EXPERIMENT -05

Q1. Discuss the history and development of Photoshop.

Photoshop was originally created by two brothers, Thomas Knoll and John Knoll.
The two brothers shared interests both in photography and computing, and had the
use of their father's darkroom while growing up. Photoshop was still yet to be
conceived, but development effectively started in 1987. The project started as a
thesis on the processing of digital images, and evolved first into a small set of
graphical subroutines, and then into a program named Display. This grew into a
better featured version named ImagePro in 1988, and finally Photoshop 1.0 in
1989. Adobe took interest in this final version, and the first ever version of
Photoshop was released in 1990.

There is a fantastic article with even more details on the time leading up to
Photoshop 1.0.

After its massive success at the top end of the market, a consumer version was
created to run alongside the professional package. These packages were sold for
much less than their full counterparts, and were also bundled with other products
like digital cameras and scanners. Photoshop 4.0 Limited Edition was the first of
these packages.
By Photoshop 7.0, which was now the market leader of all graphics programs,
Adobe stopped making LE versions, and began the Photoshop Elements product
line. The professional package has since moved on to the 'CS' versions, and
Photoshop Elements releases have continued.

Below is a brief version history for Photoshop that summarises the Photoshop
release history:
Version Operating System Release Date
1.0 Mac OS February 1990
2.0 Mac OS June 1991
2.0.1 Mac OS January 1992
OS
2.5 Mac November 1992
Windows
2.5.1 Mac OS July 1993
OS
3.0 Mac September 1994
Windows
OS
4.0 Mac November 1996
Windows
OS
4.0.1 Mac August 1997
Windows
OS
5.0 Mac May 1998
Windows
OS
5.0.1 Mac June 1998
Windows
OS
5.5 Mac February 1999
Windows
OS
6.0 Mac September 2000
Windows
OS
6.1 Mac March 2001
Windows
Mac OS
7.0 Mac OS X March 2001
Windows
OS
Elements 1 Mac April 2001
Windows
Mac OS
7.0.1 Mac OS X August 2002
Windows
OS
Elements 2 Mac August 2002
Windows
CS (8.0) Mac OS X October 2003
Windows
Elements 3 Mac OS X October 2004
Windows
CS2 (9.0) Mac OS X April 2005
 Windows
Elements 4 Mac OS X October 2005
Windows
Elements 5 Windows October 2006
CS3 (10.0) Mac OS X April 2007
Windows
Elements 6 Mac OS X October 2007
Windows
Elements 7 Windows October 2008
CS4 (11.0) Mac OS X October 2008
Windows
Elements 8 Mac OS X September 2009
Windows

Q2. What is layer with reference to Photoshop?

Layers were introduced in Photoshop 3.0. This totally revolutionized Photoshop.
For the first time you could do complex compositions easily without having to be a
channels guru. I remember before layers, if a client wanted to make changes to a
composition, or even change a font you were in big trouble.
There is a lot to layers and they will take some time to master. But they are not that
difficult once you understand how they work. In this tutorial I will explain the
concept of layers, describe the features and walk you through a simple tutorial.
Along the way I will throw in a few cool tips to help you work faster and easier.
A layer is simply one image stacked on top of another. Imagine I have a piece of
paper and I paint it red. Then I take a peice of clear celophaine and paint a yellow
circle, and lay it over the paper. Now I take another peice of cellophane and paint
some blue type and laythat on top of the yellow circle. I now have a background
(red) and 2 layers (yellow and blue.) Just like in the picture below.
A background with 2 layers.
This is how your image with would look on the screen or when printed.
Broken apart so you can see how the layers work
Each layer stacks on top of the previous one.
That is it! The concept of layers is that simple. Photoshop uses the Layers Pallete
to allow you to do this with your images. More than one layer is called a
composition.

