Unit IV (A) - Principal Stresses and Principal Planes in 3D

Unit IV State of stress in
Three Dimensions
State of stress in Three Dimensions
References
 Punmia B.C.,"Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol II,
Laxmi Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 2004.
 Rattan.S.S., "Strength of Materials", Tata McGraw Hill
Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
 Rajput R.K., "Strength of Materials (Mechanics of
Solids)", S.Chand & company Ltd., New Delhi, 2010.
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

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Professor,DCE, SVCE, Sriperumbudur
Contents:
• Determination of principal stresses and principal
planes – Volumetric strain
• Theories of failure
– Principal stress
- Principal strain
– shear stress
– Strain energy and distortion energy theories
• Application in analysis of stress, load carrying
capacity.
• Determination of principal stresses and

principal planes – Volumetric strain

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State of Stress in Three Dimensions
• Stress tensor at a point:
The Cartesian coordinates of state of stress at a point can be
represented by the following nine components of stress known
as the stress tensor.
𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧

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𝑦
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜏𝑧𝑦
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝑥
𝜎𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑦
𝑧

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𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 +𝜎𝑧
1 0 0
1
Spherical part of tensor 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = α𝐼 = tr 𝜏𝑖𝑗 I = 0 1 0 =
3 3
0 0 1
0 0
3
0 0
3
0 0
3

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Deviatoric part of tensor 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑖𝑗 − α𝐼

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• Example:
1 1 1
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
𝛼 = tr(𝜏𝑖𝑗 )= × 3 = 1
3 3
1 0 0
∴ 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝜏𝑖𝑗 =𝛼𝐼= 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
Deviatoric part of tensor 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑖𝑗 − α𝐼 = 1 0 1
1 1 0

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• Stress invariants:
• Invariant is a one whose value doesn’t change when the frame of
reference is changed.
• The invariants are the coefficients of 𝜎 2 , 𝜎 and the last term in the
cubic equation obtained with the following relation
𝜏𝑖𝑗 − 𝜎𝐼 = 0
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧
∴ 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎
𝜎 3 − (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )𝜎 2
+ 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2 𝜎
−(𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 − 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2 − 𝜎𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 )=0

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• Stress invariants:
• Invariant is a one whose value doesn’t change when the frame of
reference is changed.
• The invariants are the coefficients of 𝜎 2 , 𝜎 and the last term in the
cubic equation obtained with the following relation
𝜏𝑖𝑗 − 𝜎𝐼 = 0
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧
∴ 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎
𝜎 3 − (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )𝜎 2
∴ 𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 𝜎 − 𝐼3 = 0
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𝜎 3 − (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )𝜎 2
∴ 𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 𝜎 − 𝐼3 = 0
Where invariants are,
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
𝐼2 = 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2
𝐼3 = (𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥 − 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑧𝑥 2 − 𝜎𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 )
The quantities 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 and 𝐼3 are known as the first, second and third
invariants of stress respectively.
In terms of principal stresses, 𝐼1 = 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 ;
𝐼2 = 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎2 𝜎3 + 𝜎3 𝜎1 and 𝐼3 = 𝜎1 𝜎2 𝜎3
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State of Stress in Three Dimensions - Problems
Problem 1:
With respect to the frame of reference oxyz, the following state of
stress exists. Determine the principal stresses and their associated
directions. Also check on the invariences of I1, I2 and I3.
1 2 1
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 2 1 1
1 1 1

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Solution: For this state,

𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 1 2 1
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 2 1 1
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧 1 1 1
Calculation of invariants:
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
∴ 𝐼2 = 1 + 1 + 1 − 4 − 1 − 1 = −3
∴ 𝐼3 = 1 + 2 × 2 × 1 × 1 − 1 × 12 − 1 × 12 − 1 × 4
= 1 + 4 − 1 − 1 − 4 = −1

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∴ 𝐼1 = 3; 𝐼2 = −3 and 𝐼3 = −1
Using the relation 𝜏𝑖𝑗 − 𝜎𝐼 = 0, we will get a form
𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 𝜎 − 𝐼3 = 0
Now by substituting the 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 and 𝐼3 values the above equation
will be modified as,
𝜎 3 − 3𝜎 2 − 3𝜎 + 1 = 0
𝜎 3 + 13 − 3𝜎 𝜎 + 1 = 0
𝜎 + 1 3 − 3σ 𝜎 + 1 − 3𝜎 𝜎 + 1 = 0
𝜎 + 1 (𝜎 + 1)2 −6𝜎 = 0
𝜎 + 1 𝜎 2 + 1 + 2𝜎 − 6𝜎 = 0
𝜎 + 1 𝜎 2 − 4𝜎 + 1 = 0
Hence one solution is 𝜎 = −1. The other two solutions are
obtained from the quadratic equation, 𝜎 2 − 4𝜎 + 1 = 0

