(@) For T-Network Consider a symmetrical T- network with input impedance Z,, is terminated in same impedance Z,as shown in Fig. 9.10. Fig. 95 Symmotical T-notwork terminated in 2, The input impedance is given as WZ, +22; +22.) or 2 Zy(Z, + 22, + 2%) + AZLy+ 22, + ALD 4h 22, +422, Zyyimtorm of open (Z,) and short circuit = ef} —_{} Z,) impedance: For open circuit impedance, the network Z.—> 2 Sh becomes as showin in Fig. 9.11, shen fiat2 Fig. 012 ZAAanZ, o 2,422.) Therefore, Z),* Z, or Zor (6) For n-network Consiser a symmetrical x-network with input impedance Z,, is terminated in same impedance Z,as shown in Fig, 9.13. z 2 2, [J z, Fig. 9.13. Symmetical enetwork terminated in 2, ‘The input impedance is given as Zy> OZ MOZ. | Z)*Z,1 _{ 22% 2) Lat +z, 22+ +Z 2222, Zy + Z,Zq+2Z,20) Bly Oily ily Wah, AP LLL 42L 27422, 422,22 +42,2, or 2, AF 2, 2} pe 22 0” Zaz, ‘Therefore, the characteristic impedance of symmetrical x-network is 2k Ads IZ; +422Z,, in terms of open circuit (Z,,) and short circuit (Z,.) impedance: Zz For open cireuit impedance, the network becomes as shown in Fig. 9.14, Jog = Ls) MZ +225) 2—> ez [Jax o ay, = ah 2la) Zaz Fig, 0.14 For short circuit impedance, the network booms a shown in Fig. 915, since 22 i also short sieute 4. = 232, 2 Z, stot or fo" Lath; a Sie 4az ‘Therefore, Z, * Z, or Zon = Vos Lo ‘Thus, we ean also get [Zor Zon = 21 22 9.6.2 Propagation constant (y) ‘The propagation constant 7 of the network is given by 4 = tog, (4 1 Whe (f (@) For T-network Consider a Tonetwork is terminated with characteristic impedance Z, as shown in Fig. 9.16. Fig. 0:16 By KVL, we can write Intoopt: 21, +250, 1) -¥,=0 w 0 @ 4 In loop: (403) = 2, — i Matiee 22) _ rom definition In Zz. ‘ uy 4 or Fraraqge 4 ny 4 @‘We know that the characteristic impedance of a symmetrical Tnetwork is given by +2, “a Squaring equations (3) and (4), and subtracting equation (4) from equation (3), we get ce 1p+ ee a Bylot Be) 7,2,- 1-7, Pyle IP ZZ (8-140 Z(e-1P-Z,e'=0 wy err 1-26 Dividing both the sides by 2, we gt ere! 4 In other forms we can find as follows: f sin y= Joosi?y 1 = yf! (From equations (4)) ‘Therefore, We know that, and ‘Therefore,We know that, a aio jz (6) Forn-network: ‘The propagation constant ofa symmetrical x-network is the same as that fora symmetrical T= network i. Zi ‘cos hy = 14 24 | posmye tay 9.6.3 Classification of Pass-band and stop-band For designing any filter the Following requirements should be fulfilled, (A filter should pass (or transmit) desired frequencies without any attenuation, It means attenuation («should be zero in the pass ban, (It should attenuate or completely stop all undesired frequencies. It means in the stop band, ‘a" shouldbe high The propagation constant is a function of frequency is given by at ‘Where, a= attenuation and fi = phase shift ‘The propagation constant should provide the information of ability of the filter to fulfil basic requirements, Ice o, then output current (/) is equal to the input current). This is because no attenuations is provided by the filter network. So there exists only phase shift If ais positive c.> 0) then the filter network provides attenuation. In this case J, > and it indicates the operation of band, For symmetrical Tor x-network, the propagation constant is given by Zz te sn b= 21) Zz or sinn (238) « [Z {cosh josh sin = | or sin h->-008°5 i ns 2 "az, a + sin (A +B) = sin A cos B+ e0s A sin B) Consider following cases: Case I: When Z, and Z, are of same type of reactances. 4 In this ease 47~ is real and postive. Therefore, imaginary part of equation (1) must be zero, cos h &.sin® = cos ht > 2 0 @wt sin Sool o gation 2 canbe sisi it then cos = 1 and sin SS (From equation (3) Therefore, A ‘Thin gives high value of atenuation, Thus the condition | -|>0. gives attention band Case Il: When Z, and Z, are oF opposite type of reaetances. 