Unit-2 GAMMA, BETA FUNCTION

Unit-II: GAMMA, BETA FUNCTION

Sr. No. Name of the Topic Page No.
1 Definition of Gamma function 2
2 Examples Based on Gamma Function 3
3 Beta function 5
4 Relation between Beta and Gamma Functions 5
5 Dirichlet’s Integral 9
6 Application to Area & Volume: Liouville’s 11
extension of dirichlet theorem
7 Reference Book 13

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Unit-2 GAMMA, BETA FUNCTION

GAMMA, BETA FUNCTION

 The Gamma function and Beta functions belong to the category of the
special transcendental functions and are defined in terms of improper
definite integrals.

1.1 Definition of Gamma function :

The gamma function is denoted and defined by the integral

∞
Γ𝑚 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥 (𝑚 > 0)

1.2 Properties of Gamma function :

1) Γ(𝑚 + 1) = 𝑚Γ𝑚
2) Γ(𝑚 + 1) = 𝑚! When m is a positive integer.
3) Γ(𝑚 + 𝑎) = (𝑚 + 𝑎 − 1)(𝑚 + 𝑎 − 2) … … … 𝑎Γ𝑎, when n is a
positive integer.
∞ 2
4) Γ𝑚 = 2 ∫0 𝑒−𝑥 𝑥 2𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥 (𝑚 > 0)
Γ𝑚 ∞
5) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡𝑥 𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥 (𝑚 > 0)
𝑡𝑚
1
6) Γ = √𝜋
2
∞ 2 √𝜋
7) ∫0 𝑒−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
1 𝑛 𝑚 (−1 )𝑚
8) ∫0 𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) 𝑚+1 Γ(𝑚 + 1)
𝑛 +1

2.1 Examples Based on Gamma Function:

𝟏
Example 1: Evaluate 𝚪(− ).
𝟐

Solution: We know that Γ(𝑚 + 1) = 𝑚Γ𝑚

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1 1 1
 Γ (− + 1) = − Γ (− )
2 2 2
1 1 1
 Γ ( ) = − Γ (− )
2 2 2
1 1
 √𝜋 = − Γ (− )
2 2

𝟏
∴ 𝚪 (− ) = −𝟐√𝝅. __________Ans.
𝟐

∞
Example 2: Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝟒√𝒙 𝒆−√𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∞ 1
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑒−√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 __________(i)

Putting √𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 so that 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 in (i), we get

∞
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑡 1⁄2 𝑒−𝑡 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= 2 ∫0 𝑡 3⁄2 𝑒−𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∞ 5
= 2 ∫0 𝑡 2−1 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
5
= 2Γ ( )
2

3 3
= (2 × ) Γ ( )
2 2

3 1 1
= (2 × × ) Γ ( )
2 2 2

3
= √𝜋
2

𝟒∞ 𝟑
∴ ∫𝟎 √𝒙 𝒆−√𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 √𝝅 ________Ans.

∞ 𝒙𝒂
Example 3: Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙.
𝒂𝒙

∞ 𝑥𝑎
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 _______ (i)
𝑎𝑥

Putting 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡

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Unit-2 GAMMA, BETA FUNCTION

⟹ 𝑥 log 𝑎 = 𝑡
1
⟹ 𝑥=
log 𝑎

𝑑𝑡
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = in (i), we have
log 𝑎

∞ 𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝐼 = ∫0 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑡
log 𝑎 log 𝑎

1 ∞
=(
log 𝑎 )𝑎+1 0
∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

1 ∞ ( )
=(
log 𝑎 )𝑎+1 0
∫ 𝑡 𝑎+1 −1 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1
=( Γ(𝑎 + 1)
log 𝑎 )𝑎+1

∞ 𝒙𝒂 𝟏
∴ ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = ( 𝚪(𝒂 + 𝟏) ________ Ans.
𝒂𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 )𝒂+𝟏

𝟏 𝟒!
Example 4: Prove that ∫𝟎 (𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)𝟒 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟓𝟓

Solution: We know that

1 (−1 )𝑚
∫0 𝑥 𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑛 +1) 𝑚+1 Γ(𝑚 + 1) _______(i)

1 1
Now, ∫0 (𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑥 4 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥

Putting 𝑛 = 𝑚 = 4 in (i), we get

1
4
(−1)4
∫ 𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 )4 𝑑𝑥 = Γ(4 + 1)
0 (4 + 1)4+1

