Proceedings of the 14th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON’10), Cairo University, Egypt, December 19-21,
2010, Paper ID 154.
Review of Passive and Active Circuits for Power
Factor Correction in Single Phase, Low Power AC-
DC Converters
H.Z.Azazi*, E. E. EL-Kholy**, S.A.Mahmoud* and S.S.Shokralla*
* Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
** King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Department, Saudi Arabia
Email: Dr_hn1984@yahoo.com
Abstract :- The increasing growth in the use of electronic
equipment in recent years has resulted in a greater need to
ensure that the line current harmonic content of any
equipment connected to the ac mains is limited to meet
regulatory standards. This requirement is usually satisfied
by incorporating some form of Power Factor Correction
(PFC) circuits to shape the input phase currents, so that
they are sinusoidal in nature and are in phase with the
input phase voltages. There are multiple solutions in which
line current is sinusoidal. This paper provides a concise
review of the most interesting passive and active circuits of
power factor correction, for single phase and low power
applications.The major advantages and disadvantages are
highlighted.
Keywords: Converter, Power factor correction, Harmonic
currents.
1. INTRODUCTION
Power factor correction (PFC) is necessary for ac-to-dc
converters in order to comply with the requirements of
international standards, such as IEC 61000–3–2 and IEEE-
519. PFC can reduce the harmonics in the line current,
increase the efficiency and capacity of power systems, and
reduce customer’s utility bill [1-2].
Single phase diode rectifiers are widely used for industrial
applications. Many conventional switching power supplies in
data processing equipment and low power motor drive
systems operate by rectifying the input ac line voltage and
filtering with large electrolytic capacitors. The capacitor draws
current in short pulses. This introduces several problems
including reduction in the available power and increase losses.
This process involves both nonlinear and storage elements,
and results in the generation of harmonics in the line current
[3-5] .The non linear characteristics of loads such as
televisions, computers, faxes and variable speed motor drives
(used in air-conditioning) have made harmonic distortion in
electrical distribution systems. However, when operating in
large numbers, the cumulative effect of these loads has the
capability of causing serious harmonic distortions. This results
in a poor power quality, voltage distortion, poor power factor
at input ac mains, slowly varying rippled dc output at load end
and low efficiency [3].
The input current has narrow pulses which in turn increase
its r.m.s value. Buildings with a large number of computers
and data processing equipments also experience large neutral
217
currents rich in third harmonic currents. Therefore, the
reduction in input current harmonics and the improvement of
power factor operation of motor drives are necessary for
energy saving. Many methods have been proposed to solve the
problem of a poor power factor, which can be classified as
active and passive methods.
The non-ideal character of these input currents creates a
number of problems for the power distribution network and
for other electrical apparatuses in the neighborhood of the
rectifier systems. This approach has many disadvantages,
including:
1) High-input harmonic current components.
2) Low rectifier efficiency due to large rms value of the input
current.
3) Input ac mains voltage distortion because of the associated
peak currents.
4)Maximum input power factor is approximately 0.6, while a
larger filter inductor is required for a high-input power
factor [4].
Unless some correction circuit is used, the input rectifier
with a capacitive filter circuit will draw pulsating currents
from the utility grid, resulting in poor power quality and high
harmonic contents that adversely affect other users. The
situation has drawn the attention of regulatory bodies around
the world. Governments are tightening regulation, setting new
specifications for low harmonic currents, and restricting the
amount of harmonic currents that can be generated. As a
result, there is a need for a reduction in line harmonics current
necessitating the need for power factor correction (PFC) and
harmonic reduction circuits [5].
2. DEFINITION OF POWER FACTOR
Power factor (PF) is defined as the ratio of the real power
(P) to apparent power (S), or cosine (for pure sine wave for
both current and voltage) the phase angle between the current
and voltage waveforms.
PF = Real Power / Apparent Power (1)
Real power (watts) produces real work; this is the energy
transfer component . Reactive power is the power required to
produce the magnetic fields (lost power) to enable the real
work to be done, where apparent power is considered the total
power that the power company supplies. This total power is
the power supplied through the power mains to produce the
required amount of real power.
 If both current and voltage are sinusoidal and in phase,
the power factor is 1.0. If both are sinusoidal but not in phase,
the power factor is the cosine of the phase angle. In
elementary courses in electricity, this is sometimes taught as
the definition of the power factor, but it applies only in the
special case, where both the current and voltage are pure sine
waves. This occurs when the load is composed of resistive,
capacitive and inductive elements and all are linear (invariant
with current and voltage).