4, In this case Ga is eal and negative. Seok a) sind o a Sein - and ooh o Bquations (4) and (8) ust be satisfied simultaneously by and. Equation (4) aay’ be satisfied when w= 0, oF when B= Condition: (= When a Then from equation (5), we wet snd aan o In this ease since a ven by equation (6) Condition: (i) when =n, 0,1 gives pus band. The phase shit introduced in the passband is sin B ‘Therefore cos g 2 ‘Thon from equation (8), we get ews « o Since 4 0th ‘Curoft Frequency ‘The fRequency at which the network changes fom a pass-band wo stop-band and vice-versa is called the cutoff frequency ‘The eutoff frequencies ean be obtsined by using, or 220 A xd Teo) Ata Where Z, and Z, are opposite type of reastances. 19.7 SUMMARY OF PARAMETERS FOR FILTER NETWORKS “The summary of parameters for T and Filter networks are summarize as fllows 1. Characteristic impedance (Z,): Fora Tnetwork 4Fara rnstwork Fog lag be 2. Propagation Constant (7: ‘The propagation constant is same for T and w-nstork andi given by 4 coh y= 3. Attenuation Constant (a): =O; inpascband eos! 24} = 2eon if Geo) sin span Zz B~2sin' 7) inpass-band. =a, =0, 1,250 3m stop an 4. Phase Constant (B): Z,-Wand 2, +42, 0 98 TYPE OF FILTERS: Depending othe lationship between Z, and ters are ano ws (0) Constant oF Prototype Firs ln this type fies, Z, and Z, related as AL-K=R, Whore is eal constant, indzpendca of euency. ea esistnce Ais alo known sgn impadance ofthe The constunt-X pe fers so krown asthe pote Benue other mor complex mete canbe derived from 0) mederived Fier In this type of filers, Z, and Z, related as ZLeR 9.8.1 Constant-K Low Pass Filters and senctwork or sonstant ow pas fier shown ia Fig. 9.17 (a) and () respective a — a vi Fare F wh gt at g ® w moor Foc both Tandon sce ip 2, = and snipes 2-1 then jo L Ber b~ (ochich is indspendent of frequency) ‘Therefore, design impedance is given by m= e Gi Cuvoftfrequenes: ‘The eurof oquncy i given by z,‘Therefore, the pas-band of constant -K low pas filer extend om 0 to Fez The graphical representation of constant -K low pass teri shove in Fig. 9.18 rio oe TRIC {requency as lincar and rectangular hyperbola as shown in Fig. 9.18, The cuof frequency atthe itercction ofthe curve Z, and 4Z, 8 indicated asf All the froquences above, le ina sop ot attenuation band, Thus, the network is called a low pass tes, Since, 2, “ind iv, Land Z therefore renctanees Z, and Z, vary with Po. ae i) Attenuation constant: In pus-band, and in stop-band, (di) Phase constant: In top-end, Be sn FE asm (Z) ‘The variation of attenuation constant and phase constnt with frequency is shown in Fig. 9.18 nd in passband, a, 829, Vataton of eteuaton constant an phase constant wih query. (io) Characteristic Impedance: The characteristic impedance for Fnerwork filter is given by 7 2a\ 1 Burm Posing 2,~ fol and 2,In the pass-band, ffs that Zs rea In the stop, > 0 that Zs imaginary. and if F=f Zap. The characterise impedance for s-network is given by Putting Z,~ ja and 2, In the pas-band, ff s0 that 2, is rel, Inthe stop-band, ff, so at 2, is imaginary, and iff. Z,~ > ‘The variation of eharicteritc impedances Z,,and Zy, With frequency is shown in Fig. 9.2. Fig. 9.20 The vrton of Zand 2 wth er conn tp Taner ow pes Str In the pass-band, ffs that Zs rea In the stop, > 0 that Zs imaginary. and if F=f Zap. The characterise impedance for s-network is given by Putting Z,~ ja and 2, In the pas-band, ff s0 that 2, is rel, Inthe stop-band, ff, so at 2, is imaginary, and iff. Z,~ > ‘The variation of eharicteritc impedances Z,,and Zy, With frequency is shown in Fig. 9.2. Fig. 9.20 The vrton of Zand 2 wth er conn tp Taner ow pes Strand ¢ ~ 54x 2000 509 ~ 03183 HE Step 11: To obatin Tand x-networks fora prototype law pass fer: “The network is shown in Fig E 9.1 (0, 19809 — 9795 ——- Fae or ‘The ronatwork is shown in Fig, 9.205) 0 —_—. oxsonyro= € $= anor Foe aw Design a low pase filter ac and Fnerworks having a cutoff fegency f= 1000 He Example. 