Γ5
=
55
4!
= __________ proved.
55

2.2 EXERCISE:

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3 7
1) Evaluate: (a) Γ (− ) (b) Γ ( ) (c)Γ(0)
2 2
∞ 2 𝑥2
2) ∫0 𝑒−ℎ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥
3) ∫0
√−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
1
4) ∫0 (𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 )3 𝑑𝑥

3.1 BETA FUNCTION:

Definition: The Beta function denoted by 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) or 𝐵(𝑚, 𝑛) is defined as
1
𝐵(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥, (𝑚 > 0, 𝑛 > 0)
0

3.2 Properties of Beta function:

1) B(m,n) = B(n,m)
𝜋⁄
2
2) 𝐵(𝑚, 𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑚−1 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛−1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∞ 𝑥𝑚−1
3) 𝐵(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 (1+𝑥) 𝑚+𝑛
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥𝑚−1 +𝑥𝑛−1
4) 𝐵(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 (1+𝑥) 𝑚+𝑛 𝑑𝑥

4.1 Relation between Beta and Gamma Functions:

Relation between Beta and gamma functions is

Γm .Γn
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) =
Γ(m+n)

 Using above relation we can derive following results:

𝜋⁄ 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
1 𝑝+1 𝑞+1 Γ( ).( )
 ∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝑝
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
2
𝛽(
2
,
2
)= 2
𝑝+𝑞+2
2
2Γ ( )
2
1
 Γ ( ) = √𝜋
2
 Euler’s formula:
𝜋
Γ𝑛 . Γ(1 − 𝑛) =
sin 𝑛𝜋
 Duplication formula:

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1 √𝜋 Γ(2𝑛)
Γ𝑛 . Γ (𝑛 + ) =
2 2 2𝑛−1

4.2 EXAMPLES:

𝟏 𝟓
Example 1: Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟒 (𝟏 − √𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Let √𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 so that 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 1
5
∫ 𝑥 4 (1 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑡 2)4 (1 − 𝑡)5 (2𝑡 𝑑𝑡)
0 0
1
= 2 ∫0 𝑡 9 (1 − 𝑡)5 𝑑𝑡

= 2 𝐵(10,6)
Γ10 Γ6
=2
Γ16

9!5!
=2×
15!

2×1×2×3×4×5
=
15×14×13×12×11×10

1
=
11×13×7×15

1
=
15015

1 5 1
∴ ∫0 𝑥 4 (1 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 15015 _________ Ans.

𝟏
Example 2: Find the value of 𝚪 ( ).
𝟐

Solution: We know that,

𝜋⁄ 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
Γ( ).( )
∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝑝
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2
𝑝+𝑞+2
2
2Γ ( )
2
𝜋 𝟏 𝟏
𝚪( ) 𝚪( )
𝟐 𝟐
Putting 𝑝 = 𝑞 = 0, we get ∫02 𝑑𝜃 =
2 𝚪𝟏
⁄ 1 1 2
 [𝜃]𝜋0 2 = (Γ )
2 2

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𝜋 1 1 2
 = (Γ )
2 2 2
1 2
 (Γ ) = 𝜋
2
1
 Γ ( ) = √𝜋 _______ Ans.
2

𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
Example 3: show that ∫𝟎 √𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝚪 ( ) 𝚪 ( )
𝟐
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
Solution: We know that,
𝜋⁄ 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
Γ( ).( )
∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝑝
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2
𝑝+𝑞+2
2
2Γ ( )
2
𝜋 𝜋 1 ⁄2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
∫02 √𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 2
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 ⁄2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−1 ⁄2
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1⁄2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

On applying formula (1), we have

1 1
− +1 +1
𝜋 Γ ( 2 ) Γ (2 )
2 2
∫0 √𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑑𝜃 =
2
1 1
− + +2
2Γ ( 2 2 )
2
1 3
Γ( ) Γ( )
4 4
=
2 Γ (1 )
1 1 3
= Γ( )Γ( )
2 4 4
𝜋
1 1 3
∴ ∫0 √𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2 Γ (4) Γ (4)
2 __________ Ans.

