Colocation and Coexistence Adjacent Chawnel Lenkage Ratio. ‘ACLR’can be described as the ‘relative amount of transmitted power leaking into adjacent channels’ as illustrated in Figure 5-6 below. Channel BW. Channel BW. Adjacent channel ‘Transmitted channel Adjacent channel Relative amount of transmitted power leaking into adjacent channels Figure 5-6 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratlo ‘The RBS ACLR characteristics are specified in the 3GPP specification 36.104. An excerpt of this specification is illustrated in Figure 5-7 below. TETRA onamited [WS aaeconichana | Ass acont | Flerontheaacent | ACR Siow te tator above | Qntoomave) fine TIO Wow EuTeAarsaneb | — Soe Bang) | Oe TB EUTRAceameoW | Saae Bangy —| aS Tiga Era | Seep TTR RE Gae | ee TWhasalts Towne | SRA UTR RRC Gai | ew NOTE T Bi 2 Baza cel onions varoanln tandlahcoiaaton oh EUTRAWaetiiog pile oso anal [NOTE Th RRC her sate eqarletio We Last ps shape Me Genes 1525166 ih clipe erin Figure 5-7 RBS ACLR specification Lzr1380015 R2A (© Eticsson AB 2013 -149 -LTE L13 Radio Network Design The UE ACLR characteristics are specified in the 3GPP specification 36.101. An excerpt from this specification is illustrated in Figure 5-8 below. Minieum requirement "the measured adjacent channel power i reater than -SGdBm then the ACLR shall be higher than: “Chanel Bondvidh ETI, Feararement bondi | ae = 1s ry ite | ste | ste ne | oaite | site ee ee sas | oan | soun Adjcem hac coe | 14 20 ts 10 a Tequemyottet |" i 7 i i ‘em) ls 30 ‘5 ‘io is 20 Figure 5-8 UE E-UTRA ACLR specifications - min requirements 3GPP TS 36.101 v8.9.0 te mad diet he peri thn he ACE sl high ha a ws Titan | eat | aan Taka | wea Figure 5-9 UE UTRA ACLR specifications - min requirements 3GPP TS 36.101 v8.9.0. -180 = (© Ericsson AB 2013 LZT1980815 R2AColocation and Coexistence 1.4 Lzr1390915 R2A ‘Spurious emissions y > transmit Band. Spurious emissions are caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as harmonic emission, parasitic emission, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products. The requirement also covers the intermodulation requirements outside the transmitter band with several transmitting carriers transmitting, Spurious emission is defined as the ‘amount of transmitted power measured more than 10 MHz from the transmitting band as illustrated in Figure 5-10 below. Spurious emissions Operating band unwanted —_ Spurious emissions A emissions ~__ Receive Band tonite 10M Amount of transmitted power measured more than 10 MHz from the DL operating band Figure 5-10 Spurious Emissions. The RBS spurious emission characteristics are specified in the 3GPP specification 36.104. An excerpt from this specification showing the spurious emission characteristics into the LTE receive band is illustrated in Figure 5-11 below, Frequency range Maximum Level Measurement Bandwidth Fur tow — Fur th -96 dBm 100 KHz Figure 5-11. RBS spurious emissions into LTE. © Ericsson AB 2013 W rm. 181LTE L13 Radio Network Design Figure 5-12 shows the RBS spurious emission requirements for co-located RBS in FDD mode. Tyee teotoamea Bs Fregeneyrange teres | WaamanLend | Wessarenant ‘shee ‘Sonn Too aa od err TRA FOO Bard EUTRA GINS 20-1080 “oon TRA FOO Band or EUTRA Ba "0 570 Bae Re [UIRAFOD an lr ETRA Band 1 [par 7erae—— acim oan Figure 5-12 RBS Spurious emission into other bands — colocated RBS FDD: (3GPP TS 36.104 v8.9.0) The RBS spurious emissions into different band for co-existing base-stations is illustrated in Figure 5-13 below. Seoncr | 3: aime—aen ta eae ene eT Figure 5-13 RBS spurious emission - co-existing RBSs FDD: (3GPP TS 36.104 v8.9.0) © Ericsson AB 2013 LZ71980016 R2AColocation and Coexistence re eT Ee emer | memo ee mime eneen Figure 5-14. RBS spurious emission - co-existing RBSs TDD: (3GPP TS 36.104 v8.9.0). ‘The UE spurious emission characteristics are specified in the 3GPP specification 36.101. An excerpt from this specification is illustrated in Figure 5-15 below. Cunt | «| a0] s | w | is ] 20 ‘bend | atte | onste | miniz | mitiz | sve | ste ide Afon re) | 28 | 6 | wo | ts | 2 | 25 In order that the measurement of spurious emissions falls within the frequency ranges that are more than Afgog (MHz) from the edge of the channel bandwidth, the minimum offset of the measurement frequency from each edge of the channel should be Afoos * MBW/2. MBW denotes the measurement bandwidth defined in following table: Frequency Range Maxioumn Level | Measurement Bandwidth Dilie 2 ¥= 150 KH 36 aoe rs 130 kdtz 21 90 MH 3648 Tous 30 Miiz2 1 4000 Mz 36 48m Too Me 1 Gite (= 12.75 GHz 308m Tee Figure 5-15 UE spurious emissions ~ 3GPP TS 36.101 v8.9.0 271380915 R2A © Ericsson AB 2013 = 1532.1 =154- LTE L13 Radio Network Design Receiver characteristics _ Adjacent channel selectivity (ACS) Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) is a measure of a receiver's ability to receive a LTE signal at its assigned channel frequency in the presence of an adjacent channel signal at a given frequency offset from the center frequency of the assigned channel. ACS is the ratio of the receiver filter attenuation on the assigned channel frequency to the receiver filter attenuation on the adjacent channel(s). For a similar reason as that mentioned in the ACLR section, itis difficult to implement a perfect filter with low side lobe in the UE; therefore, downlink adjacent channel interference is mainly caused by UE’s imperfect receiver. ACS is illustrated in Figure 5-16 below. +—5 Miiz—> 45 Mz —>, Adjacent channel Assigned channel Adjacent channel Figure 5-16 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) © Ericsson AB 2013 LZ 1380918 RAColocation and Coexistence W ‘The RBS ACS characteristics are specified in the 3GPP specification 36.104, An excerpt from