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𝜎 2 − 4𝜎 + 1 = 0
4 ± 42 − 4 × 1 × 1 4 ± 16 − 4
𝜎= = =2± 3
2 2
𝜎1 = −1, 𝜎2 = 2 + 3 = 3.73, 𝜎3 = 2 − 3 = 0.267
Check on the invariance:
With the set of axes chosen along the principal axes, the stress
matrix will have the form
−1 0 0
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 0 2 + 3 0
0 0 2− 3
𝐼1 = −1 + 2 + 3 + 2 − 3 = 3
𝐼2 = 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎2 𝜎3 + 𝜎3 𝜎1
= −1(2 + 3) + (2 + 3) 2 − 3 + (−1)(2 − 3)
= −2 − 3 + 4 − 3 − 2 + 3 = −3
𝐼3 = 𝜎1 𝜎2 𝜎3 = (−1)(2 + Dr.P.Venkateswara
3)(2- 3) Rao, =− 4 − 3 = −1
Associate
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Direction of principal axes or direction cosines:
(i) For 𝜎1 = −1
𝜏𝑖𝑗 − 𝜎1 𝐼 𝑛 = 0
1 2 1 −1 0 0 𝑛𝑥
2 1 1 − 0 −1 0 𝑛𝑦 = 0
1 1 1 0 0 −1 𝑛𝑧
2 2 1 𝑛𝑥
2 2 1 𝑛𝑦 = 0
1 1 2 𝑛𝑧
2𝑛𝑥 +2𝑛𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(1)
2𝑛𝑥 +2𝑛𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(2)
𝑛𝑥 +𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(3)
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together with 𝑛𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑦 2 + 𝑛𝑧 2 = 1 −−− − 4
From (2) and (3 ) equations above, 𝑛𝑧 = 0 and using this in (3)
we will obtain 𝑛𝑥 = −𝑛𝑦 .
Now by substituting 𝑛𝑧 = 0 and 𝑛𝑥 = −𝑛𝑦 in (4),
𝑛𝑦 2 + 𝑛𝑦 2 = 1
1
𝑛𝑦 = ±
2
1
𝑛𝑥 = ∓
2
1 1
Hence 𝜎1 = −1 is in the direction + ,− .0
2 2
It should be noted that the plus and minus signs associated with
𝑛𝑥 , 𝑛𝑦 and 𝑛𝑧 represent the same line.
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(ii) For 𝜎2 = 2 + 3
𝜏𝑖𝑗 − 𝜎2 𝐼 𝑛 = 0
1 2 1 2+ 3 0 0 𝑛𝑥
2 1 1 − 0 2+ 3 0 𝑛𝑦 = 0
1 1 1 0 0 2+ 3 𝑛𝑧
−1 − 3 2 1 𝑛𝑥
2 −1 − 3 1 𝑛𝑦 = 0
1 1 −1 − 3 𝑛𝑧
(−1 − 3)𝑛𝑥 +2𝑛𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(5)
2𝑛𝑥 +(−1 − 3)𝑛𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(6)
𝑛𝑥 +𝑛𝑦 + (−1 − 3)𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(7)
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Solving, we get
2𝑛𝑥 +(−1 − 3)𝑛𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(6)
2𝑛𝑥 +2𝑛𝑦 + (−2 − 2 3)𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(7) × 2
(−1 − 3 − 2) 𝑛𝑦 + (1 + 2 + 2 3)𝑛𝑧 = 0
(−3 − 3) 𝑛𝑦 = −(3 + 2 3) 𝑛𝑧
−(3 + 2 3)
𝑛𝑦 = 𝑛𝑧
−(3 + 3)
𝑛𝑦 = 1.366𝑛𝑧
From (7), 𝑛𝑥 +1.366𝑛𝑧 + (−1 − 3)𝑛𝑧 = 0
𝑛𝑥 = 1.366𝑛𝑧
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From (4), (1.366𝑛𝑧 )2 + (1.366𝑛𝑧 )2 + 𝑛𝑧 2 = 1
𝑛𝑧 = 0.4597
𝑛𝑥 = 1.366𝑛𝑧 = 1.366 × 0.4597 = 0.62795
∴ 𝑛𝑥 = 0.62795
𝑛𝑦 = 1.366𝑛𝑧 = 1.366 × 0.4597 = 0.62795
∴ 𝑛𝑦 = 0.62795