+𝟏
Example 4: Evaluate ∫−𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒑−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒒−𝟏 𝒅𝒙

Solution: Put 𝑥 = 2 cos 2𝜃, then 𝑑𝑥 = −2 sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 in

+1
∫−1 (1 + 𝑥 )𝑝−1 (1 − 𝑥 )𝑞−1 𝑑𝑥
0
= ∫𝜋 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑝−1 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑞−1 (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃)
2
0
= ∫𝜋 (1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 1)𝑝−1 (1 − 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑞−1 (−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
2
𝜋
= 4 ∫0 2𝑝−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑝−2 𝜃 . 2𝑞−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑞−2 𝜃 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2

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∞
= 2𝑝+𝑞 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑞−1 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑝−1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝑞 2𝑝
Γ( ) Γ( )
𝑝+𝑞 2 2
=2 2𝑝+2𝑞
2Γ ( )
2
Γ (𝑝) Γ (𝑞 )
= 2𝑝+𝑞−1 __________Ans.
Γ (𝑝+𝑞 )

𝝅
Example 5: Show that 𝚪(𝒏)𝚪(𝟏 − 𝒏) = (𝟎 < 𝑛 < 1)
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅
Solution: We know that
∞
𝑥 𝑛−1
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥)𝑚+𝑛
0
Γ𝑚 Γ𝑛 ∞ 𝑥𝑛−1
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥
Γ(𝑚+𝑛) (1+𝑥) 𝑚+𝑛

Putting 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 1 − 𝑛, we get

Γ(1−𝑛) Γ𝑛 ∞ 𝑥𝑛−1
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥
Γ1 (1+𝑥) 1
∞ 𝑥𝑛−1 ∞ 𝑥𝑛 −1 𝜋
Γ(1 − 𝑛)Γ𝑛 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 [∵ ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ]
1 +𝑥 1 +𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋

𝜋
∴ Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) = ______ proved.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋

4.3 EXERCISE:
1
1) Evaluate ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 3 )−1⁄2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥𝑚−1 +𝑥𝑛−1
2) Evaluate ∫0 (1 +𝑥) 𝑚+𝑛
𝑑𝑥
1
1 𝑥3 2
3) Evaluate ∫0 ( 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥
1 3
4) Prove that Γ ( ) Γ ( ) = 𝜋√2
4 4
5) Show that 𝛽 𝑝, 𝑞 = 𝛽(𝑝 + 1, 𝑞 ) + (𝑝, 𝑞 + 1)
( )

5.1 DIRICHLET’S INTEGRAL:

If 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are all positive, then the triple integral

Γ(l)Γ(m)Γ(n)
∭ 𝑥 𝑙−1 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 =
Γ(𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 1)
𝑉

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Where V is the region 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑧 ≥ 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≤ 1.

Note:
Γ (l) Γ (m) Γ (n) 𝑙+𝑚+𝑛
∭𝑉 𝑥 𝑙−1 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ℎ
Γ(𝑙+𝑚+𝑛+1)

Where V is the domain, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑧 ≥ 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≤ ℎ

5.2 Corollary: Dirichlet’s theorem for n variables, the theorem status that

𝑙 −1 𝑙 −1 𝑙 −1
∭ … ∫ 𝑥11 𝑥22 … 𝑥𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑥1 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥3 … 𝑑𝑥𝑛
Γ𝑙1 Γ𝑙2Γ𝑙3 … Γ𝑙𝑛
= ℎ𝑙1 +𝑙2+⋯+𝑙𝑛
Γ(1 + 𝑙1 + 𝑙2 + ⋯ + 𝑙𝑛)

∞ 𝒙 𝟒 (𝟏+𝒙 𝟓 ) 𝟏
Example 1: Prove that ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝟏+𝒙 𝟏𝟓 ) 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟓

∞ 𝒙 𝟒 (𝟏+𝒙 𝟓 )
Solution: Let 𝐼 = ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙
(𝟏+𝒙)𝟏𝟓

∞ 𝑥4 ∞ 𝑥9
 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥) 15 (1+𝑥) 15
 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 __________ (i)
𝑡
Now, put 𝑥= , when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0; when 𝑥 = ∞, 𝑡 = 1
1+𝑡

𝑡 1
1+𝑥 = 1+ =
1−𝑡 1−𝑡

𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑥 =
(1−𝑡) 2

1 𝑡 4 1
∴ 𝐼1 = ∫0 ( ) . (1 − 𝑡)15 . 𝑑𝑡
1−𝑡 (1−𝑡) 2

1
= ∫0 𝑡 4 (1 − 𝑡)9 𝑑𝑡

= 𝛽(5,10) _______(2)
1 𝑡 9 1
And 𝐼2 = ∫0 ( ) . (1 − 𝑡)15 . 𝑑𝑡
1−𝑡 (1−𝑡)2

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1
= ∫0 𝑡 9 (1 − 𝑡)4 𝑑𝑡

= 𝛽(10,5) ________(3)

∴ 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
= 𝛽(5,10) + 𝛽(10,5) [Using(2) and (3)]
= 𝛽(5,10) + 𝛽(5,10) [𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝛽(𝑛, 𝑚)]

= 2𝛽(5,10)
2Γ5Γ10
=
Γ15

2×4!×9!
=
14!