this specification is illustrated in Figure 5-17 and below. eae efron envy pono evel Pace chanel oats | Refoence measure chanel ae 14 FEA 8 = FEATS “ors e FCAT 05 = FROATS™ 018 TF Prt owe ofa ange anes ale vance measurement chanel Tis aurora sel Domet breach Saati apiaton fs sr tocn RE AN pesados gas it wah 25 enue eck Ch aa [wa [ws [aa [Me OFTOFDM Syl pe sare @ a a Pood oe iB) oo |u| me me |e Taran bck CRG Bis) uf ™ [= |» | ™ Cote Bek OR se) z = @ 7 = Nomber ol ote bos -C : x o 7 o Coto lock sxe akan ibis Tats emai (ie) | wee [ere | eroa | ona _| ena Teal nstbr ois persue es [ sn |rooo | eee | ae Test symbos pore Fave or | 70 | 2000 | ee | Figure 5-17 RBS reference sensitivity level 1 t cought ea be 295% of he maximum throughput of ference measurement char Is - 3GPP TS 36.104 v8.9.0 Big, | Motes seer | tera Te thr oe ma Toea Te = Taree Tea 7 Pas 00 = Sr ETA i 228 Bn TRA a TP Fan fn So DATE ecm RSET AOS, Example: ACS (20MHz BW) = 02 ~(~t0l5 +h) > 49.9 48 Figure 5-18. RBS ACS (3GPP TS 36.104 v6.9.0). From this we can calculate the ACS for a 20 MHz BW to be -52 -(-101.5 + 6) = 43.5 dB ‘The UE Adjacent Channel Selectivity characteristics are specified in the 3GPP specification 36.101. An excerpt from this specification is illustrated in Figure 5-19 below, Lzr1360015 R2A © Ericsson AB 2013 2185 =2.2 158 - LTE L13 Radio Network Design ‘Te UE shat tthe imum requroment spaced In Tb 75.116 a value on aecon channel itrere up to -25 Bim. However at pablo del} meatus the ACS, vlad the lower nd oper ange tet prareers ‘7 choson n Tabi 75 12nd Tale 7.5.1-9 where the Preughul shel te 2% of he ai vou the ‘elrence measurement shanna as speciladin Amoxes A2?,A23 and A3.2 wih one led dyramc ONG Patan escibad in Annee A114... (OP. FOOITOO forte DLs Figure 5-19 UE ACS (3GPP TS 36.101 8.9.0) ReppiveaBlockina Blocking characteristics is a measure of a receiver's ability to receive a static signal at the allocated channel frequency (except adjacent channels), without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of an interferer at any frequency (in the frequency band 100kHz to 12.75GH2) other than the wanted signal frequency. Receiver blocking is illustrated in Figure 5-20 below. “pune wr” Receive Band Transmit Band Ability to receive wanted signal in presence of an unwanted interferer on frequencies other than those of the spurious response or the adjacent channels Figure 5-20 Receiver Blocking @EFicsson AB 2013 Lz71380915 R2AColocation and Coexistence ‘The RBS receiver blocking characteristics are specified in the 3GPP specification 36.104. An excerpt from this specification is illustrated in Figure 5-21 below. For all operating bands and technologies, the interfering signal mean power is +16dBm for a desired signal mean power of Prrrsens + 64B Figure 5-21 RBS Receiver blocking- colocation, (3GPP TS 36.104 v8.9.0) ‘The UE receiver blocking characteristics are specified in the 3GPP specification 36.101, An excerpt from this specification is illustrated in Figure 5-22 below. Ti aa Figure 5-22 UE Receiver blocking. (® Ericsson AB 2013 187 Lzr1g8091s ROALTE L13 Radio Network Design 3 Adjacent channel interference Adjacent channel interference as shown in Figure 5-23 below happens when different systems co-exist within the same geographical area without site co- ordination planning, They will always interfere with each other to some extend due to the imperfections of the transmitter and receiver filter. ‘Two RF requirements related to adjacent channel interference were described earlier. They are “Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio” (ACLR) and “Adjacent Channel Selectivity” (ACS). To analyze the adjacent channel interference, a new definition is used: Adjacent ih Carrier) Carer 2 Figure 5-23 Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio (ACIR) ACIR is the ratio of the total power transmitted from a source (can be BS or UE) to the total interference power affecting a victim receiver as illustrated in the equation below: ‘The total interefernce (Irorat) is the sum of intereference due to ACLR (Ixcux) and ACS (Ines ) a8 below: Frorat = Iactr + lacs But 158 - © Ericsson AB 2013 LZ 1380915 R2AWw Colocation and Coexistence Pix ACR ACLR and — Pm acs” “ACS Therefore Pix TOTAL ‘ACS If this is substituted into the equation for ACIR it becomes: P, 1 ACR= ———*— = Px, Pm 1, ACLR “ACS ACER “ACS Figure 5-24 Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio (ACIR). ACIR is the ratio of the total power transmitted from a source (canbe | cig = 2% BS or UE) to the total interference Trorat power affecting a victim receiver. Prx Pix BX and [eg = ACER" 8" “ACS Troran=Tperr + Ics butsince Inoue = I _ Pix + Pix TOTAL” ACLR ACS Pix 1 Therefore ACIR = —————_ = —______ Pox Px 1 ACLR ACS ACLR ACS Figure 5-25 Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio (ACIR). Lz71380915 R2A © Etiesson AB 2013 =159-LTE L13 Radio Network Design 3.1 Downlink ACIR (ACIRp_) - RBS to UE interference For the case of adjacent channel interference between a RBS and UE the ACIR is calculated using equation 27 as below: 1 1 1 — + — ACLReps ACSyp ACIRp, = Equation 27 Downlink ACIR Where ACLRxgs is that of the RBS = 45dB = 10°* and ACSye is that of the UE = 334B = 10° This is the value of ACIR that will be used in the case of adjacent channel interference between a RBS and UE. For the case of adjacent channel interference between a RBS and UE the ACIR is calculated using equation 27 as below: ACIRp, = 1 Equation 27 oe ACER gas ACSyp Where ACLRggs is that of the RBS = 45dB = 104 and ACSyp is that of the UE = 334B = 103 1 ACIRp, = =~ 1876.8 = 32.7 dB 33dB ee 1045 1083 Figure 5-26 Downlink ACIR (ACIRDL, RBS to UE interference). 