Fig. 3- Harmonic contents of the current waveform in Figure 2

Fig. 1- Diode bridge rectifier
Switched-mode power supplies present a non-linear
impedance to the mains, as a result of the input circuitry. The
input circuit usually consists of a half-wave or full-wave
rectifier followed by a storage capacitor (similar to Fig. 1).
The capacitor maintains voltage of approximately the peak
voltage of the input sine wave until the next peak comes along
to recharge it. In this case, current is drawn from the input
only at the peaks of the input waveform, and this pulse of
current must contain enough energy to sustain the load until
the next peak. This is done by dumping a large charge into the
capacitor during a short time, after which the capacitor slowly
discharges the energy into the load until the cycle repeats. It is
not unusual for the current pulse of 10% to 20% of the cycle
duration, meaning that the current during the pulse must be 5
to 10 times of the average current as illustrated by fig. 2 .
Figure 3 shows the harmonic content of the current waveform.
The fundamental (in this case 50 Hz) is shown with a
reference amplitude of 100%, and the higher harmonics are
then given with their amplitudes (shown as percentages of the
fundamental amplitude). Note that, the even harmonics are
barely visible; this is a result of the symmetry of the
waveform. The power factor of this power supply is
approximately 0.6 [6].
Assuming an ideal sinusoidal input voltage source, the
power factor can be expressed as the product of the distortion
factor and the displacement factor, as given by equation (3).
The distortion factor Kd ,is the ratio of the fundamental root-
mean-square (RMS) current (Irms(1)) to the total RMS current
(Irms). The displacement factor k θ is the cosine of the
displacement angle (φ) between the fundamental input current
and the input voltage. For sinusoidal voltage and non-
sinusoidal current, equation (1) can be expressed as:
I
PF= Vrms I1, rms cos ϕ = 1,rms cos ϕ =Kd cosφ (2)
Vrms I rms I rms
PF=Kd K θ (3)
The distortion factor Kd is given by the following equation:
Kd = I rms(1) / I rms (4)
The displacement factor K θ is given by the following
equation:
K θ = cos φ (5)
The displacement factor k θ can be made unity with a
capacitor or inductor, but making the distortion factor Kd unity
is more difficult. When a converter has less than unity power
factor, it means that the converter absorbs apparent power
higher than the active power. This means that the power
source has a higher VA rating than what the load needs. In
addition, the harmonic currents generated by the converter in
the power source affects other equipment [7].
Power Factor vs. Harmonic Reduction:
The following equations link total harmonic distortion to
power factor.
1 (6)
THD (%) = 100 × 2
−1
K d

1 (7)
K d =
2
⎛ THD (%) ⎞
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
Therefore, when the fundamental component of the input
current is in phase with the input voltage, Kθ = 1. Then we
have,
Fig. 2- Input Characteristics of a typical switched-mode power supply without PF = K d K θ = K d (8)
PFC
Then:

218
 (9)
400

1 Line Voltage Line Current

PF = 300

2
⎛ THD (%) ⎞ 200

1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
100

0
The purpose of the power factor correction circuit is to
-100
minimize the input current distortion and make the current in
-200
phase with the voltage. -300
When the power factor is not equal to 1, the current waveform -400
does not follow the voltage waveform. This result not only in 0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855

(b)
0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88

power losses, but may also cause harmonics that travel down
the neutral line and disrupt other devices connected to the line.
3. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CIRCUITS
The classification of single-phase PFC topologies is
shown in Fig. 4.
The diode bridge rectifier (similar to Fig. 1) has no
sinusoidal line current. This is because most loads require a
supply voltage V2 with low ripple, which is obtained by using
a correspondingly large capacitance of the output capacitor Cf
. Consequently, the conduction intervals of the rectifier diodes
are short and the line current consists of narrow pulses with an
important harmonic contents [8].
There are several methods to reduce the harmonic
contents of the line current in single-phase systems.
Fig. 5- Rectifier with AC-side inductor: a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and line
current with V1=220Vrms , resistive load R=500Ω , Cf=470μF , and
La=130mH.
Simulated results of the rectifier with AC-side inductor are
presented in Fig. 5(b), where the inductance La has been
chosen to maximize the power factor. The line current has
Kd=0.888, cos φ=0.855 and PF=0.759 [7].
3.1.2. Rectifier with DC-side inductor
The inductor can be also placed at the DC-side, as shown
in Fig.6. (a) [8]. The inductor current is continuous for a large
enough inductance Ld . In the theoretical case of near infinite
inductance, the inductor current is constant, so the input
current of the rectifier has a square shape and the power factor
is 0.9 . However, operation close to this condition would
require a very large inductor, as illustrated by the simulated
line current waveform, for Ld 1H (without Ca), shown in
Fig. 6 (b). For lower inductance Ld, the inductor current
becomes discontinuous. The maximum power factor that can
be obtained in such a case is 0.76, the operating mode being
identical to the case of the AC-side inductor, which is
previously discussed. An improvement of the power factor can
be obtained by adding the capacitor Ca as shown in Fig. 6.
(a), which compensates the displacement factor, cos φ. A
design for Kd and unity displacement factor cos φis possible,
leading to a maximum obtainable power factor 0.905 [9]. This
is shown in Fig.6 (b) by the simulated line current for Ld
275mH and Ca 4.8µF.