2×4×3×2×1×9!
=
14×13×12×11×10×9!

1
= _______ Proved.
5005

5.3 EXERCISE:
1 𝑥3 −2𝑥4 +𝑥5
1) Find the value of ∫0 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥) 7
1 𝑥𝑚−1 (1−𝑥)𝑛−1 𝛽(𝑚,𝑛)
2) Show that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑎+𝑥) 𝑚+𝑛 𝑎𝑛 (1+𝑎) 𝑚
𝑚
3) 𝛽(𝑚 + 1, 𝑛) = 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛)
𝑚+𝑛

6.1 Application to Area & Volume:

 Liouville’s extension of dirichlet theorem:

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∭ 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑥 𝑙−1 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

ℎ2
Γ(l)Γ(m)Γ(n)
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑢𝑙+𝑚+𝑛−1 𝑑𝑢
Γ(l + m + n)
ℎ1
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝟏 𝟓
Example1: Show that ∭ = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 − , the integral being
(𝒙+𝒚+𝒛+𝟏)𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟔
taken throughout the volume bounded by
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏.
Solution: By Liouville’s theorem when 0 < 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 < 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑙−1 𝑦𝑚−1 𝑧𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
∭ (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧+1)3 = ∭ (0 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≤ 1 )
(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧+1)3

Γ1Γ1Γ1 1 1
= ∫ u3−1 du
Γ(l+m+n) 0 (u+1)3

1 1 𝑢2
= ∫0 𝑑𝑢
2 (𝑢+1)3

1 1 2 1
= ∫0 [ − + ] 𝑑𝑢 (Partial fractions)
𝑢+1 (𝑢+1) 2 (𝑢+1)3

1 2 1 1
= [log(𝑢 + 1) + − 2
]
2 𝑢+1 2(𝑢+1) 0

1 1 1 1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 2 ( − 1) − ( − )]
2 2 8 2

1 5
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 −
2 16

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝟏 𝟓
∴∭ = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 − _______ Proved.
(𝒙+𝒚+𝒛+𝟏)𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟔

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
Example 2: Find the mass of an octant of the ellipsoid 𝟐
+ 𝟐
+ = 𝟏,
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄𝟐
the density at any point being 𝝆 = 𝒌 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛.

Solution: Mass = ∭ 𝜌 𝑑𝑣

= ∭(𝑘 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

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Unit-2 GAMMA, BETA FUNCTION

= 𝑘 ∭(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )(𝑦 𝑑𝑥 )(𝑧 𝑑𝑧) _______ (1)

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Putting = 𝑢, = 𝑣, = 𝑤 and 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐2

2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
So that = 𝑑𝑢, = 𝑑𝑣, = 𝑑𝑤
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 𝑏2 𝑑𝑣 𝑐 2 𝑑𝑤
Mass= 𝑘 ∭ ( )( )( )
2 2 2

𝑘 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2
= ∭ 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤, Where 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 ≤ 1
8

𝑘 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2
=
8
∭ 𝑢𝑙−1 𝑣 𝑙−1 𝑤 𝑙−1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤

𝑘 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 Γ1Γ1Γ1
=
8 Γ3+1

𝑘 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2
=
8×6

𝑘 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2
=
48

𝒌 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
∴ 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 = Ans.
𝟒𝟖

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Unit-2 GAMMA, BETA FUNCTION

6.2 EXERCISE:

1) Find the value of ∭ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 the integral extending

over all positive and zero values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 subject to the condition 𝑥 +
𝑦 + 𝑧 < 1.
√1−𝑥2 −𝑦2 −𝑧2
2) Evaluate ∭ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧, integral being taken over all
1+𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧2
positive values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 such that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1.
3) Find the area and the mass contained m the first quadrant enclosed by
𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽
the curve ( ) + ( ) = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 > 0, 𝛽 > 0 given that density at
𝑎 𝑏
any point 𝑝(𝑥𝑦) is 𝑘 √𝑥𝑦.

7.1 REFERENCE BOOK:

1) Introduction to Engineering Mathematics
By H. K. DASS. & Dr. RAMA VERMA
2) Higher Engineering Mathematics
By B.V.RAMANA
3) A text book of Engineering Mathematics
By N.P.BALI
4) www1.gantep.edu.tr/~olgar/C6.SP.pdf

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