160 - © Eriesson AB 2013 Lzr1380915 R2AColocation and Cosxistence 3.2 LZ71380015 RA Uplink ACIR (ACIRy_) - UE to RBS interference For the case of adjacent channel interference between a UE and RBS, the ACIR is calculated using equation 28 as below. l 1 I ee ACLRy: ACSkus Equation 28 Uplink ACIR- ACIRy, = Where ACLRy is that of the UE = 304B = 10°? and ACSyus is that of the RBS = 43.5dB (20 MHz) = 10° ‘This is the value of ACIR that will be used in the case of adjacent channel interference between a UE and RBS. For the case of adjacent channel interference between a UE and RBS is calculated using equation 28 as below: 1 1 1 t,t ACLRye ACSrps ACTR y= Equation 28 Where ACLR,), is that of the UE = 30dB = 105° and ACSpgs is that of the RBS = 43.5dB(20MHz)= 10435 ACIRp. = = 957.24 = 29.8 dB & 30dB 1 + 1 1039 10435 Figure 5-27 Uplink ACIR (ACIRUL, UE to RBS interference). © Ericsson AB 2013 W41 162 - LTE L13 Radio Network Design Effect of Interference: Interference will degrade the sensitivity of the RBS and UE. Interference effect on RBS As illustrated in Figure 5-28 below, the minimum signal required at the RBS (the sensitivity) is increased by the interference (N). Noise rise AW“ wy RBS,.,, (with interference) = RBS,.,,,(unloaded) +N, caused by interference! \Oafrye RBS, aginlonded N,+10l0g (Bw) + N, #Cil (NM) Noise ise 4 TAM CM \ caused by interference! Yay nihetons (N) Interference source (Aggressor) Figure 6-28 Interference effect on RBS © Eriesson AB 2013 L2113809165 R2A,Colocation and Coexistence W 42 Interference effect on UE As illustrated in Figure 5-29 below, the minimum signal required at the UE (the sensitivity) is increased by the interference (N). caused by interference Noise rise ry UE sens (with interference) = UE,,,.,(unloaded) + N, Ny ya UEanoate) = N, + 10log (Bw) +N, #C/l cil Noise rise 4 Ye caused by 1 A interference’ YM Ni, + 010g (Bu) + Interference source = (Aggressor) Bons ue b 7 Figure 5-29 Interference effect on UE Mereas pores ty hight. > interlerence 43 ‘As can be seen from Figure 5-28 and Figure 5-29 the sensitivity of the RBS and UE will be increased by the noise rise due to interference (Ni) as below: UE or RBS yoy. = (UE of RBS geo + Nj)dBm_ The noise rise due to interference is given in dB by: = jolog Noise with Aggressor (N+P, Noise before Aggressor (N) NN. Pix 10log| S-+ | =10log(1+ P/N) Lzr1380915 R2A (© Ericsson AB 2013 = 163 -LTE L13 Radio Network Design Hence the sensitivity degradation due to interference can be given by equation 29 below: Sensitivity degradation = 10log(1+ P,,,/N) dB Equation 29 Sensitivity degradation due to interference UE or RBS,.,,= (UE or RBS,.,,+ N;)dBm. The noise rise due to interference (N,) is given in dB by: Noise with Aggressor (NH N,= 10lo; Noise before Aggressor (N) Pint N,= 10log| = |+10log(1+ Piy/N) WN Sensitivity degradation = 10log(1+ P,,/N) dB_ | Equation 29 Figure 5-30 Sensitivity degradation due to interference. ‘Thermal noise (from chapter 4) is given by equation 30 below: N = 10 log (KTBN,) dBm Equation 30 Thermal Noise WN Where K is Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 X 10° J/K T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin = 290 (17° C) B is the Bandwidth in Hz = e.g 10 x 10° Nris the Noise figure of receiver, typically for RBS = 5dB (3.16), UE=74B(5) For the RBS (10 MHz system BW) this works out to be: Nags= 10log ((1.38 X 107° X 290 X 10 X 10° X3.16)/10°]dBm. =-99 dBm © Efiesson AB 2013 Lz71380915 R2AWw Colocation and Coexistence For the UE this works out to be Nue= 10log [(1.38 X 107° X 290 X 10 X 10° X5)/107]dBm 97 Bm ‘These values will be used in interference calculations, N= 10 log (KTBN,) dBm | Equation 30 K is Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 X 107! J/K T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin = 290 (17° C) B is the Bandwidth in Hz = 10 x 10° N; is the Noise figure of a typical receiver = $dB (3.16), UE = 74B(5) Neps= 1Olog [(1.38 X 1022 X 290 X 10 X 108 X3.16)/107]dBm =-99. dBm Nye™ 10log [(1.38 X 10 X 290 X 10 X 10° X5/10?}dBm, =-97 dBm Figure 5-91 Tha NORBIN)) LTE RBS sensitivity degradation ‘The RBS sensitivity degradation when collocated with an GSM 1800 base station. can be calculated as follows: Max spurious emission requirement for collocation according to 3GPP: = -98dBmv/100kHz => -98 + 10 log (10/0.1) = -78 dBm/10MHz With 30 dB system isolation, the external interference Pint is calculated as: Pig = -78 — 30 = -108 dBm For a noise figure of 5dB, the LTE noise floor is -99dBm/10MHz and the sensitivity degradation can be calculated according to: Sensitivity degradation = 10 log(1 + 107°/10°°) = 0.5 dB 1271380915 R2A (© Ericsson AB 2013 =165 =LTE L13 Radio Network Design ‘Max spurious emission = -98 dBm/100kHz (according to 3GPP requirements) -98 + 10 log(10/0.1) = -784Bm/10MHz (10MHz system BW example) With 304B system isolation, the external interference P,, is: Pig =-78 -30 = -108 dBm For a noise figure of $ dB, the LTE noise floor is -994Bm/10MH7z and the sensitivity degradation is: AS = 10 log (1 + Pyy/N) 10 log (1 + 108/109) 0.5dB Figure 5-32. LTE sensitivity degradation - GSM 1800 example. 