated structures

In order to calculate the entical wmd speed

^ 0) nJ/St (19)

Strouhal numbers St are given for

rectangular sections
circular cylinders
sharp edged sections
bndge decks

and the natural frequency n, may be estimated by using the formulae given m a special Annex (see chapter 8)
For the calculation ofthe maximum vortex resonance amplitude the correlation length model is presented This model has
been developed including the existing knowledge ofthat phenomena and to present a stable Solution for structures m natural
wind The model has been checked and venfied with a lot of füll scale measurements during the past 18 years [5] The
maximum amplitude at the top ofthe chimney is given by equ (20)
 212 WIND LOADS

maxyp i
-rr'*--*-°*-h±
1

(20)

where b reference width ofthe cross section

K» effective correlation length factor 0,1 £ Yi^ z 0,6
K mode shape factor 0,1 <, K s 0,14
Cfc, aerodynamic force coefficient, given for the cross sections as hsted above
St Strouhal number
Sc Scruton number 2 mÖ/(pb2)

The most important point of the correlation length model is the calculation of the effective correlation length factor, J^
which mcludes the locking-in effect and the type of response (random or harmonic) For large amphtudes (max Vpfo > 0,1)
K^ must be calculated by an iterative procedure Simple formulae are presented for common cases
The correlation length model cannot only be apphed to cantilevered or simple supported structures but also to more
complicated structures, like spatial lattice structures, frame structures or guyed masts The handling for those Systems is
desenbed m the Eurocode
Vortex-excited resonance vibrations may cause fatigue problems Therefore a calculation
rule is presented to estimate the stress and the number of stress cycles

7 AEROELASTIC INSTABILITEES AND INTERFERENCE EFFECTS

The following phenomena are desenbed

galloping instability
lnterference galloping
bndge flutter
divergence

Cntena and calculation procedures are presented for the onset velocity resp divergence velocity for galloping, lnterference
galloping and divergence Bndge flutter stability should be calculated by solving the flutter equation or with model tests
and is not presented m detail Simplified rules availabe m literature may be used provided that they have been agreed with
the relevant authonties

8 DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

For the calculation ofthe dynamic effects the natural frequency, the damping, the mode shape and the equivalent mass of
the structure must be known In most cases it is sufficient to have a good approximation ofthat values In a special chapter
these dynamic charactenstics of the most important structures are desenbed For more complicated structures a modal
analysis is recommended

9 FINAL REMARKS

The new draft of the Eurocode "Wmd Action" presents calculation procedures of wmd pressure and wmd forces for the
most common buildmgs and structures for static loads as well as for dynamic effects It was the aim to draft a code with
includes modern calculation procedures and verified aerodynamic coefficients which produces realistic load values The
most important influcence parameters have been left separated and are not combined together so that the structure of the
code enables to add or to reduce values as available and to follow an mcrease of knowledge and expenences m the field
of wmd action
For the descnption of the wmd charactenstics a format is given and the regional values are presented m different national
wind maps Every country may introduce simplifications or more sophisticated descnptions of wmd parameters, if available
For structures which are less sensitive to dynamic effects, the calculation procedure becomes simple and is restneted to only
a few calculation steps
All design codes ofthe Eurocode will refer to this wmd action code, so that the wmd load will be calculated m an identical
manner for all buildmgs and structures
Dunng the following ENV penod it may happen, that some Supplements will be meluded if the design codes request for
 H. RUSCHEWEYH 213

10 EXAMPLES

10 1 Steel building of different height

— h
b
10
20 m
+ 200m

d 10m
//////s/
L L
T >r

The building is situated m urban area (category 2) with a reference wmd speed of vref 27,5 m/s The force coefficient is
set to constant, ct 1,3 From the cntenon of Fig 2 the simplified method may be apphed up to a height of 50 m In Fig
7 the calculated wmd force per m2, ¥JA^f is plotted against the building height h for the simplified and the detailed method
For h > 50 m the result of simplified method is above the result obtained by the detailed method, while for h > 50 m the
detailed method has to be applied because of increasing dynamic response

-o-"
s* ^
^
3 - /
Jw_
Aref
S / S

rMi
2.5- //
Lm2 J
v°
y? simplified method
2 -
//°/y detailed method
/
o

/p
//
/// /
1.5- /
o

1
0 20 40 60 100 h[m] 200

Figure 7 Calculated wind force per m2 for the buildmgs of example 5 1

Compansion of simplified method with
detailed method

10 2 Large low nse steel hall

vf]0<L
b= 60 m

under the same site condition as m example 11 1

we get for the

simplified method Fw/ATef 1,40 kN/m2

detailed method F^A^ 1,19 kN/m2
 214 WIND LOADS

i e the simplified method presents nearly 18 % higher wmd loads The reason for this fact m the neglected size effect m
the simplified method

10 3 Concrete tower

Hfl
h 150m vref 27,5 m/s

roughness category 2

10 3 1 Small slenderness, d 13 m

A h/d= 11,5< 12

From the entena for towers and Stacks this structures may be calculated with the simplified method Both calculations,
simplified and detailed method come to the same result

F
— 1,47 kN/m2

The reason for the good agreement is that the size effect as well as the dynamic effect may be neghgible

10 3 2 Large slenderness, d 5m

X h/d 30>12

This structure has to be calculated with the detailed method The along wmd force is

F
— 2,23 kN/m2

and is 52 % above the result which would be received with the simplified method

11 REFERENCES

[1] ENV 1991 -2-3 Eurocode 1, Basis of Design and Action on Structures, part 2 3 Wmd Actions Approved proposal,
Dec 1993

[2] Project Team PT 5 (Editor H Ruscheweyh) Background document to ENV 1991-2-3, Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau,
RWTH Aachen, Apnl 1994

[3] ISO/TC 98/SC 3 Wmd Action on Structures, 1990

[4] G Solan Tubulence modelmg for gust loading, J Struct Eng ASCE, 113,7, 1550-1569 (1987)

[5] H Ruscheweyh, G Sedlacek Crosswind Vibration of steel Stacks - Cntical companson between some recently
proposed codes J of Wmd Eng and Industnal Aerodyn, Vol 30 (1988) pp 173-183

[6] N J Cook The designer's guide to wmd loadmg of building structures, part 2, BRE, Butterworth London, 1985

[7] ECCS TC 12 Recommendations for calculating the effects of wmd on buildmgs and structures, No 52, 2nd

edition, 1987, ECCS Secret, Bruxelles, Av des Ombrages, 32/36 bte 20