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Anchorage,
and
Development
Length
What
would
happen
if
there
was
no
bond
between
concrete
and
steel?
Why
do
steel
bars
tend
to
debond?
Reinforcing
bars
in
the
past
Bars
were
plain
(not
deformed).
End
anchorage
Which
one
is
be+er?
bar
only
anchored
at
the
ends
or
bonded
throughout
the
beam?
Bond
failure
when
using
deformed
bars
Development
length
Refer
to
the
book,
secDon
5.3.a
for
detailed
definiDons
of
the
terms
Development
length
equaDon
# &
% (
% 3 f y ψt ⋅ ψe ⋅ ψ s (
ld = ⋅d
% 40 λ f ! # c + K & ( b
c
% % b tr
((
$ $ db ' '
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
ld ⎜ 3 f y ψ t ⋅ψ e ⋅ψ s ⎟
=⎜
d b ⎜ 40 λ f c′ ⎛ cb + K tr ⎞ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ d ⎟
⎝ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎠
ACI
Simplified
EquaDons
The
simplified
(and
more
conservaDve)
ACI
equaDons
can
be
used.
Equations for Development Lengths, ld
RecommendaDon
# &
% (
% 3 f y ψt ⋅ ψe ⋅ ψ s (
ld = ⋅ db
% 40 λ f ! # c + K & (
c
% % b tr
((
$ $ db ' '
Hooks
Why
do
we
use
them?
Standard
bar
hooks
for
the
main
reinforcement
⎛ 0.02ψ e f y ⎞
ldh = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ d b × (applicable factor from ACI 12.5.3)
⎜ λ f′ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
(Next slide)
Confinement of hooks by stirrups and ties
?
Horizontal
hooks
Other
consideraDons
ACI
12.5.4:
When
standard
hooks
with
less
than
2.5
in
side,
top,
or
boZom
cover
are
use
at
the
disconDnuous
ends
of
members:
1. The
hooks
shall
be
enclosed
within
Des
or
sDrrups
spaced
no
further
than
3db
for
the
full
development
length
ldh.
2. No
modificaDon
factor
shall
be
used
Bar
cutoffs
in
flexural
members
• When
and
where
can
we
cut
off
(terminate)
bars?
• Purpose?
• Are
bar
cutoffs
desirable?
Finding
cutoff
limits
Mu :
φM n :