44 Isolation between systems Isolation between systems is defined as the attenuation between the transmitter port in the interfering (aggressor) system (RBS or UE) and the receiver (Victim) port (RBS or UE) no matter whether ASC is used or not. Note: The reference points for calculating system isolation are different to the RBS reference points. In Figure 5-33 below, the downlink of one antenna i (aggressor) interferes with ‘the uplink of another antenna j (victim). Antenna gain (G,,) Propagation loss (L,,,) Antenna gain (G,,) Aggressor Figure 5-33 Isolation between systems 166 - (© Ericsson AB 2013 LZ71380918 R2A,Colocation and Coexistence Lzr1a80918 R2A WwW ‘The isolation between the antennas i and j in this case is given by equation 31 below. Yow many F Equation 31 isolation between systems Where Le and Ley are the feeder losses of feeders i and j Gas and Ga; are the antenna gains of antennas i and j the propagation loss between antennas i and j Las is losses in an extra filter in antenna system i D is the coupling factor achieved by changing direction or tilt of the main-antenna lobe When systems are operating in the same geographical area, the worst case would be with their antennas are pointing at each other. The isolation between these systems will be obtained by simplifying equation 31, that is, neglecting feeder losses, considering only the nearest antenna, The worst case of co-area isolation is given in equation 32, that is when there are no feeder or filter losses (Le), Lxjand Le:= 0) Co-area isolation the worst case Equation 32 Worst case Co-area isolation Isolation;;=L, - Gai + Lyy- Gay + Ly + Ly + D Ly & Ly are the feeder losses of feeders i and j Gy; 8 Gy, are the antenna gains of antennas i and j Lp, isthe propagation loss between antennas i and j Ley is losses in an extra filler in antenna systom 1 D” isthe decoupling factor achieved by tlt or change of azimuth direction Worst case is when there are no feeder or filter losses and the antennas are pointing towards each other (Li Ly, Land D = 0) Co-area isolation ine orca (© Efiosson AB 2013 -167 -45 168 LTE L13 Radio Network Design Figure 5-34 Isolation (equation 31). The path loss can, for distances in the far field zone of the antenna (>10 m), be approximated to free space path loss. Free space loss when dis in km and f in MEZz is given by equation 33 below. Lp = 32.4 + 20-log(d) + 20-log(/) Equation 33 Free space path loss ‘Assuming the distance between RBSS is 100 m, the free space path loss for the different frequency bands are given in Table 5-1 below. Table 5-1 Free space path loss for 100m 800 70 900 71 1500 76 1800 BB 1900 73 2000 BB Figure 5-35 Co-area operation. Calculation examples The isolation required can be calculated in the following way: © Ericsson AB 2013 LzT1990918 R2A,Colocation and Coexistence: LZr1380015 R2A AS = 10 log (1 + 10?/10%) => (A tolerable value of AS is 0.8dB) => Pi = N- 6.94 (N= N, + Ny+ 10logB) Lisot =P. isot = Pom ~ Ping The required isolation can then be found as: Figure 5-36. Isolation required. © Ericsson AB 2013LTE L13 Radio Network Design ‘The blocking requirement Jy. for LTE eNB is 16dBm, and is specified for a degradation 4S of 6 dB. The required isolation can be found as: JB 55— isol Where: Tstock iS the received interference (= +16dBm) Ps is the output power from the aggressor BS (=43dBm) = 43 -16 =27dB => Livot Figure 5-37. Isolation against blocking towards LTE. A calculation example of required isolation for colocated GSM base stations are shown in the following figure (LTE bandwidth is assumed to be 10 MHz): = GSM1800 max emission level: -98 dBnv/100kHz = Poy = -98 + 10 log (10/0.1) = -78 dBm * Noise figure 5 dB * N=-114+5+ 10log(10) = -99 dBm = Py = -6.9- 99 = -105.9 dB "Lise = -78 + 105.9 = 27.9 dB sol = = Isolation can be achieved by adding extra filters on GSM equipment or adapting the site solution Figure 5-38. Isolation against spurious emissions - colocation with GSM 1800. When the base stations are collocated, the isolation can be achieved either by adapting the site solution or by adding extra filters on the GSM equipment. -170- © Ericsson AB 2013 LZ 1300015 R2AColocation and Coexistence For coexistence in the same geographical area, the minimum required physical separation between LTE (with 0.8 dB degradation) and GSM can be estimated to roughly 300m, according to the calculation below: * GSM1800 max emission level: -61 dBm/100kHz * Poy =-61 + 10 log (1010.1) =-41 dBm * Noise figure 5 dB = N=-114 +5 + 10log(10) = -99 dBm Py, = -6.9- 99 = -105.9 dB © Lig) = -41 + 105.9 = 64.9 dB = Assuming D = 10 dB, f= 2600 MHz, Ga = Gb = 18dBi © Ligy = 32.4 + 20log(d) + 20log(p) - (Ga + Gb) + D => = => d=0.32km Figure 5-39. /solation against spurious emissions - coexistence with GSM 1800. Calculate the maximum spurious emission levels that can be tolerated can be calculated, assuming Ling = 30 dB: * Assuming L.,., =30dB, N,=5 dB, 48'=0.84B Figure 5-40. LTE spurious emission level. LZT1380018 R2A (@ Ericsson AB 2013 aan.5.1 5.2 5.3 -172- E-UTRA with E-UTRA LTE L13 Radio Network Design Collocation and coexistence for E-UTRA AS[AB] [Pom [dBm] |ly—N [dBm] | Lino [AB] Spurious emissions, — 0.8 -96/100kHz 29.9 colocation Spurious emissions, 0.8 -49/1000KHz |-6.9 66.9 coexistence, diferent bands, E-UTRA band 7 to E-UTRA band 7 Spurious emissions, 0.8 -96/100kHz |-6.9 29.9 cooxistonce, same band AS[aB] |Pos[4Bm] | IsccxlABm] | Lj,- [AB] Blocking 6 43 16 27 Figure 5-41. Colocation and coexistence for E-UTRA with E-UTRA. E-UTRA band 7 with GSM 1800 AS[AB] | Pom [ABm] Ljgos LAB] Spurious emissions, | 0.8 -98/100kHz 27.9 Colocation Spurious emissions, | 0.8 -61/100kHz | -6.9 64.9 coexistence, same band AS[AB] |Pas[dBm] | Ioiccx4Bm] | Lis) [AB] Blocking 6 43 16 27 Figure 5-42. Colocation and coexistence for E-UTRA band 7 with GSM 1800. E-UTRA band 7 with UTRA band | AS[AB] [Pon f4Bm] | Iy—N [dBm] | Liga [OB] Spurious emissions, 0.8 -96/100kKHz |-6.9 29.9 colocation ‘Spurious emissions, [0.8 -49/1000kHz |-6.9 66.9 coexistence, same band AS[OB] |PoslABm] | IiocefABm] _| Lien [OB] Blocking 6 43 16 27 Figure 5-43, Colocation and coexistence for E-UTRA band 7 with UTRA band | © Ericsson AB 2013 Lzr1380915 RAColocation and Coexistence 5.4 E-UTRA Band 13 with CDMA 2000 band 0 ‘The spurious emission limits in CDMA 2000 for collocated and coexisting base stations are for further reference, and isolation figures are not calculated. Collisions do not occur between the operating bands for E-UTRA Band 