Photoshop's layers Pallete is a powerful tool that allows

you do many special things to your layed
compositions. Next we will look at the
Photoshop 6 layers pallete

Q3. Explain the operations like pattern stamp,

dust and sand.
PATTERN STAMP

"Pattern Stamp Tool" lets you paint with a patterns.

Photoshop contains some pre-defined patterns in the pattern libraries.

You Can also create your own patterns and save it to the library.
Specify the blending mode, opacity, flow and brush size in the "Options
Bar"
Try to paint a pattern with the pattern stamp tool, by opening a new blank
psd document and selecting the required patterns.
The Aligned gadget on the Options bar, when selected you can release
the
mouse button without losing the current sampling point. Upon deselecting
the gadget the sampled pixels are applied from the initial sampling point
each time you stop and start.
DUST
One of the most tedious yet important operations in image editing is the removal of
unwanted blemishes from a photo. These defects are most often caused by dust on
the originals, or on the optical surface of the scanner which was used to digitalize
them. Other damage to the original in the form of scratches, creases or stains also
may require repair, and as long as these defects are not serious, they can easily be
masked using the cloning tool in Photoshop.
The presence of dust may not seem like a serious problem, and on a casual
inspection of the digital image at lower magnifications, it may not even visible,
however, during subsequent steps in the manipulation process it will become
increasingly apparent and will have a serious detrimental effect on the finished
image if it is not first dealt with. The main problem with small blemishes and dust
specs is that once unsharp masking (image sharpening) is applied in the final steps
of preparing a photo for printing, all defects will be greatly magnified. If an image
has an abundance of small specs, these will result in a grainy appearance after
unsharp masking is applied. This is especially true for older, or enlarged photos
which were not particularly sharp and may require more aggressive unsharp
masking. It is therefore, necessary to eliminate defects from an image before
continuing with other aspects of image manipulation.
Using the cloning too, Defects can quite easily be removed. The circle
(brush) in the image to the left represents the area of effect. The clone tool
will replace the area within the circle with pixels taken from a sample area
that is specified by the user. This can be done in two ways in Photoshop.
The sampling location can be fixed, so that as the clone tool moves it will
continue to take samples from that same area. This can be useful if , for
example, you need to replace a damaged region with a uniform color, like
the dark regions in this image. A sample could be taken from a relatively
clean area and used to cover defects where the background has the same
appearance as the sample region. The other sampling method is the aligned
sampling feature of the clone tool. With this option selected, the sampling
region will remain a fixed position and distance from the cloning brush as
it moves. This feature is very useful when trying to maintain the integrity
of patterns in the background and can even be used to duplicate objects.
The type of alignment used will depend on the particular operation but
generally the aligned option is more versatile and can produce more
natural results since backgrounds are rarely uniform in pattern, color or
brightness. In the example image a crease is in the process of being
removed. When using the clone too it is important to sample for areas that
will make the repair as invisible as possible. The following are some tips
which will help to yield the best results:
Change the sampling location frequently (even when using aligned
sampling) to avoid repetitive patterns.
Choose areas for sampling that match closely to the target area so as
not to create an abrupt change.
Use a soft (feathered) edged brush for a smoother blending effect.
Perform all damage repair with the cloning brush on a separate layer
above the background so all changes are easily reversible This has
the added advantage of allowing you to be able to quickly compare
the image before and after modification by simply making the repair
layer invisible.

Manual repair with the cloning tool is a highly precise and effective
technique, however, in certain situations it can be extremely tedious and
time-consuming A photo may contains numerous small specs which are
just big enough to cause problems when unsharp mask is used. Eliminating
these small defects one at a time with the clone tool could take hours for a
large high-resolution image. It is possible, however, to remove dust spots
from a large area of a photo using Photoshop's dust and scratch filter. With
this filter, the software will attempt to selectively remove dust and
scratches from an image. The problem with this type of filtration is that it
will blur or unsharpen the image in the process of eliminating dust. The
dust and scratch filter in photoshop can still be a powerful tool if used
correctly.