92. Design a low pass iter as = and Fnetnorks having a cucoff fxgeney = 1000 He to onerate with terminated loa of revistance 200.2 Also fied the frguencyat which ths filter offers attenuation of 19.148. Solution. Step design low pass fltcr as x and T-network. Given, {= 1000 Hz, Ry = 2000 = K, Welon that, sand e 1s9uF ale ehon amnle £ rae) Ose aF oF (1.59 0F) i epee @ w Fi £02, “To determine the frequency. ‘Weknow that, atensation in dif 8.686» attenuation in nepers wa attenuation in nepers = go oper. ‘We know that, for Low pass iter: a= 20s (fj reo (5) 22 o Feag 7S D Too on f= 1.67 KH, Example, 9.3 Determine the nominal characteristic impedance or load resistance and the off equency for the low pas filter ax shown in Fig. E93. eon i) os OOH — TORT 028 uF oonye te @ tH Fo eos, sySolution, ‘Step I To obtain the load resistance and the cut-of frequency for the n-network. Given: Lno25ur oc C= 05 uF L=20mHt K Cut te -£[ ‘ut tequeney,= 2 | £34 20x 1g)” S183 Hae ‘Step I: To obtain the lad resistance and the cut-off frequency forthe T-network. L Given, Cotue = 80H or = tt TL _ fieoxi0™ feria and eT 985 Hee SL Sam ioox 10 9.82 Constant K High Pass Filters ‘The constant -K High puss fiter as T and rnetwork are at shown in Fig, 9.21 (a) and (6) rexpoaivel. Ths ype of ite ean be obtained by changing the position of series and shunt elements fof the constant K kw pas ier. ——t age ka a Fo. 921 Let2= 1 and = ok thn eign impotn forte load npc is given by Ps RAL G (Cato Frequency: ‘Thecutof Frequencies ae given by ‘Therefore the passband of constant high pass 1 ‘iter etends fom 3 JF 10 “The erphical representation of Z, and Z with ‘variation offequency is shawn in Fig. 922. The cut ‘fF requency atthe iterseetion oF he eurvesZ;and— AZ, is indicated asf. The fer pus all frequencies ‘erweenf and =. Fig. 022,(i) Attenuation Constant: Inpas-band, = a0 and instoptoand, a= 2 cos L 2.> Jab aml 2 ol 2eos ht fp cos Vee? Ze fi (iid) Phase Constant: Instp- ban, sn in passband The variation of atenuation constant a and phase of constant with frequency fis shown in Fig. 9.23, (is) Characters Impedance: “The characoristie impedance for Fetwork is yiven by Za) Fal (is) Characters Imped . a ‘The charscteristie impedance for Tevork is given by arm felt ) el ae - cool) Inthe passband, > 50 that Zs eal Inthe sop band <0 that 2 is imaginary. and iff The characterise impadance for s-network is given by then ZoF wie & f J Inthe pase ba, 9 that Ze Th the stop band, ) Icis a stres combination ofa low pas iter and a high pss filter with fo, cuvot espe frequency of the low pass filter and f, cut-off frequeney of the igh pass filter, Where Soy < fig ‘Thus the overlap allow only a band of frequencies to pass, Fe ee 4 & OTS —H ‘0000 TOTO 4 +e os i ue 7S (a) ©) Fig. 925 For Tenetwork : r % _ Jol, 1 The impedance of seriesarm, 3 = "3" bce Gee Foe the sere am the ney fresrance sien by a ‘and for the shunt arm, the frequency of resonance is given by lic _and fr the shunt arm, the frequency of resonance i ven by when both resonance Fequens 1 Ten wees TS Tat te equal then there willbe a single pass ban. ‘Theron, Cucoft Frequent ‘The cut frequencies ae given by 0 42, “Multiplying both sides by Z,, we get “Therefor, the impedance Z, ofthe cies arm at J, is negative ofthe impesance Z at fs Le Since Land ay=28h yo altar mente, (4 -Al4 y- treretee, [he Via So Hence the resonant fequency of the band puss filter is equal othe geometric mean ofthe so cuvof fequancicsHence, th resonant fequoney ofthe band pas iter is equal the geomeuie mean ofthe ‘to cutoff frequencies. (i) Filter Componeat values: “The iter components ae Cy. Cyd Ly Wehave, ateutofl fequeney J, 2--J2Ry (Since, = 28 4) (since. J Te) « hy AER Soha Sanh a Therefore, VERE L Since, 1g “ baste BP RG | ” FET LG Putting the value of Chen we got Wehave, oe 16, Ry Puting the value of C, then we get and Putting the value of, then we get 1 BRS Example. 