13 and CDMA 2000 Band 0, so guard bands are unnecessary. In this case, no additional actions are required beyond using appropriate filters, 5.5 Colocation solutions 5.5.1 ‘The antennas for LTE and the other system is separated vertically or horizontally, ata certain distance (see Figure 5-44), pointing parallel or away from each other. ‘When horizontal separation is used, the azimuths should not intersect. When vertical separation is-used, the tilting angles should not intersect. — Horizontal Beam Width (GSM900 with (directional antennas) GSM1800/GSM1800/GS M1900/UMTS/LTE [m] 6510 oa 02 03 90210 10 05 05 7052 10 15 07 o7 120210 20 10 70 180 10 50 25 25 ‘Antenna Gain {omni antennas) <10 3.0 15 10 >10 50 25 10 For vertical separation, the minimum distance is 0.2m Figure 5-44. Lzr1980915 RA (© Ericsson AB 2013 173 -LTE L13 Radio Network Design 5.5.2 Colocation with dual diplexer and shared mast feeder In this solution there are two diplexers. The first diplexer combines the LTE ‘Tw/Rx and the Tx/Rx for the other technology from each base station to a single feeder, which ascends the mast. A second diplexer splits the two into separate ASC/TMA/antennas. These antennas should have at least 30 dB antenna isolation. The first diplexer should be at least 50 dB, and the main concem is inter-modulation products of the third order generated after the first diplexer. LL, >30dB isolation Shared feeder wooma asc TMA # «—— >50dB inter- modulation suppression LTE WCDMAIGSM Figure 5-48. Feeder sharing and separate antennas, -178- © Ericsson AB 2013 1211380915 R2Acoven and Contec 2 5.5.3 Colocation with shared antenna The existing Tx/Rx antenna is replaced with an antenna covering both LTE and the other technology (this is actually two antennas in the same radome). This antenna must have at least 30 dB isolation between LTE and the other technology. Shared antenna >30dB isolation LTE - other A technology LTE WCDMA/GSM Figure 5-46. Shared antenna only. Lz71980015 R2A (© Ericsson AB 2013 175 -5.6 =176 - LTE L13 Radio Network Design Near-far problem For the base station to mobile scenario, an essential issue is the Near-Far effect. Assume an LTE system is deployed in the same geographical area using adjacent frequency blocks. ee Co-area interference — as Near-far Tt Operator A Operator C A In Figure 5-47, system A represents the LTE system and system B and C represents a system of another technology. When a mobile from system A is located near a base station from system C, it can cause interference for the receiver of the system C base station, and the reverse also applies. When the user equipment of system A is located far away from the base station of system A, but close to the base station of system C, significant interference can occur, because the mobile transmits at high power to overcome the high pathloss. If different operators colocate base stations on the same sites, the Near-Far eff eliminated. Figure 5-47. Co-existence Interference scenarios. © Ericsson AB 2013 Lz71380915 R2ALTE Coll Planning and Hardware 6 LTE Cell Planning and Hardware Objectives After this chapter the participants will be able to: Explain the tools and hardware associated with LTE cell planning. Explain the downlink and uplink analysis supported by the TEMS CellPlanner LTE module. List the Ericsson products in the RBS 6000 family. Explain the hardware structure and capabilities of the RBS 6201 and 6102. Figure 6-1 Objectives of Chapter 6 LZz71380915 R2A © Eticsson AB 2013 “1772178 - LTE L13 Radio Network Design TEMS CellPlanner LTE Module ‘The TEMS CellPlanner (TCP) LTE module uses a choice of path loss models to predict and plot the pathloss between the RBS and UE antenna as illustrated in Figure 6-2 below. Eo fas Wa Ui Nees Te O9pP++00 saad Figure 6-2 TEMS CellPianner LTE Pathloss Plot The status bar along the bottom of the screen continually displays the coordinates and path loss to the serving cell. In the illustration in Figure 6-2 above the grid reference position East 1,620,824 North 6,589,266 is served by RBS-9 cell BI with a pathloss of 98.72 dB. ‘The pathloss prediction is the used to produce the following plot © Downlink estimated average SINR for a given load © Downlink RB data rate for a given load * Downlink data rate for a given load * Uplink maximum SINR for a Monte-Carlo simulated load * Uplink RB data rate for a Monte-Carlo simulated load © Uplink data rate for a Monte-Carlo simulated load © LTE Neighbour analysis Ericsson AB 2013 Lzr1380815 R2ALTE Cell Planning and Hardware 1.1 1.2 Lzr1980915 R2A Downlink SINR for a given load Using the pathloss prediction the TCP LTE module is able to produce a plot of the SINR for a given system load. The TCP downlink SINR plot in Figure 6-3 has been produced for a downlink system load of 60% (percentage of used RBs). he Gt en a Map les Peers Hels Ts Jar pes 00 2au0 Figure 6-3 DL SINR (60% Load) 5 base on 60 } (oad, From the plot in Figure 6-3 above it can be seen that the downlink SINR can be quite low where the sectors overlap due inter-cell interference. The cell planner should try to minimize this with various antenna beam-widths and down-tilts. As there will always be some overlap between sectors care should be taken to ensure ‘that this does not happen in areas of high traffic. ‘The status bar along the bottom of the screen continually displays the coordinates, serving cell and DL SINR. In the illustration in Figure 6-3 above the arid reference position East 1,620,824 North 6,589,266 is served by RBS-9 cell B1 with a downlink SINR of 8.84 dB. Downlink RB data rate for a given load Based on the downlink SINR plot the TCP LTE module is able to produce a plot of the corresponding downlink Resource Block (RB) data rate for a given channel ‘model, UE speed and