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(iii) For 𝜎3 = 2 − 3
𝜏𝑖𝑗 − 𝜎3 𝐼 𝑛 = 0
1 2 1 2− 3 0 0 𝑛𝑥
2 1 1 − 0 2− 3 0 𝑛𝑦 = 0
1 1 1 0 0 2− 3 𝑛𝑧
−1 + 3 2 1 𝑛𝑥
2 −1 + 3 1 𝑛𝑦 = 0
1 1 −1 + 3 𝑛𝑧
(−1 + 3)𝑛𝑥 +2𝑛𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(8)
2𝑛𝑥 +(−1 + 3)𝑛𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(9)
𝑛𝑥 +𝑛𝑦 + (−1 + 3)𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(10)
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Solving, we get
2𝑛𝑥 +(−1 + 3)𝑛𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(9)
2𝑛𝑥 +2𝑛𝑦 + (−2 + 2 3)𝑛𝑧 = 0 −−−− −(10) × 2
(−1 + 3 − 2) 𝑛𝑦 + (1 + 2 − 2 3)𝑛𝑧 = 0
(−3 + 3) 𝑛𝑦 = −(3 − 2 3) 𝑛𝑧
−(3 − 2 3)
𝑛𝑦 = 𝑛𝑧
−(3 − 3)
𝑛𝑦 = −0.366𝑛𝑧
From (10), 𝑛𝑥 − 0.366𝑛𝑧 + (−1 + 3)𝑛𝑧 = 0
𝑛𝑥 = −0.366𝑛𝑧
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From (4), (−0.366𝑛𝑧 )2 + (−0.366𝑛𝑧 )2 + 𝑛𝑧 2 = 1
𝑛𝑧 = 0.888
𝑛𝑥 = −0.366𝑛𝑧 = −0.366 × 0.888 = −0.325
∴ 𝑛𝑥 = −0.325
𝑛𝑦 = −0.366𝑛𝑧 = −0.366 × 0.888 = 0.325
∴ 𝑛𝑦 = −0.325

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Problem 2
The rectangular stress components of a point in three dimensional
stress system are defined as 𝜎𝑥 = 1; 𝜎𝑦 = −2, 𝜎𝑧 = 4, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 2,
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = −3 and 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 1. All in units of kPa. Find principal stresses
and their direction cosines.
Note: Tutorial class

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Problem 3:
The rectangular stress components of a point in three dimensional
stress system are defined as 𝜎𝑥 = 20 MPa; 𝜎𝑦 = −40 MPa, 𝜎𝑧 =
80 Mpa , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 40 Mpa , 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = −60 MPa a nd 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 20 MPa .
Determine the principal stresses and principal planes. Find also
the maximum shear stress (April/May 2011).

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Solution: For this state,

𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 40 −40 −60
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧 20 −60 80
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 = 20 − 40 + 80 = 60
∴ 𝐼2 = 20 −40 + −40 80 + 80 20 − 402 − −60 2 − 202
= −8000
∴ 𝐼3 = 20 −40 80 + 2 × 40 × −60 × 20 − 20 −60 2 −
−40 202 − 80 402 = −344000
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𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 σ − 𝐼3 = 0
𝜎 3 − 60𝜎 2 − 8000σ + 344000 = 0
Now cos 3𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃
3
3 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 = 0 −−− −(𝑎)
4 4
𝐼1
Put 𝜎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 20
3
The cubic equation becomes,
𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 20 3 − 60 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 20 2 − 8000 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 20 + 344000 = 0
𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 60𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 120𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 8000 − 60𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 24000

− 2400r cos 𝜃 − 8000𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 160000 + 344000 = 0
𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 9200𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 176000 = 0

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𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 9200𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 176000 = 0

3
9200 176000
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 − 3
= 0 −−− − b
𝑟 𝑟
Hence, equations (a) and (b) are identical if
9200 3
2
=
𝑟 4
∴ 𝑟 2 = 12266.667
𝑟 = 110.75
176000 1
3
= cos 3𝜃
𝑟 4
176000
cos 3𝜃 = 4
110.753
cos 3𝜃 = 0.518
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cos 3𝜃 = 0.518
𝜃1 = 19.60 , 𝜃2 = 100.40 , 𝜃3 = 139.60
Since 𝜃2 = 120 − 𝜃1 and 𝜃3 = 120 + 𝜃1
𝑟 cos 𝜃1 = 110.75 cos 19.6 = 104.33
𝑟 cos 𝜃2 = 110.75 cos 100.4 = −19.99
𝑟 cos 𝜃3 = 110.75 cos 139.6 = −84.34
𝜎1 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃1 + 20 = 104.33 + 20 = 124.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎2 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃2 + 20 = −19.99 + 20 = 0 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎3 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃3 + 20 = −84.34 + 20 = −64.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Therefore principal stresses are 124.34 Mpa, 0 and -64.34 Mpa with the
Principal planes with 19.60 , 100.40 and 139.60
𝜎1 −𝜎3 124.33−(−64.33)
Maximum shear stress , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 94.33 MPa.
2 2