Fig. 4- Classification of single-phase PFC topologies.

3.1. PASSIVE METHODS OF PFC

3.1.1. Rectifier with AC-side inductor

(a)
Passive methods of PFC use additional passive
components in conjunction with the diode bridge rectifier (Fig.
1). One of the simplest methods is to add an inductor at the With Ca Without Ca
AC-side of the diode bridge, in series with the line voltage as
shown in Fig. 5(a). The maximum power factor that can be
obtained by this configuration is 0.76.

(b)
Fig. 6- Rectifier with DC-side inductor: a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and line
current with V1=220Vrms , resistive load R=500Ω and Cf=470μF.
(a)

219
 In Figure 6, With Ld=1H and without Ca , the line current 400

Line Voltage
300
has Kd=0.897, cos φ=0.935 and PF=0.839, and output voltage Line Current
200
is V2=200V. With Ld=275mH and with Ca =4.8 μF, the line
100
current has Kd=0.905 , cos φ=0.999 and PF=0.904, and output 0
voltage is V2=230V. -100

-200
3.1.3. Rectifier with series-resonant band-pass filter -300

The shape of the line current can be further improved by -400

0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855 0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88

using a combination of low-pass input and output filters [10]. (b)

There are also several solutions based on resonant networks Fig. 8- Rectifier with parallel-resonant band-stop filter: a) Schematic; b) Line
voltage and line current with V1=220Vrms, resistive load R=500Ω , Cf=470μF,
which are used to attenuate harmonics. For example, a band- Lp=240mH and Cp=4.7 μF.
pass filter of the series resonant type, tuned at the line-
frequency, is introduced in-between the AC source and the The line current has Kd=0.919, cos φ=0.999 and PF=0.918,
load. Figure (7-a) shows the schematic diagram, and figure (7- and output voltage is V2=260V.
b) shows the simulated results. For 50Hz networks, large
values of the reactive elements are needed. 3.1.5. Rectifier with harmonic trap filter
Another possibility is to use a harmonic trap filter. The
harmonic trap consists of a series-resonant network, connected
in parallel to the AC source and tuned at a harmonic that must
be attenuated [11]. For example, the filter shown in Fig. 8 has
two harmonic traps, which are tuned at the 3rd and 5th
harmonic, respectively. As seen from Fig. 9 (b), the line
current is improved, at the expense of increased circuit
(a)
400
complexity. Harmonic traps can be used also in conjunction
300
Line Voltage Line Current with other reactive networks, such as a band-stop filter.
200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855 0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88

(b) (a)
Fig. 7- Rectifier with series-resonant band-pass filter: a) Schematic; b) Line
voltage and line current with V1=220Vrms, resistive load R=500Ω , 400

Cf=470μF, Ls=1.5H and Cs=6.75 μF. 300 Line Voltage Line Current
200

The line current has Kd=0.993, cos φ=0.976 and PF=0.969, 100

and output voltage is V2=250V. 0

-100

3.1.4. Rectifier with parallel-resonant band-stop filter -200

-300

The solution uses a band-stop filter of the parallel- -400

0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855 0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88
resonant type [4]. Figure 8 shows the schematic diagram and (b)
the simulated waveforms. The filter is tuned at the third Fig. 9- Rectifier with harmonic trap filter: a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and
harmonic, hence it allows for lower values of the reactive line current
elements when compared to the series-resonant band-pass
filter. In Fig.9, with V1=220Vrms, resistive load R=500Ω , Cf=470μF,
L1=400mH , L3=200mH , C3=5.6 μF , R3=0.1 Ω , L5=100mH ,
C5=4.04 μF , and R5=0.1 Ω; The line current has Kd=0.999,
cos φ=0.999 and PF=0.998, and output voltage is V2=290V.