transmission scheme. The coverage piot illustrated in Figure 6-4 below shows the possible downlink RB data rate for the Enhanced Pedestrian A (EPA) channel model assuming a UE speed of 2.1 km/h, 2X2 ‘MIMO transmission scheme with a system load of 60%. (© Ericsson AB 2013 2179.LTE L13 Radio Network Design Figure 6-4 DL RB Data Rate (60% Load) From the pfot in Figure 6-4 above it can be seen that the downlink RB data rate can be quite low where the sectors overlap due inter-cell interference. The cell planner should try to ensure that the highest downlink RB data rate is supported in the areas of highest traffic concentration. The status bar along the bottom of the screen continually displays the coordinates, serving cell and downlink RB data rate. In the illustration in Figure 6-4 above the grid reference East 1,620,824 North 6,589,266 is served by RBS-9 cell with a downlink RB data rate of 237 kbps. 1.3 Downlink data rate for a given load Based on the number of available RBs in the channel bandwidth and the downlink RB data rate, the TCP LTE module can produce a plot of the downlink data rate for a given system load assuming all RBs were used to support the LTE bearer. The downlink data rate plot illustrated in Figure 6-4 below shows the possible downlink LTE bearer data rate for the Enhanced Pedestrian A (EPA) channel model assuming a UE speed of 2.1 knv/h, 2X2 MIMO transmission scheme, 20 MHz channel bandwidth (100 RBs) and a system load of 60%. 160 - (© Ericsson AB 2013 1271380915 R2A,LTE Cell Planning and Hardware 1.4 171380915 R2A (area Figure 6-5 DL Data Rate (60% Load) From Figure 6-5 above it can be seen that the lowest downlink data rate in the area to be covered is 422 kbps. This value should be greater than the cell edge ‘throughput requirement of the network. ‘The status bar along the bottom of the screen continually displays the coordinates, serving cell and downlink data rate, In the illustration in Figure 6-5 above the grid reference position East 1,620,824 North 6,589,266 is served by RBS.9 cell BI with a downlink data rate of 23729 kbps or approximately 24 Mbps. Uplink maximum SINR for a Monte-Carlo load Since uplink interference is dependant on the location of the UE with respect to neighbouring base stations a process of ‘Monte-Carlo’ analysis is used to predict the typical network performance for a given number of UEs distributed throughout the network. A configurable number of simulations, each using a pseudo-random distribution of UE in the network are used to produce an average indication of the uplink network performance. The uplink maximum SINR after 100 Monte-Carlo simulations is illustrated in Figure 6-6 below. (© Ericsson AB 2013 -tet-1.5 1e2- LTE L13 Radio Network Design pps 08 2a4c Figure 6-6 UL Max SINR (Monte-Carlo Load) From Figure 6-6 above it can be seen that the uplink SINR (estimated using Monte Carlo) can also be quite low where the sectors overlap due interference from UEs in other cells. As with the downlink, the cell planner should try to minimize this with various antenna beam-widths and down-tilts The status bar along the bottom of the screen continually displays the coordinates, serving cell and uplink maximum SINR. In the illustration in Figure 6-6 above the grid reference position East 1,620,824 North 6,589,266 is served by RBS-9 cell BI and would support an uplink maximum SINR of 19.56 dB. Uplink RB data rate for a Monte-Carlo load Based on the uplink maximum SINR plot the TCP LTE module is able to produce a plot of the corresponding uplink Resource Block (RB) data rate for a given channel model and UE speed. The coverage plot illustrated in Figure 6-7 below shows the possible uplink RB data rate for the Enhanced Pedestrian A (EPA) channel model assuming a UE speed of 2.1 km/h based on the results of the previous Monte-Carlo analysis. © Etiesson AB 2013 271380915 R2ALTE Coll Planning and Hardware 1.6 Lz71320915 R2A, at in yeas Ue en i Ta apap. 00 sano Figure 6-7 UL RB Data Rate (Monte-Carlo Load) From the plot itr Figure 6-7 above it can be'seen that the uplink RB data rate can bbe quite low where the sectors overlap due interference from UEs in other cells. The cell planner should try to ensure that the highest uplink RB data rate is supported in the areas of highest traffic concentration. ‘The status bar along the bottom of the screen continually displays the coordinates, serving cell and uplink RB data rate. In the illustration in Figure 6-7 above the grid reference position East 1,620,824 North 6,589,266 is served by RBS-9 cell BI and would support an uplink RB data rate of 589 kbps. Uplink data rate for a Monte-Carlo Simulated load Based on the number of available RBs in the channel bandwidth minus the number reserved for PUCCH and the uplink RB data rate, the TCP LTE module can produce a plot of the uplink data rate for a given system load assuming all RBs are used to support the LTE bearer. The coverage plot illustrated in Figure 6-8 below shows the possible uplink LTE bearer data rate for the Enhanced Pedestrian A (EPA) channel model assuming a UE speed of 2.1 knwh, 20 MHz channel bandwidth (100-6 = 94 RBs) based on the results of the previous Monte-Carlo analysis. © Eriesson AB 2013 -183 -1.7 184 - LTE L13 Radio Network Design vw Ma tin rs Heo @>p0+~00 saac. Pie Figure 6-8 UL Data Rate (Monte-Carlo Load) From Figure 6-8 above it can be seen that the lowest downlink data rate in the area to be covered is 5.184 X 10° kbps or 5.184 Mbps. This value should be greater than the cell edge throughput requirement of the network, The status bar along the bottom of the screen continually displays the coordinates, serving cell and uplink data rate. In the illustration in Figure 6-8 above the grid reference position East 1,620,824 