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Therefore principal stresses are 124.34 Mpa, 0 and -64.34 Mpa with the
Principal planes with 19.60 , 100.40 and 139.60
𝜎1 −𝜎3 124.33−(−64.33)
Maximum shear stress , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 94.33 MPa.
2 2

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Problem 4:
With respect to the frame of reference oxyz, the following state of
stress exists. Determine the principal stresses and orientation of
principal planes.
1 2 1
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 2 1 1
1 1 1

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Solution:
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 2 1 1
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧 1 1 1
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
∴ 𝐼2 = 1 + 1 + 1 − 4 − 1 − 1 = −3
∴ 𝐼3 = 1 + 2 × 2 × 1 × 1 − 1 × 12 − 1 × 12 − 1 × 4
= 1 + 4 − 1 − 1 − 4 = −1

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∴ 𝐼1 = 3; 𝐼2 = −3 and 𝐼3 = −1
Using the relation 𝜏𝑖𝑗 − 𝜎𝐼 = 0, we will get a form
𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 𝜎 − 𝐼3 = 0
Now by substituting the 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 and 𝐼3 values the above equation
will be modified as,
𝜎 3 − 3𝜎 2 − 3𝜎 + 1 = 0
Now cos 3𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃
3
3 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 = 0 −−− −(𝑎)
4 4
𝐼
Put 𝜎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 1
3
The cubic equation becomes,

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𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 1 + 3𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 3𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 3𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 3
− 6r cos 𝜃 − 3𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 2 = 0
𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 6𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 4 = 0
6 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
− 2 cos 𝜃 − 3 = 0 −−− − b
𝑟 𝑟
Hence, equations (a) and (b) are identical if
6 3
2
=
𝑟 4
∴ 𝑟2 = 8
𝑟=2 2
4 1
3
= cos 3𝜃
𝑟 4
35
cos 3𝜃 = 0.707
𝜃1 = 150 , 𝜃2 = 1050 , 𝜃3 = 1350
Since 𝜃2 = 120 − 𝜃1 and 𝜃3 = 120 + 𝜃1
𝑟 cos 𝜃1 = 2 2 cos 15 = 2.73
𝑟 cos 𝜃2 = 2 2 cos 105 = −0.73
𝑟 cos 𝜃3 = 2 2 cos 135 = −2
𝜎1 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃1 + 1 = 2.73 + 1 = 3.73
𝜎2 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃2 + 1 = −0.73 + 1 = 0.267
𝜎3 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃3 + 1 = −84.34 + 20 = −1
Therefore principal stresses are 3.73, 0.267 and -1 with the Principal
planes with 150 , 1050 and 1350
𝜎1 −𝜎3 3.73−(−1)
Maximum shear stress , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 2.365
2 2

36
A.U. Question paper problems
Problem1:
The Principal tensile stresses at a point across two perpendicular
planes are 120 MN/m2 and 60 MN/m2. Find
(i) the normal and tangential stress and the resultant stress and its
obliquity on a plane at 200 with major principal plane.
(ii) the intensity of stress which acting alone can produce the same
maximum strain. Take Poisson’s ratio=1/4. (May/June 2013)

37
A.U. Question paper problems
Problem 2:
The state of stress (Cartesian components of stress) at a point are
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 2 Mpa, 𝜏𝑦𝑧 =
− 2 Mpa, 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 0 Mpa. Determine the values of principal stresses
(May/June 2012).

38
2 marks Questions and Answers
1. Define ‘stress tensor’ .

2. Define principal stress and principal strain?
3. What are the various stress invariants for three dimensional
state of stress.

39

Unit IV (A) - Principal Stresses and Principal Planes in 3D

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Unit IV (A) - Principal Stresses and Principal Planes in 3D

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Unit IV State of stress in

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

• Determination of principal stresses and

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Deviatoric part of tensor 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜏𝑖𝑗 − α𝐼

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Solution: For this state,

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Note: Tutorial class

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Solution: For this state,

𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 60𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 120𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 8000 − 60𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 24000

𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 9200𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 176000 = 0

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 9200𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 176000 = 0

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

1. Define ‘stress tensor’ .

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate

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