3.1.6. Rectifier with an additional inductor, capacitor and

diode (LCD):
The rectifier with an additional inductor, capacitor, and
diode – LCD rectifier – is shown in Fig. 10, together with
(a) simulated waveforms. The added reactive elements have
relatively low values. The circuit changes the shape of the

220
input current, while only a limited reduction of the harmonic obtained. However, the overall power factor PF is always less
currents can be obtained [12]. than 0.7. In Ref. [14], the inductance Ld and firing angleαare
In Fig.10, with V1=220Vrms, resistive load R=500Ω , chosen to maximize Kd. This implies a lagging displacement
Cf=470μF, C1=40 μF and Ld=10mH ; The line current has factor, cosφ that is compensated by additional an input
Kd=0.794, cos φ=0.998 and PF=0.792, and output voltage is capacitance, Ca . This approach is similar to that used for the
V2=300V. diode bridge rectifier with a DC-side inductor. This solution
offers controllable output voltage, it is simple, reliable, and
uses low-cost thyristors. On the negative side, the output
voltage regulation is slow and a relatively large inductance Ld
is still required.
The low-frequency switching Boost converter is shown in
Fig.11. (c). The active switch S is turned on for the duration
Ton , as illustrated in Fig.11. (d), to enlarge the conduction
(a) interval of the rectifier diodes [2]. It is also possible to have
multiple switching per half line-cycle, at low switching
400

Line Voltage Line Current frequency, in order to improve the shape of the line current
[15]. Nevertheless, the line current has a considerable ripple
300

200

100
content.
0
The low-frequency switching Buck converter is shown in
-100 Fig.11.(e). Theoretically, the inductor current is constant for a
-200 near-infinite inductance Ld . The switch is turned on for the
-300 duration Ton and the on-time intervals are symmetrical with
-400
0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855 0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88 respect to the zero-crossings of the line voltage, as illustrated
(b) in Fig.11. (f). The line current shape is square, with adjustable
Fig. 10- Rectifier with an additional inductor, capacitor and diode (LCD): a) duty-cycle. For lower harmonic contents of the line current,
Schematic; b) Line voltage and line current. multiple switching per line-cycle can be used. However, the
required inductance Ld is large and impractical [16].
Passive methods of power factor correction have certain To conclude, low-frequency switching PFC offers the
advantages, such as simplicity, reliability and ruggedness, possibility to control the output voltage within certain limits.
insensitivity to noise and surges, no generation of high- In such circuits, switching losses and high-frequency EMI are
frequency electro magnetic interface (EMI) and no high negligible. However, the reactive elements are large and the
frequency switching losses. On the other hand, they also have regulation of the output voltage is slow.
several drawbacks. Solutions based on filters are heavy and
bulky, because the line-frequency reactive components are
used. They also have a poor dynamic response, lack voltage
regulation and the shape of their input current depends on the
load. Even though line current harmonics are reduced, the
fundamental component may show an excessive phase shift
that reduces the power factor. Moreover, circuits based on
resonant networks are sensitive to the line-frequency. In
harmonic trap filters, series-resonance is used to attenuate a (a)
specific harmonic. However, parallel-resonance at different
frequencies occurs too, which can amplify other harmonics
[11].

3.2. ACTIVE METHODS OF PFC

The active methods of PFC, which involve the shaping of

the line current, using switching devices such as MOSFETs
and IGBTs, is a result of advances in power semiconductor
devices. (b)

3.2.1. LOW-FREQUENCY ACTIVE METHODS OF PFC

Three representative solutions are presented in Fig. 11.

The phase-controlled rectifier and its control signals are
shown in Fig.11. (a) and Fig.11. (b) respectively. It is derived
from the rectifier with a DC-side inductor (Fig.6), where
diodes are replaced with thyristors. According to Ref. [13],
depending on the inductance Ld and the firing-angleα, a near- (c)
unity distortion factor Kd or displacement factor cosφcan be
221
 (d)
(b)

(e)
(c)

(f)
Fig. 11- Low frequency active circuits of PFC: a) Controlled rectifier with
DC-side inductor, with b) phase-control; c) Boost converter, with d) one
commutation per half line-cycle; e) Buck converter, with f) one commutation
per half line-cycle.
(d)
3.2.2. HIGH-FREQUENCY ACTIVE METHODS OF
PFC

The PFC stage can be realized by using a diode bridge

and a DC/DC converter with a switching frequency much
higher than the line-frequency. In principle, any DC/DC
converter can be used for this purpose, if a suitable control
method is used to shape its input current, or if it has inherent
PFC properties.
The converters can operate in Continuous Inductor (e)
Current Mode – CICM, where the inductor current never
reaches zero during one switching cycle, or Discontinuous
Inductor Current Mode - DICM, where the inductor current is
zero during intervals of the switching cycle.