North 6,589,266 is served by RBS-9 cell B1 with an uplink data rate of 55352 kbps or approximately 55 Mbps. LTE Neighbour analysis ‘The TEMS CellPlanner LTE module also includes a Neighbor list Analysis function which may be used to generate a list of neighbors for a given number of sites and LTE traffic case as illustrated in Figure 6-9 below. © Ericsson AB 2013 Lzr1980015 R2ALTE Cell Planning and Hardware Figure 6-9 LTE Neighbor Analysis ~~ For each cell using the same carrier as defined in the selected traffic case, the analysis evaluates possible neighbor cells. Neighbor cells are the cells to/from, which handover is possible from/to the analyzed cell (based on signal strength, RSRP), For each analyzed cell, the analysis presents the cells allowing handover ina neighbor list. These neighbors are accepted by applying the list. It is possible to override this automatic selection by moving cells between the neighbor list and a waiting list (still possible candidates), an error list (rejected candidates) anda list with all other cells. The generated neighbor lists can be exported, and existing neighbor lists can be imported into TCP. Lz71380918 R2A (© Ericsson AB 2013 =185 -=186 - LTE L13 Radio Network Design Figure 6-10 below shows an example result of the LTE Neighbor Analysis function, ] iy eee _Figure 6-10 LTE Neighbor Analysis Results ‘The neighbors of particular cells can also be graphically displayed as illustrated in Figure 6-11 below. Figure 6-11 LTE Neighbor Analysis Plot © Ericsson AB 2013 Lz1380918 R2ALTE Cell Planning and Hardware LZ71380915 R2A TEMS Cell Planner also includes a feature for automatic cell planning, called AGP (Automatic Cell Planning). ‘The RBS 6000 Product Family illustrated in Figure 6-12 below is designed to support a mix of GSM, WCDMA and LTE in the same RBS and ensure a smooth transition to next-generation technologies, while providing exceptional GSM and WCDMA capacity to meet current and future market needs. RBS 6102 RBS 6101 RBS6201 RBS6601 RRU RBS 6301 i BL Figure 6-12 RBS 6000 Family ‘The RBS 6102 outdoor macro base station contains radio, transmission and battery backup to support a complete site in a single cabinet with a footprint of just 0.9 m’ (1300700 mm). It supports maximum configurations of 6 x 12 GSM, 6 x 4 WCDMA with MIMO or 6 x 20 MHz LTE with MIMO or a combination of smaller mixed configurations. ‘The RBS 6101 outdoor macro base station supports the same configurations as the RBS 6102 but without the battery backup. The RBS 6201 is an indoor version of the 6101, All these RBSs can be used in conjunction with the LTE Remote Radio Unit (RRU) to support a ‘main-remote’ RBS solution. ‘The RBS 6601 is a very small indoor main unit that can be deployed inside other cabinets that are already at the site. One LTE product will be realized as an RBS 6601 main unit with LTE RRUs, a solution that can be deployed very flexibly even at very challenging sites with minimal space available ‘The RBS 6301 is a low capacity, very compact main unit for main-remote site configurations or as a micro replacement. Typical applications are dense urban environment or indoor solutions, both cases where the power grid can be so reliable that battery back up is not needed while a small outline is essential © Ericsson AB 2013 18724 108 - LTE L13 Radio Network Design RBS 6000 Hardware Architecture All RBS 6000 products contain a number of Radio Units (RUs), Digital Units (DUs) and space for transmission equipment as illustrated in the examples for the RBS 6102 and 6201 in Figure 6-13 below. | Radio Units (RUs} Digital Units (DUs) Batteries ‘Transmission Equipment: Figure 6-13 RBS 6000 Hardware Architecture The RBS 6102 also has space for battery backup as illustrated in Figure 6-13, above, ‘The Radio Unit (RU) contains the following components: © Transceiver (TRX) © Transmitter (TX) amplification © Transmitter/Receiver (TX/RX) duplexing * TX/RX filtering © Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) support The Digital Unit (DU) contains the following components: ‘© Control processing © Clock distribution * Synchronization from transport interface or GPS © Baseband processing © Transport network interface © RU interconnects * Site Local Area Network (LAN) and maintenance interface (© Ericsson AB 2013 LZ 1980915 RALTE Coll Planning and Hardware Separate RUs and DUs are used for GSM (RUG and DUG), WCDMA (RUW. and DUW) and LTE (RUL, DUL) as illustrated in Figure 6-14 below. Figure 6-14 RBS 6000 RU and DU Variants As the RBS 6000 product evolves GSM, WCDMA and LTE will be supported by the RUS and DUS as illustrated in Figure 6-14 above. 1271380015 R2A © Ericsson AB 2013 -189-2.1.1 ont P| rato axd, y| ln 2.1.2 =190 = LTE L13 Radio Network Design Radio Unit for LTE (RUL) ‘The RUL supports 60 W output power with a bandwidth of 20 MHz. Multiple RULs can be combined into different radio configurations from I to 6 sectors and up to 20 MHz for single or dual band configurations as illustrated in Figure 6-15 below. 