98. Desir comstam — K bowl pase fer wi ew off feguencies 3 KMS and 7.5 KH “and nominal characteristic impedance of 90.22 Solution. Step I: To determine the values of components of a constant band pass filter: 7SkH2, R= 9000. lc: Giver, fy 3AM, ‘We know tat, hk _, 900 - 1a[ 75% 10'-310" 0075100310) Bade RT SAI = 1432 mH- = 15x10! sx" gig Te R Tyla WRT ONO IED Tae OTP 1 1 Ta) dass m0 56 31) 78 u 4 ‘therefore, Sh= 55 51,93 mt and 2c 0.017 pF = 0.034 uF ‘Step I: To obtain constant -f band pass ter cireult. The constant ~ and pas flrs shown in Fig, B98. i 50% ——e vase Bey G Fig E98 Example 9.9. Design a proto pe band pass filter with cutof frequencies 1.25 ke and 2 Alte and nominal characteristic impedance of 6. Solution. ‘Step I To determine the value of components of «prota type bund pa Given, Sy = 12S KH, fo, = 2HH2, Ry=4 kD. ‘Weeknow that, Re 00 Uf, Ja) 348(2000-1350) wort Ril — Ja) __4000 (2000 - 1250) Sr flog Hedsel2sie 2M ~OPS4H (fe. ~fa) (2000-1250) Re fy” Rs 1% 150% 2000 = 5.968 oF SRT) Te warn ~ 81 1097 4 Therere, P= 2 OP — 9848 H,2¢, = 2 « 5.968 = 11.93 nF G _ t6te 2, +0954 =0.19 Hand 53.05 nF Lo‘Step I: To obatin prototype bund pass ter as Tand w-networks, ‘The prototype band pass fer as T and x-sctons areas shown in Fig E 9.9 (a) and (b) reset. Oaa sitar Hoeme osm tam soso O80 ‘8888 — = e689 —| | mye ee OBS L Oe 106.1 nF 019 HB at, Bonn 2h $ maser a a Cy Fe €99. 9.84 Constant-K Band Stop Filters ‘The constant band stop fier as Tand x-nctwork areas shown in Fig. 926 (a) and (b) respectively. Isa parallel combination ofa lw pas iter and a high pass filler with cut frequency ofthe low pus iter and, cut-off frequency ofthe high puss iter. Wheres, oR RTE oo | Crh ; For T-network: “~ A ily ‘The impedance of srios arm, “1 = /%41 4 et 27 2 je2G, 2 @ AG) Therefore, ae For the series arm, the resonant requancy i given by 1 VEG ne resonant Fequency is given hy ey = ‘Aad forthe shunt art, For equal resonant frequency, We get ot Wee Ta Lc There oy(Cuca Frequencies ‘The eurof frequencies are given by Z,642, At [rsa “ja, t, 0-024, C) oF Jot, (02 LC, oFL.G = (0346-1) Sine, “There, Therefore, Son he fe Hence, the resonant frequency ofthe hand stop filters also equal othe geometric mean of the two exo roguencics (G)_Fliter Component Values The filter components ae CL. C, and L We have, at cua raguency f. (Sinee, 0, = 254) (Sines, f~ WIaFa) oyTherefore, Since, o G Putting the vale of), then we get 1 RGB q Wehave, Re © y= Ry C, Putting the value of C, then weet % he af) k and a Putting the value of 2 then We get Lh, Ge RR fe So, Example 9.10, Design a constant-X bund sop fer with ew-off foquencles of 3 ind nominal characteristic impedance of 900. determine the value of components ofa constant-K band stp filter. Given, fy =3 hile, fy = 7-5 kl, Ry = 9000. We know dha, MoU ~L,) 90047-5210 — 310°) Woh, 34x31 XTSXIP Ke 00 573 sll = 15.9 mH 2° Ge{h, he) PRIS x1 3x10) 1 \ ~ Gai [f.—f) ~ #314 v0 sx 10" 3x10) Fig fy __78x10% 3010" Ry Inlay 318 900% 3510" 75% 10" a = 00196 uF 0.0707 RF = 28,6 nll and 2 C, =2 0.0196 = 0.0392 To obtain constant band stop filter cireuit “The constan-K hand sop filter is shown in Fig. 9.10 Cot one yF aa ue s fe aig masrh— GeLavorpF aeret 18 sont Fo E910 oo