(f)
(a) Fig. 12- high-frequency active circuits of PFC: a) Buck converter, with b)
waveforms; c) Boost converter, with d) waveforms; e) Buck-Boost converter,
with f) waveforms.

222
 The converters are shown in Fig. 12 together with a similar manner of the Buck-Boost converter. Another
waveforms relevant for a PFC application, assuming operation positive aspect is that, due to its non-inverted output voltage,
in CICM. the voltage stress of the switches is lower than in a Buck-
Boost converter. However, this topology has an increased
Buck Converter: number of switches, which leads to higher cost and conduction
The Buck converter, shown in Fig. 12 (a), has a step- losses.
down conversion ratio. Therefore, it is possible to obtain an
output voltage V2 lower than the input voltage (V1 ). However,
the converter can operate only when the instantaneous input
voltage v1 is higher than the output voltage V2. Hence, the line
current of a power factor correction based on a Buck converter
has crossover distortions, as illustrated in Fig. 12 (b).
Moreover, the input current of the converter is discontinuous.
Consequently, even in CICM, the input current has a
significant high-frequency component that increases EMI and
filter is required. Some PFC applications based on this
topology are reported in Ref [17-18].
Fig. 13- Two- switches Buck- Boost converter
Boost Converter:
The boost converter, is the most common topology used PWM rectifier:
for power factor correction, and it can operate in two modes – Another non-isolated PFC topology is the PWM rectifier
continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous [24-25], shown in Fig. 14. The topology in Ref [24] can
conduction mode (DCM). The Boost converter is shown in supply the step-up or step-down outputs like the buck-boost
Fig. 12 (c). It has a step-up conversion ratio; hence the output circuit. A full-bridge PWM rectifier in Ref [25] provides the
voltage V2 is always higher than the input voltage V1. step-up output. The PWM rectifier circuit needs two [24] or
Operation is possible throughout the line-cycle, so the input four [25] power switches to achieve the unity power factor,
current does not have crossover distortions. As illustrated in because it employs a half- or full-bridge configuration. It also
Fig. 12 (d), the input current is continuous. Hence, an input needs more complicated control than the boost topology.
current with reduced high-frequency content can be obtained
when operating in CICM. For medium and higher power
applications, where the input filter requirements dominate the
size of the magnetic elements, the CCM boost converter is a
better choice, due to lower peak current (which reduces
conduction losses) and lower ripple current (which reduces
input filter requirements and inductor AC losses). For these
reasons, the Boost converter operating in CICM is widely used
for PFC [19-22]. Fig. 14- PWM rectifier

Buck-Boost Converter: The use of active techniques of PFC results in one or more
The Buck-Boost converter, shown in Fig. 12 (e), can of the following advantages:
operate either as a step-down or a step-up converter. This • Lower harmonic contents in the input current in
means that the output voltage V2 can be higher or lower than comparison to the passive techniques.
the amplitude V1 of the input voltage, which gives freedom in • Reduced r.m.s current rating of the output filter capacitor.
specifying the output voltage. Operation is possible • Unity power factor is possible to achieve.
throughout the line-cycle and a sinusoidal line current can be
• For higher power levels, active techniques of PFC will
obtained. However, the output voltage is inverted, which
result in size, weight and cost benefits over passive
translates into higher voltage stress for the switch. Moreover,
techniques of PFC.
similar to the Buck converter, the input current is
discontinuous with significant high-frequency contents, as
4. CONCLUSIONS
illustrated in Fig. 12 (f). Thus, the input current has a
significant high-frequency component that increases EMI and
As we have seen, conventional AC rectification is a very
filtering requirements [7].
inefficient process, resulting from a waveform distortion of the
current drawn from the power line. It produces a large
In addition to these basic converters, the two switches
spectrum of harmonic signals that may disturb other
Buck - Boost converter shown in Fig. 13 [23] is an interesting
equipments.
solution. It operates as a Buck converter when the input
It is concluded that the harmonics may be reduced and the
voltage is higher than the output voltage and as a Boost
supply can be mad more efficient by additional circuits at the
converter when the input voltage is lower than the output
input of the converter.
voltage. Therefore, operation is possible throughout the line-
Many solutions for ac-dc power factor correction have
cycle and the output voltage can be varied in a wide range, in
been discussed. Examples have been provided for passive

223
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