6X20 MIMO —_ 60+ 60 60 + 60 | 60+ 60 {| 3 x 20 |3 X 20 MIMO (Dual Band) CW aia all al ALU PLL Figure 6-15 Radio Unit LTE Configurations Digital Unit for LTE (DUL). ‘The DUL contains the baseband, control, and switching, as well as the SI and Mub interfaces for LTE RBSs. The DUL supports different time-varying traffic mixes over the LTE high-speed data interface. Baseband resources are pooled in the DUL and the high-speed data capacity can be optimized to fit operator requirements for user type and number of services. ‘The baseband capacity is pooled independently of sectors and frequencies, and up to two baseband pools can exist (two DUL units) in the same node. ‘The baseband complies with 3GPP standards and is fully integrated with the same O&M system as the RBS 3000 family. The software can be downloaded through the OSS-RC, either locally or through an access gateway, and is stored in non-volatile memory in the RBS. The Digital Unit for LTE (DUL) comes in two variants supporting different capacities as illustrated in Figure 6-16 below. © Ericsson AB 2013 Lz71380915 RALTE Gell Planning and Hardware Lzr138091s R2A Configuration DUL-20 | DUL-30 Figure 6-16 Digital Unit LTE Variants so CE Same HSDPA Iy wepna, ‘The RBS 6000 family software platform provides generic support for the application software and includes an execution platform with operating system, IP transport, and O&M infrastructure. The DUL stabilizes the clock signal extracted from the transport network conection or optional extemal GPS equipment and uses it to synchronize the RBS. The DUL provides: © Full IP conne: ity * A gigabit Ethernet transport network interface Additional interfaces and transport network configurations are available as options. © Ericsson AB 2013 s191-LTE L13 Radio Network Design Intentionally Blank 2192. (© Ericsson AB 2013 1271380915 R2ATable of Figures 7 Abbreviations 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3PpP 3" Party Product ‘Aworking group within IETF that produced a standard for E.164 ENUM number and DNS. Defined in IETF RFC 2916. AGW Access Gateway APN Access Point Name ASBG Access SBG AS Access Stratum A-RACF — Accass-Resource Admission Control Function AM ‘Acknowledged Mode ACK Acknowledgement AMR Adaptive MultiRate ARW Add RBS Wizard AMPR Additional Maximum Power Reduction ACM Address Complete Message (ISUP Message) ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity ASSL Adjacent Subcarrior Sot Leakage ASSR Adjacent Subcarrier Set Rejection AES Advanced Encryption Standard AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate AP. ‘Aggregation Proxy ARP Allocation and Retention Priority ANM Answer Message (ISUP Message) AISG Antenna Interface Standards Group ASC Antenna System Controller API Application Programming Interface APAC Asia Pacific AKA Authentication and Key Agreement ‘AuC Authentication Centre AV ‘Authentication Vector ‘AMA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting AIF Auto-Integration Function AR Automated Integration of RBS Lz71980915 R2A © Ericsson AB 2013 =193 --194- ANR ACP ARQ ASD ARPU BE-DB B2B UA Bw Bs BFCP BEM BGF BGCF BB BCH BCCH BM-SC BSR BCE cpl cscF CX-AS. CAPEX CAPEX ce cic cil (ws C-RNTI CTR CUDB cA CFR cal cs CSFB CDMA cw csv cccH COMINF CORBA CoH co cM CMDB cmc CAZAC CFRA cpc CCE cp C-plane LTE L13 Radio Network Design ‘Automated Neighbor Relation ‘Automatic Cell Planning ‘Automatic Repeat Request ‘Automatic SW Download ‘Average Revenue Per User Back End Database Back To Back User Agent Bandwidth Base Station Binary Floor Control Protocol Block Edge Masks Border Gateway Function Breakout Gateway Control Function Broadband Broadcast Channel Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast-Multicast Service Center Buffer Status Report Business Communication Enabler Call Diversion Call Session Control Function Capability Exchange Application System Capital Expenditure Capital Expenditure Carrier Ethernet Cartier Identification Code Carrier-to-Interference Power Ratio CDMA200 InterwWorking Solution Celi RNTI Cell TRace Centralized User Database Certificate Authority Channel Feedback Report Channel Quality Indicator Circuit Switched Circuit Switched FallBack Code Division Multiple Access Codeword Comma-Separated Values Common Control Channel Common O&M Infrastructure Common Object Request Broker Architecture Conference Handler Conference Owner Configuration Management Configuration Management Data Base Connection Mobility Control Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation Contention Free Random Access Continous Packet Connectivity Control Channel Elements Control Plane Control Plane © Ericsson AB 2013 Lz71380015 R2ATable of Figuros Lz71380915 RA cPM co-op CBF cN comp coF CAL cas cpp cRC DCN ORB DCH DCcH DTCH DBS/SABE OFT-S- OFDM Diameter DscP DECT DSL DRX OTx DFT ONS DNS OL oc! DwPTs DL-SCH DBL DHCP DHCP ETws Ecc E-CSCF E-DCH @-GEM e-GEM2 ECM EMM ESM EHPLMN EBs EMA EPC TSP evM Converged IP Messaging Cooperative Open-OSS Project (interface also called It-P2P) Core Border Gateway Function Core Network Counter Cipher Mode with Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol Cumulative Distribution Function Customer Administration System Cyclic Delay Diversity Cyclic Redundancy Check Data Communication Network Data Radio Bearer Dedicated Channel Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Traffic Channel Delay Based Scheduling/Service Aware Butter Estimation DFT Spread OFDM Diameter represents the next generation of authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) controls for network access, optimized for mobile access and advanced services Differentiated Services Code Point Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications, Digital Subscriber Line Discontinuous Reception Discontinuous Transmission Discrete Fourier Transform Domain Name Service Domain Name System (Defined in STD 43, RFC 1034, RFC 1035 and ‘a number of following RFCs.) Downlink Downlink Control Information Downlink Pilot Time Slot Downlink Shared Channel Dynamic Black List Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Earth Quake and Tsunami Waring System Electronic Communications Committee Emergency-CSCF Enhanced DCH Enhanced Generic Ericsson Magazine Enhanced Generic Ericsson Magazine 2:nd version EPS Connection Management EPS Mobility Management EPS Subscriber Module Equivalent Home PLMN Ericsson Blade System Ericsson Multi-Activation Ericsson Policy Control Ericsson Telecom Server Platform Error Vector Magnitude © Ericsson AB 2013 195 -